What cause uti in toddlers
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) in Children
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI) in children?
A urinary tract infection is inflammation of part of the system that takes urine out of the body. It’s caused by bacteria. The urinary tract includes the two kidneys. They remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine. Narrow tubes (ureters) carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Urine is stored in the bladder. When the bladder is emptied, the urine travels through a tube called the urethra and passes out of the body. Bacteria can infect any part of this system.
What causes a UTI in a child?
Normal urine contains water, salts, and waste products. It is free of germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. An infection happens when germs enter the urethra, travel up to the bladder, ureters, and kidneys, and begin to grow. Most infections are caused by bacteria from the digestive tract. The most common is Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. These normally live in the colon.
Which children are at risk for a UTI?
A UTI is not common in children younger than age 5. A UTI is much more common in girls. This is because they have a shorter urethra. A UTI is unlikely in boys of any age. But it can occur in boys if part of the urinary tract is blocked. Uncircumcised boys are more at risk for a UTI than circumcised boys. A child with a part or full blockage in the urinary tract is more likely to develop a UTI.
What are the symptoms of a UTI in a child?
Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child.
Symptoms in babies can include:
- Fever
- Bad-smelling urine
- Irritability
- Crying
- Fussiness
- Vomiting
- Poor feeding
- Diarrhea
Symptoms in children can include:
- Sudden need to urinate
- Need to urinate often
- Loss of control of urine (incontinence)
- Pain while urinating
- Trouble urinating
- Pain above the pubic bone
- Blood in the urine
- Bad-smelling urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever
- Chills
- Pain in the back or side below the ribs
- Tiredness
The symptoms of a UTI can seem like other health conditions.
Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
How is a UTI diagnosed in a child?
The healthcare provider will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. The provider will give your child a physical exam. Your child may also have tests, such as:
- Urine testing. This is also known as urinalysis. Your child’s urine is sent to a lab to check for red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, protein, and signs of infection. The urine will also be sent for a culture and sensitivity. This is done to figure out what type of bacteria is causing the infection and what medicine is best to treat the infection.
- Kidney ultrasound. This is a painless imaging test. It uses sound waves and a computer to make images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. It can show internal organs as they function and can assess blood flow through vessels. A boy with a UTI or a girl younger than age 5 or 6 may need this test.
- Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). This is a type of X-ray of the urinary tract. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is put in the tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (the urethra). The bladder is filled with a liquid dye. X-ray images are taken as the bladder fills and empties. The images will show if there is any reverse flow of urine into the ureters and kidneys.
How is a UTI treated in a child?
Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. Treatment may include:
- Antibiotic medicine
- A heating pad or medicines to relieve pain
- Drinking plenty of water
Your child's healthcare provider may want to see your child back again a few days after treatment starts to see how treatment is working.
Talk with your child’s healthcare providers about the risks, benefits, and possible side effects of all treatments.
How can I help prevent a UTI in my child?
You can help prevent UTIs in your child if you:
- Make sure your child drinks plenty of fluids
- Tell your child to empty his or her bladder fully when urinating
- Teach girls to wipe from the front to back after going to the bathroom
- Make your child doesn’t get constipated
When should I call my child’s healthcare provider?
Call the healthcare provider if your child has:
- Symptoms that don’t get better, or get worse
- New symptoms
Key points about a UTI in children
- A urinary tract infection is inflammation of part of the system that takes urine out of the body.
- Most infections are caused by bacteria from the digestive tract. The most common is Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. These normally live in the colon.
- A UTI is not common in children younger than age 5. A UTI is much more common in girls because they have a shorter urethra.
- A UTI is unlikely in boys of any age, unless part of the urinary tract is blocked. Uncircumcised boys are more at risk for a UTI than circumcised boys.
- Symptoms vary by age, and can include fever, need to urinate often, pain, and crying.
Next steps
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:
- Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
- Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
- At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
- Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
- Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
- Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
- Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
- If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
- Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are fairly common, but not usually serious. They can be effectively treated with antibiotics.
