Everyone knows where babies come from, for this the sperm must meet with the egg. But for this meeting to take place, the most active sperm needs to “come” to the finish line first, and the egg must mature and leave the follicle.

The word "ovulation" comes from the Latin "ovum", which means "egg". Ovulation is the release of a mature egg capable of fertilization from the ovarian follicle. The most important condition for pregnancy is the presence of a good mature egg, so doctors are interested in this issue in order to assess the general condition of the reproductive system. Quite common causes of infertility in women are the lack of ovulation and various hormonal disruptions.

Ovulation Tests

Ovulation is characterized by individual signs, when a woman experiences discomfort in the lower abdomen around the middle of the menstrual cycle - this is the period of ovulation. On the same days, you can observe bloody discharge from the genital tract and an increase in sexual desire. However, for more accurate results, it is better to use one of the methods described below.

Rectal (basal) temperature measurement

This is one of the simplest methods that does not require any financial investments, except for the purchase of a thermometer. True, it is not perfectly accurate, since many conditions must be strictly observed here: normal and long sleep, temperature is measured in the morning at the same time, without getting out of bed. Temperature measurement takes place in the rectum. Information about the temperature is plotted on a graph, where the days of the menstrual cycle are indicated along the horizontal axis, and temperature is indicated along the vertical axis. The menstrual cycle can be considered ovulatory if the temperature difference in the first and second phases is at least 0.3 °C. The first phase is the period before ovulation, with a "classic" regular cycle of 28 days, its duration is 14 days. The second phase of the cycle is the remaining two weeks.

Ovulation Test Strips

This is a more accurate method for determining the level of LH (luteinizing hormone), which is one of the gonadotropins responsible for the normal functioning of the female reproductive system. Before ovulation, the level of this hormone increases significantly, thereby causing it. The preovulatory peak point of LH can be guessed on certain days of the menstrual cycle in the urine, for this special test strips are used.

With a regular cycle, tests should be started about 17 days before the next menstruation, since the corpus luteum phase lasts about 12-16 days. With a standard cycle of 28 days, the start of testing should be on the 11th day, and with a cycle of 35 days, the 18th day. Positive test results indicate that ovulation will begin in about 28-42 hours.

Dynamic ultrasound and progesterone determination

Ultrasound allows you to see the process of formation of a mature dominant follicle in the ovary. After the egg is released, a corpus luteum is formed in this place, which produces progesterone, which contributes to the normal development of pregnancy. By the level of this hormone, you can get effective information about ovulation.

Age and ovulation

If a young woman is of reproductive age, almost every menstrual cycle will be ovulatory. Moreover, the absence of ovulation in 10-15% of cycles during the year is considered the norm. The general trend can be described as follows: the older a woman becomes, the less often ovulation will occur. Over the age of 40, ovulation occurs no more than six times a year. However, it's not just the lack of ovulation. In women over 40, the likelihood of pregnancy is reduced not only due to a decrease in the number of ovulatory cycles, but also due to a decrease in egg quality. This, in turn, affects the likelihood of pregnancy, its normal development and the quality of the embryos.

If you can't get pregnant

1-1.5 years of regular sexual intercourse is considered a normal period. If, after its expiration, pregnancy does not occur in young women of reproductive age, the doctor makes a diagnosis of infertility in a married couple. After that, both spouses are recommended to be examined to clarify the possible reasons for the lack of pregnancy. Women over 35 are recommended to start examinations much earlier: if pregnancy has not occurred within six months of regular sexual activity. Such recommendations are given in order not to lose time, since with age, ovarian function and egg quality deteriorate.

Factors that affect ovulation

It can be any reason: environment, different diets, medications. All this can cause hormonal disruptions and, as a result, the lack of ovulation. Constant changes in time zones, long flights, changes in the usual climatic conditions - these factors are also a source of stress for the body, which can disrupt the usual rhythm of the reproductive system. However, these disturbances are usually transient.

Thoughtless use of drugs for weight loss, fasting often lead to persistent anovulation. A vivid example is patients with anorexia who voluntarily refuse food and bring themselves into a state of severe exhaustion. If the weight falls below the mark of 45 kg, the body clearly reacts to this and begins to inhibit the processes of the normal functioning of the reproductive system. These women stop menstruating and ovulating.

