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Baby Eczema: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments

Is there anything yummier than a baby’s soft, smooth skin? Though babies are known for exactly that, picture-perfect skin isn’t always the case, and baby eczema is often to blame.

Babies have extra-sensitive skin, so they’re more prone to rashes than older kids or adults. So the next time you spot some suspicious dry patches on your little one’s body, don’t be alarmed—there’s a good chance it might be baby eczema. But what causes it? Moreover, what does baby eczema look like? We’re sharing all the ins and outs of this common condition, plus some baby eczema treatments that will soon get baby comfortable in their own skin again. Read on to learn what baby eczema is, how to spot it and how to treat it.

In this article:
What is baby eczema?
What does baby eczema look like?
Baby eczema causes
Baby eczema treatment
Can breastfeeding prevent baby eczema?
When to contact a doctor about baby eczema
How long does baby eczema last?

What Is Baby Eczema?

Baby eczema (or atopic dermatitis) appears as red or dry patches of skin, and it’s usually also itchy and rough. For babies who are predisposed to eczema, the first rashes typically appear around 2 to 4 months of age. “Baby eczema often starts as a pink, flaky rash on the cheeks and chin in young babies,” says Anna Bender, MD, a pediatric dermatologist at Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian in New York City. “Older babies who are of crawling age may develop the rash more on the outside of their arms and legs with dry, itchy, irritated skin patches. It may also feel rough to the touch like sandpaper.”

What are the different types of baby eczema?

While the National Eczema Association defines seven different types of the skin condition, baby eczema typically falls into one of four categories: atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or dyshidrotic eczema.

• Atopic dermatitis: The most common type of eczema, atopic dermatitis is a chronic rash that’s usually hereditary, meaning there’s a family history of this condition or other allergies.

• Contact dermatitis: This type of rash is triggered by an outside element. Usually, the condition will go away once baby is no longer exposed to the offending ingredient or allergen. Chemicals, fragrances and soaps are a few examples of substances that can cause this type of rash.

• Seborrheic dermatitis: More widely known as cradle cap, this type of baby eczema is characterized by scaly skin patches on the scalp. It may be caused by genetics, hormones, oil buildup, yeast or a combination of these factors. Unlike most other forms of eczema, it’s not triggered by an allergy.

• Dyshidrotic eczema: This type of eczema appears on the hands and feet. It’s often caused by exposure to certain metals but can also be brought on by sweat and stress. While it can occur in babies and children, it’s more common in adults.

Is eczema common in babies?

The short answer is yes. Up to 20 percent of children in the United States may have some form of eczema, says Bender. According to the National Eczema Association, atopic dermatitis in particular affects 13 percent of children 18 and younger.

What Does Baby Eczema Look Like?

It can be unnerving when you see raw and irritated skin patches on your infant, so being able to identify eczema can reduce your anxiety and get baby treatment faster. So what does baby eczema look like? It’s easy to confuse baby eczema vs. acne since both can appear on the cheeks. But baby acne typically appears earlier in life than eczema. “Baby acne can start soon after birth, while eczema may show the first signs around 2 to 5 months of age,” says Latanya Benjamin, MD, a Florida-based pediatric dermatologist and dermatologic surgeon and Society for Pediatric Dermatology board member. “Additionally, baby acne appears as classic pimples and small red pustules on the face usually with no symptoms. Eczema, on the other hand, affects both the face and body with dry or weepy red patches and is quite itchy.”

While eczema in babies with lighter skin typically looks pink, it may have a purple or gray tone in children with darker skin.

Another clue your little one may have this skin condition? Babies with eczema tend to rub their face with their hands or on their parents’ clothes, or rub their legs and feet or hands together.

Eczema in babies can be divided into three categories:

• Mild baby eczema: Minor cases usually appear as light pink, dry, itchy skin patches, Benjamin says, and can be treated with moisturizers alone.

Image: iStock

• Moderate baby eczema: More noticable cases feature hot spots that are redder. Plus, moderate eczema can affect more of the body surface, Benjamin says; baby may need a cortisone cream or ointment (see below for baby eczema treatments).

Image: iStock

• Severe baby eczema: This is the reddest and flakiest of all three varieties; it’s characterized by red, rough, thickened patches that are extremely itchy and often are crusty or have deep, scabbed cuts or cracks. Severe baby eczema is usually harder to control with over-the-counter products.