A UTI may be classed as either:
- an upper UTI – if it's a kidney infection or an infection of the ureters, the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
- a lower UTI – if it's a bladder infection (cystitis) or an infection of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body
When to seek medical advice
If you think your child is unwell and could have a UTI, contact your GP as soon as possible.
Although UTIs aren't normally a serious type of infection, they should be diagnosed and treated quickly to reduce the risk of complications.
Symptoms of a UTI in children
It can be difficult to tell whether your child has a UTI, as the symptoms can be vague and young children can't easily communicate how they feel.
General signs that may suggest your child is unwell include:
- a high temperature (fever)
- vomiting
- tiredness and lack of energy (lethargy)
- irritability
- poor feeding
- not gaining weight properly
- in very young children, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
More specific signs that your child may have a UTI include:
- pain or a burning sensation when peeing
- needing to pee frequently
- deliberately holding in their pee
- a change in their normal toilet habits, such as wetting themselves or wetting the bed
- pain in their tummy (abdomen), side or lower back
- unpleasant-smelling pee
- blood in their pee
- cloudy pee
Diagnosing UTIs in children
In most cases, your GP can diagnose a UTI by asking about your child's symptoms, examining them, and arranging for a sample of their pee to be tested.
Treatment usually begins soon after a urine sample has been taken, and your child won't need any further tests.
In a few circumstances, further tests may be needed in hospital to check for abnormalities. Your GP may refer you straight to hospital if your child is very young.
Read more about diagnosing UTIs in children
Causes of UTIs in children
Most UTIs in children are caused by bacteria from the digestive system entering the urethra.
There are many ways this can happen, including:
- when a child wipes their bottom and soiled toilet paper comes into contact with their genitals – this is more of a problem for girls than boys because girls' bottoms are much nearer the urethra
- babies getting small particles of poo in their urethra when they soil their nappies – particularly if they squirm a lot when being changed
There's often no obvious reason why some children develop UTIs and others don't.
However, some children may be more vulnerable to UTIs because of a problem with emptying their bladder, such as:
- constipation – this can sometimes cause part of the large intestine to swell, which can put pressure on the bladder and prevent it emptying normally
- dysfunctional elimination syndrome – a relatively common childhood condition where a child "holds on" to their pee, even though they have the urge to pee
- vesicoureteral reflux – an uncommon condition where urine leaks back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys; this occurs as a result of a problem with the valves in the ureters where they enter the bladder
Treating UTIs in children
Most childhood UTIs clear up within 24 to 48 hours of treatment with antibiotics and won't cause any long-term problems.
In many cases, treatment involves your child taking a course of antibiotic tablets at home.
As a precaution, babies under three months old and children with more severe symptoms are usually admitted to hospital for a few days to receive antibiotics directly into a vein (intravenous antibiotics).
Read more about treating UTIs in children
Preventing UTIs in children
It isn't possible to prevent all childhood UTIs, but there are some things you can do to reduce the risk of your child getting one.
The following advice may help:
- if possible, exclusively breastfeed your baby for the first six months after they're born – this can help improve your baby's immune system and reduce their risk of constipation
- encourage girls to wipe their bottom from front to back – this helps to minimise the chances of bacteria entering the urethra
- make sure your child is well hydrated and goes to the toilet regularly – not urinating regularly and "holding in" urine can make it easier for bacteria to infect the urinary tract
- avoid nylon and other types of synthetic underwear – these can help promote the growth of bacteria; loose-fitting cotton underwear should be worn instead
- avoid using scented soaps or bubble baths – these can increase your child's risk of developing a UTI
- take steps to reduce your child's risk of constipation – make sure they drink enough to keep their urine pale and clear during the day, and speak to your GP about medications that can help if constipation is a persistent problem
Some people feel that drinking cranberry juice or taking cranberry supplements can help reduce their risk of UTIs.
However, recent high-quality research into these claims found little evidence to suggest cranberries have a significant impact on your chances of developing a UTI.
Recurrent UTIs in children
A small number of children have recurring UTIs. If your child's had a UTI before, it's important that both of you watch for the return of any associated symptoms.