Hormonal disorders can also cause disruption of the ovulation process, most of them due to genetic causes. Various conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, thyroid dysfunction, syndromes that are accompanied by an increase in the level of male hormones, sexual differentiation disorders can cause the absence of normal ovulation. Some of these conditions are promising in terms of restoring ovulation and pregnancy, while others exclude the process of ovulation altogether. Therefore, the question of the treatment of hormonal disruptions and the choice of medicines should be decided by the doctor.

Ovulation can be achieved by correcting hormonal disorders and prescribing drugs to stimulate the ovulation process. For this purpose, many means are intended: starting with tablets and ending with injectables. In the past few years, new means have appeared to stimulate the ovulation process. They contain gonadotropins, which are obtained using genetic engineering methods, this is guaranteed to exclude the presence of impurities. With the advent of such drugs, the effectiveness of the treatment of women with endocrine disorders has dramatically increased, both in order to restore the ovulation cycle, and in terms of pregnancy.

How ovulation affects the sex of the baby

American scientists from Harvard University David Rorvik and Lendran Shettles spent almost half a century developing a method based on planning sexual contacts relative to a known ovulation period. The method is as follows: empirically, it was found that spermatozoa with the male Y chromosome are more mobile than those that carry the X chromosome, so they can be the first to reach the egg. When entering the acidic environment of the vagina, the activity of Y-spermatozoa decreases, since they quickly die there and, thereby, open the way for slower, but also more viable, X-spermatozoa. Scientists believed that X-spermatozoa can survive in the uterine environment for several days in anticipation of ovulation, unlike sperm with a Y-chromosome, which are not capable of this. As the day of ovulation approaches, the vaginal discharge becomes more alkaline, which increases the likelihood of survival of sperm with a Y chromosome. If you know exactly the day of ovulation, then you can try to increase the chances of certain spermatozoa to participate in the fertilization process, and, therefore, plan the sex of the unborn child.
To increase the likelihood of having a girl, you need to have sex no later than 2-3 days before ovulation. If you want a boy, during the week before ovulation, you should refrain from having sex until the day of ovulation.

An interesting point is that there is a certain seasonality, which is proven by many observations. Girls are most often born in early winter, spring, early summer, early and late autumn. Boys are most often born in the first two winter months, at the beginning and end of spring, late summer and mid-autumn. Based on these observations, you can plan the time of conception and increase the likelihood of having a child of a certain gender.

Removal of the uterus (or hysterectomy) is a fairly common surgical operation. Indications for it can be different: uterine fibroids, various neoplasms and tumors (including postmenopausal ovarian cystomas), endometriosis. This volume of surgery is offered in the case when the preservation of the diseased organ is no longer possible, since it is accompanied by a high risk of complications (bleeding, malignancy, progression of the process)

Similar operations began to be carried out about a hundred years ago, so a lot of experience has been accumulated in this field of gynecology. A large number of clinical studies have also been conducted, which allow drawing certain conclusions regarding the consequences of the operation and the quality of life of the operated patients. The modern level of gynecology and medical equipment make it possible to perform hysterectomy using laparoscopy (in the case when the size of the uterus makes it possible), which guarantees high accuracy during the operation and a quick recovery after it.

However, almost every woman whose doctors recommend hysterectomy is much more concerned about the consequences of the operation. Although, quite often, you need to worry more about the pathology that is an indication for surgery.

How will life change? Will it be necessary to change something radically, to adapt to the work of the body, deprived of such an important organ as the uterus? How will the operation affect your sexual life, and how will you now need to build your relationship with your sexual partner? Will the operation entail changes in appearance: excess weight, rapid aging of the skin, the growth of dark hair on the face and body?

If you try to answer all these questions briefly, the answer will be: "No radical changes will occur - neither in lifestyle, nor in appearance. "

And if you want more detailed explanations, then read on.

Why do such questions arise?

A stable stereotype works in the mind of a woman:

No uterus - no menstruation - menopause. Climax = old age.

Women are sure that the removal of the uterus will entail an artificially induced unnatural restructuring of the body, which will lead to premature aging, a decrease in libido, and the extinction of many functions. There will be problems with health and well-being, frequent mood swings, causeless fatigue - which, in turn, will affect relationships with others, especially with loved ones. Psychological problems will be superimposed on physiological problems, it will become difficult to achieve mutual understanding and trust in the family. The result is sad - early old age, loneliness, a sharp decline in the quality of life, a feeling of guilt and inferiority.