Tell your GP about any symptoms as soon as possible so a diagnosis can be confirmed and treatment can begin.
If your child has a problem that increases their risk of UTIs, such as faulty valves that allow urine to flow the wrong way, they may be prescribed low-dose antibiotics as a long-term measure to prevent further infections.
Every mother should definitely allow herself to lisp, and that's why
Many mothers and fathers deliberately refuse diminutive forms in conversation with their children. And in vain! O! expert, psychologist Anna Skavitina, explains why baby-talk is good and why the ability to lisp is an important educational skill for any parent.
Anna Skavitina, psychologist, analyst, member of the IAAP (International Association of Analytical Psychology), supervisor of the ROAP and the Jung Institute (Zurich), expert of the Psychology journal
Scenes like this happen regularly in my office.
- Peter, come in, please. You and I came to a psychologist. Be kind, quickly change and come with us to the office. You know, Peter doesn't speak at all, except maybe "yes" and "she". We correct "her" for "no", but he only says "her" or shakes his head. We do not understand whether it is time for us to sound the alarm or will he speak later?
-Tell me, please, do you always talk to Peter so seriously?
-Yes, of course. We consider him an equal person and try to talk to him from birth as an adult, but he still does not answer us as an adult, although he is almost 3 years old.
Anxious mothers and fathers bring non-speaking children of two or three years old so that I can see if everything is all right with them and find out where the child's speech has gone.
Together we do special tests to check the adequacy of the child’s thinking, and if it turns out that everything is in order with thinking, then we try to understand the reasons for the speech delay. One of the most typical reasons turns out to be ... that mothers are stubborn and responsible. After reading articles on popular pedagogy on the Internet, in which they were explained that they should talk to a child like an adult, and not lisp, distorting words so as not to get speech therapy problems in the future, they begin to follow them. Who and when invented it?! Okay, I know. This came from the now outdated pedagogical concept of B. Skinner. The concept has long been rejected, and the consequences still appear in smart articles and prevent children from learning to talk.
But following the advice from the materials about the fact that “lisping is harmful” is very, very difficult! Because Russian lisping, and in English baby-talk, “mother language” or even “parent language” is an instinctive mechanism of altered speech provided by nature, with the help of which parents not only express their feelings of tenderness, tenderness and love that child, but also a way to help the baby learn to talk faster.
In the meantime, many parents artificially restrain their instinctive skills, going for "smart" articles. Many generally try to be as silent as possible from sin, so as not to inadvertently say something that traumatizes the child. I know a lot of intellectual modern mothers who fire nannies for “ridiculous lingering” with a child and pushing grandmothers from raising grannies for phrases like: “Uti, Mooo Holosencia, Uti, Kraaasyenkiyi!”, Thereby interfering with the normal development of his child’s speech!
Let's rename the negative word "lisping" to "parent language" or baby-talk and talk about how it works and why it's important. "Parental language" is a poorly controlled instinctive increase in the frequency of a person's voice, an increase in articulation, an increased emphasis on vowel sounds, and a simplification of speech structures when referring to infants and children. Numerous studies have been conducted that show that children are more receptive to such speech.
They are easier to distinguish high voices, pay attention to them faster, remembering the sounds of the "parental language" is much more efficient than usual. In 2005, Eric Thiessen invited 8-month-old children to listen to a recording of normal adult speech and baby-talk for two minutes. He found that children understand the parent language much faster. Recent studies show that babies who were lisped to between the ages of 11 and 14 months knew twice as many words as those children with whom their parents spoke as adults.
Many high-quality children's programs, songs, cartoons contain elements of baby-talk so that children quickly memorize and learn both their own and foreign languages. Such elements in programs often annoy literate parents who do not understand that "some kind of wrong children's nonsense" helps, and does not interfere with the child's language acquisition. In addition, this language prepares children for subsequent communication with other people.
Such a "special voice" also appears when referring to puppies and kittens, that is, to those who need our love, care and affection in order to survive.
"Parent language" exists in all languages of the world. Researchers Greg Bryant and Clark Barrett from the University of California recorded the speech of mothers addressed to children, and then to adults, and let them listen to people living in the Ecuadorian village. Residents easily determined where mothers address their babies. The results were published in 2007 in Psychological Science.
Both mothers and fathers have their own parental language, unless, of course, they restrain themselves. But mother's and father's language also have differences. Moms instinctively raise their voices more and speak more clearly than dads, and dads use longer speech constructions and include more explanations and learning elements in the conversation. It is believed that fathers prepare the child for further communication with unfamiliar adults, that is, they create a transitional language between parental and generally accepted.
Ongoing research shows that the brain of a mother with a non-speaking baby is activated in the area responsible for speech, it stimulates even the most silent mother to speak with the child. It should be noted that the dad's brain does not change in the presence of a baby, so dads do not talk more in the presence of children than without them.
"Parental language" is effective only for a certain time, so of course it is not worth using it before school. Children develop, they develop speech, the brain becomes sensitive not only to high sounds, it learns to recognize speech structures even in fast conversational speech. That's when parental language and baby songs stop being as effective in learning as they used to be in infancy. Normally, this happens for about 4 years. So you can ask nannies and grandmothers to lisp less with a child from about this age, but at the same time, you must continue to talk a lot, a lot with children ...
Researchers from the University of Kansas (USA) Betty Hart and Todd Ristle proved that it is the involvement of adults in a conversation with a child, the number of words addressed to him, and not innate abilities or other parameters that will determine his main achievements in life.
Photo: Yuganov Konstantin/Oksana Kuzmina/Shutterstock.com
psychologydevelopmentupbringinguseful tipsAnna Skavitina
6 The best educational mats for children
The children's developing rug belongs to useful goods for the kid aged from two months. Starting from this period of life, the child begins to get acquainted with the world around him, carefully consider the objects around him. As the baby grows, he will develop fine motor skills, coordination of movements, and stimulate physical activity.
It should be noted that developing mats are the best helpers for young parents. Despite the fact that they began to be produced relatively recently, they have already managed to win hearts. You may ask what is amazing about the rug and what is it used for? Modern manufacturers, taking into account fashion trends, have provided in the rugs everything necessary for perceiving colors, tactile sensations (using materials that are different to the touch), training fine motor skills of the hands, developing arms, legs, and so on.
As a result, the child is delighted, and parents have time to “breathe”.
In order to have the best development mat in your arsenal, you need to pay attention to the main parameters when choosing.
Main parameters when choosing:
- Age
- Functions
- Materials
- Cost
- Care
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1.
Giraffes "Sunny Day" Learn, where is the cheapest >>>>
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2. HOME "Home" Home "Home" Find out where it's cheapest >>>
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3. K'S Kids Jungle Calls
Find out where it's cheapest >>>
- Transformer.
- Toys in various materials for all ages.
- Intense colors.
- Handy packaging.
- The presence of a stadiometer.
- No music.
- Soft and safe arcs.
- Height meter.
- Squeakers and rattles included.
- Vibrant colors.
- Machine washable.
- Without music.
- Mat - bag.
- Set of nine toys included.
- Machine wash.
- Correspondence study.
- Toys make sounds.
- Not found.
- Large canvas size.
- Easy to transport.
- Use up to 3 years.
- Textured fasteners.
- Safe materials.
- Toys without squeakers and rattles. Funkids Delux Step Up Gym The manufacturer offers three colors to choose from - jungle, sky or forest. The rug has an almost square shape (length - 82 cm, width 78 cm). Two intersecting arcs are fixed to the rug, at the intersection of which there is a musical block with a duration of playing changing melodies - 5 minutes. The mat set includes an additional musical toy. Toys-teethers and simulators of children's hands are fixed along the arcs. Toys can be removed and played separately during trips or on walks. The height of the playing arches is 45 cm, they are securely fixed in special holes thought out in the rug.
In addition to the rug itself, there is a rustler leaf and a gum scratching toy. Elements with different textures develop the baby's tactile perception. The rug is made of polyester. No special conditions are required for the care of soft elements. Funkids "Delux Step Up Gym"
PROS AND CONS
- Large set of toys.