In fact, this stereotype is quite easy to destroy if you understand the anatomical structure of the female body and understand the purpose of the uterus, the mechanism of menstruation and menopause. We will try to help you do it!

The uterus and its functions (briefly about the main things)

The uterus is an organ of the female body that performs certain functions (for more details, see the section "Normal anatomy of the pelvic organs"). It is designed for the development of the embryo and the bearing of the fetus. In the process of childbirth, the uterus also takes a direct and very active part - it contracts, thereby contributing to the expulsion of the fetus.

Inside the uterus, as it were, is “lined” with a mucous membrane, the endometrium. The endometrium is saturated with blood vessels, and the blood supply increases markedly by the middle of the menstrual cycle and in the second phase (medics say: "the endometrium thickens"). The body needs this so that the fertilized egg is safely fixed in the uterus and begins to develop. If fertilization does not occur, then the vessels do not receive nutrition, the upper layer of the endometrium is separated and rejected by the body. Menstruation begins.

When the uterus is removed, there can be no menstruation, because there is no endometrium, the body simply has nothing to expel. However, such a state has a completely different nature than menopause. It's called "surgical menopause."

What is menopause

Menopause is the extinction of ovarian function. They produce less and less sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone), the egg does not mature in them.

Estrogens (female sex hormones) are very important for the state of bone tissue and blood vessels, so their absence very often leads to problems with the musculoskeletal system and blood circulation.

Reduced production of testosterone (male sex hormone) leads to a lack of sexual desire (libido). An active hormonal restructuring takes place in the body - it is this that can lead to such external changes as excess weight, skin aging, hair loss. Removal of the uterus cannot cause hormonal changes, because the ovaries will continue to function and produce sex hormones.

Clinical studies prove that when the uterus is removed, the ovaries work in the same mode and during the same period that is planned, “programmed” by the body genetically.

Estrogens are produced regardless of whether the uterus is removed or left, they continue to have a positive effect on bone tissue and the cardiovascular system. Testosterone is also produced, so libido does not decrease, and the quality of sexual life does not change in any way.

Moreover, if you are familiar with such a condition as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), then it will continue. Because PMS is caused by the cyclic work of the ovaries.

Approach to surgery

Just because the doctor thinks that it is necessary to remove the uterus, this does not mean that the adnexa (ovaries and fallopian tubes) should also be removed. The modern approach unequivocally says that the ovaries, as well as the cervix, can be left if they are healthy.

The risk of developing ovarian cancer has also been shown to decrease after hysterectomy. Some sources cite the following statistics: the risk of developing ovarian cancer in women after a hysterectomy is 1/300, while in women with a preserved uterus - 1/80.

Psychological consequences of hysterectomy

The right mental attitude is the key to your good health, quick recovery after surgery and return to your usual way of life. For a favorable psychological state, first of all, you need trust in the doctor and confidence that your body will function in the same way as it did before the operation (which is really true). A positive attitude and support from loved ones is very important.

Many women attach some symbolism to the uterus, endow it with super-significance. In their minds, the uterus is, as it were, identified with the female essence. You can read above that the actual situation is different. If you attach great importance to the opinions of others and want to protect yourself from their negative psychological impact, then you do not have to dedicate them (including all close relatives, except for your husband) to the details of the operation. This is the case when "a lie is for salvation." Remember that the most important thing in this case is your health. Both physical and psychological.

Sexual life after hysterectomy

Within 1-1.5 months, sexual intercourse after removal of the uterus (as well as after other operations) is prohibited. This is primarily due to the necessary time required for wound healing.

When your body recovers and you realize that you can again lead a normal life, then there will be no obstacles to sexual intercourse. The sensitive zones that bring pleasure to a woman during intercourse are located not in the uterus, but in the vagina and external genitalia.

Of course, the degree of trust in your relationship with your sexual partner plays a very important role here. It is possible that he will feel constrained and insecure, will try to adapt to your new state, be wary of sudden movements and experience banal fear. At the same time, his feelings will be determined solely by yours. He will perceive everything adequately with your positive attitude towards the situation.

Remember that your partner also needs reliable information. Feel free to discuss his questions and concerns with him. If necessary, contact a gynecologist for a joint consultation - perhaps your partner will treat his words with a greater degree of trust. He must be sure that your sexual desire and sensations will not undergo major changes, and you can still be a desirable and sensual woman for him. The way you were before.