- Textured elements for baby's tactile perception.
- Suitable for newborns.
- Presence of musical toys.
- Easy maintenance.
- Overpriced.
Funkids "Delux Step Up Gym"
6. Tiny Love "Day and Night"
The rating is completed by the model of the children's rug of the Israeli company "Tiny Love". An important feature of the "Day and Night" rug is the color scheme of accessories and textiles. Black and white colors are predominantly provided. This will cause a positive effect in the child from birth. It is believed that from the first days of life, the baby distinguishes only these colors.
The rug is made with dimensional parameters - 0.8x0.9 m. Manufacturers have provided a folding textile book with black and white pictures, a baby mirror made of safe material, a musical hedgehog toy, a rattle squeaker and a small mobile. All accessories can be easily removed. The order can be changed. Soft arcs with a special plastic clamp at the intersection are supplied with the mat. For the stability of the arcs, special pockets are thought out along the edges of the rug. The child can be placed on the rug in any position. In the future, the rug can be used as a mat for playing on the floor. Mat material - hypoallergenic textiles with thermal insulation. The manufacturer offers other colors in the assortment. Tiny Love Day and Night
PROS AND CONS
- High quality.
- Warm. Multifunctional.
- Variation in the arrangement of toys.
- Ideal for newborns.
- Expensive.
Tiny Love "Day and Night"
Rating results
So, we examined the characteristics, features of the package, cost, advantages and disadvantages of the TOP 6 best educational mats for children.
It's time to draw conclusions: - If you are looking for a baby mat for your newborn, look no further than Tiny Love Day and Night. In addition to the perfect color scheme for babies, the set comes with all the necessary toys for the full development of the first twelve months.
- Funkids "Delux Step Up Gym" - the best multifunctional mat for the development of children (with music block).
- If you're looking for a cozy, comfortable, safe mat for a baby over six months old, then K'S Kids The Jungle Is Calling Jungle Soft Toys is a great option.
Good luck choosing!
Copywriter of the "Ratings of the Best" channel
April Veresen
12 years in copywriting helped me understand how to choose quality information for the reader. That is why I always try to choose only the best products for you and your home! Suggestions for topics can be sent to the email address.
Age Most mats are designed for babies from birth and are labeled 0+. However, small rugs with hard sides are considered the best option for the smallest users. This form creates the illusion of a closed space and makes the baby feel completely safe. In addition, this type of rug will prevent the baby from accidentally falling.
For babies from 4 months, choose mats in patches of different textures. The presence of various developmental details (rings, ropes, laces, all kinds of "rattles", hanging toys) will come in handy.
All these attributes will introduce the baby to the outside world, develop and train his skills as much as possible.
Functions
Some manufacturers have models of mats with a music panel, lighting design and even a motion sickness function. Modern models are equipped with an AUX cable for connecting to a smartphone and using the latter as an mp3. Such a function will allow the baby to include favorite children's songs, nursery rhymes, fairy tales, which have a positive effect on the development of the child. In addition, a child older than 6 months will develop a sense of rhythm and hearing, which in the future will have a positive effect on the development of speech and the identification of musical inclinations.
Materials
The quality of materials must comply with international standards.
All children's rugs must be made of safe materials for children's health. The fabric must be natural. Plastic accessories should not contain components that cause irritation and other allergic reactions. If the mat is equipped with an electronic circuit, it must be well insulated. If there are arcs in the rug, they should be as stable and durable as possible. Otherwise, there is a risk of unwanted injury.
Hanging toys included with the mat should be large enough so that the baby does not accidentally swallow them. The outer fabric of the base of the mat must be non-slip.
Cost
In a children's goods store, you can offer transforming rugs. According to the manufacturer, such models of rugs are used for up to three years. That is, the design provides for transformations in accordance with the age of the child.
Any type of mat should fold well.
Then you can use it not only at home, but also in any other place (at a party, in the country, on vacation). Wherever you are, the developing mat will provide a safe pastime for the child and provide time for the parents to relax.
Most often, the functionality of a baby rug is reflected in the cost. Models with a minimum set of functions are usually cheaper than multifunctional options. Therefore, the cost of the selected rug should correspond to your capabilities, and the functionality should meet your expectations.
Be prepared for the fact that the child will taste the rug itself and all its components. Therefore, the rug must be ready for washing.
The hanging toys of the mat should preferably be removable. Then you can change their location and it is easy to care for them in case of contamination.
Rating:
1. Giraffes "Sunny Day"
The model "Sunny Day" from the company TC "Our Toy" opens the rating of the best educational mats. The rug is produced under the Giraffiki brand, which specializes in the development and production of toys for babies. Rug "Sunny Day" is a base made in the form of a circle with a diameter of 80 cm and two intersecting arcs. The mat comes with 5 hanging toys: soft squeaker, rattle, safety mirror, plastic rattle and teether. The presence of bright colors in the design of toys makes the child concentrate on any subject. The mirror is attached from above at the intersection of two arcs, to which all hanging toys cling.
The mat can be used in three positions. The first - lying on his back (examines and feels the toys above him), the second - lying on his stomach (examines the drawings on the base). Upon reaching six months, parents have the opportunity to simply snap off the plastic hooks, remove the arches and use the mat in a sitting position. A special feature of the rug is the stadiometer, which is located in the center of the base. "Sunny Day" is packed in a compact plastic bag, which greatly simplifies transportation to any place.
Giraffes "Sunny Day"
PLUSES AND MINUSES
Giraffes "Sunny Day"
2. Umka "Pets"
Continues the rating of the best - domestic manufacturer rug "Umka". The model "Pets" has the shape of a square with a side of 85 cm.
According to the manufacturer, it is made of 100% polyester, the main advantage of which is the preservation of saturated colors after machine washing. The kit comes with two arcs and a set of removable rattles and tweeters, which are made in the form of animals and insects. On the rug itself, the main pets are presented, which will help teach the baby imitative sounds. In turn, imitative sounds are the first stage in the development of speech. In addition to animals, there is a height meter on the rug. Bright colors attract the attention of the child from a very young age. Hanging toys develop fine motor skills of hands. The arcs of this model are completely safe, made of soft material. Thanks to the convenient fastening, it is possible to change the location of the toys to increase the interest of the baby.
Umka "Pets"
PROS AND MINUSES
Umka "Domestic Animals"
3. K'S Kids "The Jungle Is Calling"
The third line of the rating is the bedding field from the K'S Kids brand, which has been producing products for newborn babies and toddlers for 25 years. The delivery set includes a rectangular rug with dimensions: length - 50 cm, width - 37 cm.x30 cm) to store jungle toys. Includes 9 pieces. Each toy is a rattle or squeaker. The main task of this rug is to teach the child to distribute the representatives of the jungle in accordance with the habitat. Designed for ages six months and up. Toys can be washed in a washing machine (mode 30 ° C). K'S Kids "The Jungle Is Calling" is supplied in a cardboard box. The manufacturer produces several options for the design of rugs. For example, a set with a picture of the sky and toys in the form of stars and the moon.
K'S Kids "The Jungle is Calling"
PLUSES AND MINUSES
K'S Kids "The Jungle is Calling"
4. Ooty Puti "Hello Baby"
A play mat from the Russian brand "Ooty Puti", which specializes in the production of a wide range of goods for children from birth, is ranked fourth. . All components of the Hello Baby rug are made of textile. This rug has a rectangular shape with an aspect ratio of 100x95 cm. The height of the rug together with the arcs is 56 cm. Five soft toys in the form of different marine animals are attached to the soft safe arcs. Toy mounts are presented in the form of geometric shapes. A nice bonus is that the fasteners have a certain texture of the material for a useful massage of children's hands. Fastenings provide an opportunity to fix the toys in your arsenal that your baby likes. The print on the rug itself is made with the image of land animals that attract the attention of the baby.
The mat is suitable for play from birth until your child reaches the age of three. Supplied in a compact carton. After washing, the material retains its quality properties.
Hello Baby Ways