So you just have to weigh the pros and cons. The consequences of removing the uterus will not bring you discomfort. The choice between the state of health after the removal of a diseased organ, and your imaginary fears about changing your appearance and lifestyle, always remains with you.

In the first phase of the menstrual cycle, the growth and maturation of the main follicle, which is called dominant, occurs. Ovulation is the rupture of the wall of the dominant follicle and the release of the egg. It enters the fallopian tube. During the day, it can be fertilized. The dominant follicle in the 2nd phase of the cycle transforms into the corpus luteum, the main function of which is the synthesis of progesterone.

The corpus luteum functions for 10–12 days. If conception does not occur, then the egg dies, the corpus luteum regresses, resulting in menstruation.

Symptoms of ovulation

• Mucous discharge from the vagina;
• Increased libido;
• Changes in mood;
• Heaviness in chest;
• Increased body temperature.

Most women ovulate completely asymptomatically, although some representatives of the weaker sex say that they can experience the onset of such days in advance. During ovulation, a woman may feel pain in the lower abdomen. They can be very pronounced. This disorder is called ovulatory syndrome. The discomfort lasts for several days. A woman's discharge may change, become more viscous. During ovulation, her sexual desire increases. Egg maturation changes by day as follows:

1. On the 5th - 7th day from the beginning of menstruation, the cell is 4 - 5 mm in diameter.
2. On the 8th - 10th day, a cover of connective tissue appears. The dominant stands out among other formations.
3. On days 11-13, the diameter of the dominant reaches 16-18 mm. The rest of the follicles regress. When the volume of the follicle is more than 16 mm, an egg-bearing tubercle appears. After 3-4 days, the egg matures and leaves the follicular cavity. She is able to fertilize only during the period of her life. It does not exceed 48 hours.
4. On the 14th - 16th day, the next ovulatory cycle begins. The diameter of the remaining follicular cell, referred to at this stage as a Graaffian vesicle, is 20–22 mm.

Studies during one cycle are considered non-indicative. The duration of the menstrual cycle directly depends on the rate of maturation of the egg in its first phase, before the onset of ovulation. The standard classic option is 14 days with a 28-day cycle.

After the release of the egg, the second phase of the cycle (luteal) begins and in the same woman it is constant - from 12 to 16 days, but most often 14. In a long cycle, the period of egg maturation is longer than in the standard one, and ovulation occurs later. For example, if a woman has a cycle duration of 32-35 days, then the release of the egg is not in the middle of the cycle, as many people think, but on the 18-21st DC or two weeks before the start of the next menstruation.

Ultrasonic folliculometry

Several ultrasound procedures using a vaginal probe can calculate the day of ovulation or conception in a woman. A visit to the ultrasound room is carried out 3-4 times per cycle with an interval of every 2-3 days. If the cycle is irregular, the doctor will have to visit 3-4 times, starting from the 7th day after the end of menstruation - every 2-3 days.

If the cycle is regular, it is worth doing an ultrasound 2-3 days before the expected day. With a 30-day cycle, ultrasound monitoring begins on the 10-11th day of the cycle, i.e., approximately 4-5 days before the middle of the monthly cycle. Subsequent sessions of ultrasonic monitoring of the egg are carried out every two days and last until the release of the egg. The onset of the ovulatory period is confirmed by ultrasound diagnostics, when the size of the follicle was 20-24 mm the day before, and now the growth of the corpus luteum has begun. The procedure can be performed through the vagina or through the abdominal wall. With an intravaginal examination, no preliminary preparation is required, the main thing is to empty the bladder. In an abdominal examination, a traditional examination is performed through the abdominal wall. In order for it to pass without difficulty, three days before the monitoring, it is necessary to exclude all products that can provoke flatulence or bloating, and on the day of the examination, you must not eat and drink at least a liter of water.

Ovulation Tests

If you can track the follicle using ultrasound, then ovulation tests can be done at home. They act like this: 24-36 hours before the release of the egg from the ovary in the urine, the amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) sharply increases. A day or two before that, he seems to “push out” the egg through the wall of the ovary.

Ovulation tests determine if the amount of the hormone is elevated. They also allow you to calculate fertile days. 5-6 days before the expected ovulation, tests are carried out twice a day. Since we are interested in ovulation with a cycle of 30 days, measurements should be started from about day 13. If ovulation is not observed, then the second strip will be absent. But on the eve or on the 15th day, the test line will be as bright as the control line. A similar sign says that the upcoming ovulatory period is coming, which must be expected in the next 24 hours. It is necessary to lower the strip into a container with fresh urine for a few seconds, then put it on a dry surface and after about five minutes read the result. testing is carried out by analogy with tests to detect conception.

Basal Temperature Method

This method involves measuring the temperature in the rectum (rectal). It is measured immediately after sleep during the cycle. To do this, you need to use one thermometer. You need to shoot it down on the eve of sleep. Measurements are taken in the morning, immediately after waking up. The correct measurement of basal temperature will help determine whether the patient is normal, early or late ovulating. This is one of the easiest ways to determine favorable days for conception. This should be done after waking up in the morning, while you can’t get out of bed. Just woke up, and immediately for the thermometer. All results must be scrupulously noted on a special chart. At the end of the cycle, all points with measurement results are connected into a broken line. During monthly measurements are not carried out. On the first day of the cycle, the temperature reaches 36. 9°C A few days before ovulation, it can be 36.2 ° C - 36.4 ° C. An increase in temperature to 37°C - 37.4°C indicates that ovulation is occurring. If the temperature rises after ovulation, the woman is probably pregnant.

Calendar method

This method of determining ovulation is suitable for those who have a regular menstrual cycle. It is 14 days before the start of a new cycle that full ovulation occurs. In order to determine the calendar of days for conception, it is necessary to analyze the last 3 months. The first day of the menstrual cycle is the first day of menstruation. It is 12-14 days before the start of a new cycle that full-fledged ovulation occurs. The cycle changes under the influence of various factors - health, nervous strain, stress, physical activity, climate change when traveling, and so on.

Cervical Mucus Assessment Method

Before ovulation, a woman's ovaries experience a surge in estrogen production. This leads to an increase in the production of mucus by the cells of the vagina and cervix. This mucus is viscous, which can be tested by stretching a small amount of it between the fingers about 2 cm.

Why doesn't ovulation occur?

Ovulation may be absent for various reasons. They can be divided into 2 groups: physiological and pathological.

Do not worry about the lack of ovulation in such cases:

• Pregnancy: during pregnancy and in the first months after childbirth, women do not ovulate;
• Breast-feeding: if you breast-feed your baby, including at night, ovulation does not occur;
• In young girls (12-14 years) when the menstrual cycle has not yet settled;
• Menopause: with the cessation of menstruation, ovulation also ceases;
• Taking oral contraceptives: normally, in this case, ovulation should not occur either.

Ovulation - reasons for absence

• Polycystic ovary syndrome.
• Inflammation of the genitals.
• Thyroid dysfunction.
• Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex.
• Tumors of the pituitary or hypothalamus.
• Systemic diseases.
• Stress.
• Early ovarian failure.
• Overweight or underweight woman.
• Starvation.
• Chronic sleep deprivation.
• Mental and physical overload.
• Transferred infectious diseases of the nasopharynx.
• Radiation exposure.
• Taking certain medications.

Early rupture of the follicle can also provoke

• Heavy lifting;
• Taking a decoction of sage;
• Hormonal preparations;
• Abdominal exercises;
• Hot tub.

Not in all cases the female body works like a clock. The absence of ovulation during regular periods is called anovulation. If this phenomenon occurs no more than 2 times a year, there is no need to worry. The absence of ovulation with regular menstruation can only be judged after a long-term observation of the body (at least 3 months).

Warsaw

Krasnopresnenskaya

Annino

This question worries both those women who dream of a child and those who want to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy. In this article, together with the Health clinic, we will analyze what ovulation is from a physiological point of view and how to detect its onset.

Ovulation is the short period in a woman's menstrual cycle when conception is most possible. Ovulation lasts from 12 to 24 hours and traditionally falls in the middle of the cycle - 11-21 days - depending on its length. Only women with an impeccable menstrual cycle can calculate ovulation according to the calendar with high accuracy. It should be noted that there are few of them.

Most women have to go to the gynecologist or try to determine ovulation by a set of symptoms characteristic of this period. Fortunately, we live in the 21st century, which offers us several methods for determining ovulation at once.

Methods for determining ovulation

1. Calendar method

This method is very popular, but not very accurate. As we wrote above, using the calendar, only those women who do not have any disruptions in the menstrual cycle can determine ovulation. If, for example, your cycle from month to month is 29days, your period is right on time, and you don't have any reproductive health issues, then the calendar method might work for you. True, it is better to use it if you want to conceive a child. If not, it will be safer to use protection regardless of the day of the cycle.

2. Ovulation tests

for determining ovulation are sold in any pharmacy and are now available to women in all developed countries. It is worth using such a test from the 11th day of the cycle, not earlier. 2 days before ovulation, both bands (test and control) will be bright, which indicates the onset of a favorable period for conception.

However, the test shows only a peak of luteinizing hormone, which contributes to the rupture of the follicular capsule. This does not guarantee 100% ovulation. Even in perfectly healthy women, the probability of conception on the day of ovulation rarely exceeds 40%. And if for some reason the dominant follicle has not matured, then the probability tends to zero.

3. Folliculometry

A modern and accurate method for determining ovulation, which is performed using . During the procedure, a special sensor is inserted into the vagina, with the help of which the doctor evaluates the condition of the follicles on each ovary. Among the follicles, at the time of ovulation, one dominant matures, and when it reaches 20 mm, the ideal moment for conception comes.

It is necessary to carry out this procedure at least 3 times per cycle - on the first day after the end of menstruation, on days 11-12 and on days 24-25. During the first ultrasound, the doctor will assess the condition of the ovaries and the number of follicles, during the second ultrasound - the probability and date of ovulation, during the third ultrasound - the probability of pregnancy.

In any case, a gynecologist should be consulted before the ultrasound procedure. The doctor will give precise instructions and recommendations.

4. Symptoms of ovulation

Method with unspecified effectiveness, but also very popular among women. A few days before and during ovulation, a number of symptoms appear that indicate a convenient moment for conception. There are some nuances here: in some women, the symptoms appear brightly, in others - almost imperceptibly. But we will talk about them in the next part of the article.

Symptoms of ovulation

So, what you should pay attention to:

Basal body temperature (lowest body temperature after sleep). On the day of ovulation, it sharply decreases by about 0.5 * C, and the next day it rises sharply and continues to grow until the 23-27th day of the cycle. To calculate the exact day of ovulation, the temperature must be taken immediately after waking up daily on each day of the cycle and plotted with a curve of changes.

Temperature is measured rectally, that is, by inserting a thermometer into the rectum.

Changes in cervical mucus. In the period suitable for conceiving a child (4-6 days), the mucus becomes like egg white - almost transparent, watery, slippery, but at the same time dense and elastic. If you pay attention to such changes, then the probability of conception increases markedly.

Swelling of the mammary glands. The breasts may become tighter and more painful, the nipples more sensitive.

Increasing sexual desire. A few days before ovulation, a woman's attraction to a partner increases. Some women note that the condition of the skin and hair improves, there is greater self-confidence.

Pain or unpleasant pulling sensations in the lower abdomen from the side of the ovary in which the maturation of the egg has occurred. It lasts no more than 5 days.

To track all these symptoms, a woman has to make an effort and monitor the state of her body throughout the cycle for several months.

Symptoms of the end of ovulation

There are also a number of symptoms that indicate that ovulation has ended:

• Cervical mucus becomes more cloudy, whitish.
• Discomfort in the mammary glands and ovaries disappears
• Decreased sex drive
• Increased basal body temperature

How to accurately determine the days of ovulation?

Today, only folliculometry can determine the day of ovulation and the possibility of conception with high accuracy. For the reason that ultrasound makes it possible to see and evaluate the condition of the follicles before and after ovulation. For example, in the second phase of the cycle, the follicle could degenerate into a functional cyst - this will immediately become clear on ultrasound.

Sometimes ovulation simply does not occur due to various reasons - stress in a woman's life, sudden weight loss, climate change or hormonal disorders.

Is it possible to get pregnant not on ovulation, but on other days of the cycle?

Yes, you can. Six days before ovulation and two days after, there is a 16 to 30% chance that conception will occur. No one will give exact numbers, since each organism has its own biological rhythms. But it is worth remembering that on no single day of the menstrual cycle is the probability of conception equal to zero! Even during menstruation.

A woman's body is not a clockwork mechanism strictly in accordance with medical reference books. Sometimes ovulation occurs later than expected, sometimes earlier. You can calculate it yourself, but it is time-consuming and energy-consuming.

If you are planning to conceive a baby or, conversely, want to protect yourself from an unwanted pregnancy, contact for advice. This increases the chances of success in both the first and second cases.