Image: Courtesy of Carla Bramley/Instagram

Baby Eczema Causes

Baby eczema is thought to be caused by a combination of (or, more specifically, an interplay of) genetic and environmental factors. “It occurs in families with a history of eczema, asthma and seasonal allergies,” explains Bender. “The immune system of people with eczema is more allergically prone.” What’s more, she says, the skin lacks a strong barrier to the outside world, so it can become easily irritated and dry. As a result, these babies are especially sensitive to certain factors that will incite a breakout. Different babies may be particularly vulnerable to different agents. A few common triggers of eczema in babies include:

• Dry skin (which is why eczema can be common in winter)
• Irritants (such as soaps, household detergents, wool, polyester)
• Heat and sweating
• Infection
• Allergens (pet dander, pollen, dust)
• Saliva (from drooling)

Baby Eczema Treatment

Mild baby eczema may need nothing more than an over-the-counter moisturizer, but more severe cases may require treatment from your pediatrician. “The severity of the eczema dictates what the best treatment should be,” Benjamin says. “But every form of eczema demands proper skin care, including effective moisturization and itch control.” Whatever the case may be, always check in with your pediatrician if baby breaks out. Depending on the severity, your doctor may suggest some or all of these baby eczema treatment options:

• Creams: A gentle moisturizer is your first line of defense for baby eczema. “My son has eczema on his face and legs,” says one mom. “I use Aquaphor ointment on the patches for the flare-ups. Once that clears, we use regular Eucerin lotion after every bath, and his flare-ups have been really minimal.” Apply it all over baby’s body to soothe rough spots and also to improve the skin barrier function.

• Short baths with gentle cleansers: Proper daily skin care is crucial for keeping baby’s eczema-prone skin hydrated. Limit bathtime to 15 minutes and use warm—not hot—water. Choose gentle cleansers without fragrance, and avoid harsh soaps. After the bath, pat—don’t rub—baby’s skin dry within three minutes of taking them out of the water. Finally, apply moisturizer to their whole body.

• Prescription creams and ointments: If the problem doesn’t go away, your pediatrician may suggest a prescription for a low- to medium-strength topical steroid ointment or cream, which can be used once to twice daily to help the inflammation and heal the skin. If you’re prescribed creams or ointments, it’s important to follow up with a doctor as directed to make sure it’s working properly. One mom we spoke to was given a cream that she applied four times a day on her daughter, who had dry, bumpy skin all over her arms, legs, belly and back. “It went away. Then it came back about three weeks after I stopped using the cream, but not nearly as bad as the first time,” she says. “I applied the cream a few more times, and it hasn’t been back since. It’s been about three weeks now.”

• Diluted bleach baths: Inflamed skin is also more prone to infection. According to Benjamin, diluted bleach baths can not only safely manage infected eczema, but also help minimize the use of multiple courses of oral antibiotics for kids with repeated bacterial skin infections. She suggests adding ¼ to ½ cup of regular household bleach to a full-size bathtub with 1 inch of water. Talk to your pediatrician before trying a diluted bleach bath for baby eczema.

Baby eczema natural remedies

Since babies have extra-sensitive skin, it’s natural to want to treat it, well, naturally. But, Bender says, “even natural products have the potential to cause a worsened rash called contact dermatitis, so check with your doctor first before applying something new to baby’s skin.” Furthermore, Bender advises testing a new product before first-time use, and opting for “gentle products with simple ingredient lists.” Here are a couple natural baby eczema remedies that are safe for baby:

• Coconut oil is a natural moisturizer.
• Medical grade honey can help shallow cuts and prevent a local skin infection, Benjamin suggests.
• A home remedy for baby eczema is “wet wrap therapy” (also called wet pajama therapy). Bathe your child, and then apply a thick moisturizer to the slightly damp skin. Dampen a pair of cotton pajamas in warm water, wring them out and slip them on baby, right over the thick layer of moisturizer. After that, put on a second dry pair of cotton pajamas. Keep baby wrapped like this for a few hours or longer.

Can Breastfeeding Prevent Baby Eczema?

Good news for nursing moms: There may be a correlation between breastfeeding and lower incidence of baby eczema. A study found that babies who were exclusively breastfed for the first three months of life were less likely to develop eczema through age 6. While breastfeeding may not completely prevent these rashes, it could potentially reduce some flareups.

When to Contact a Doctor About Baby Eczema

If this is the first time baby is experiencing red or irritated skin, it’s best to contact your doctor to confirm whether it’s baby eczema or another condition. Once you get a diagnosis, you can start taking the appropriate steps and trying some baby eczema treatments.

But if the skin irritation is accompanied by a fever, or the bumps and patches start to ooze, scab or blister, it may be a sign of infection, and you’ll want to consult your child’s doctor right away.

How Long Does Baby Eczema Last?

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, while some babies may continue to experience eczema through adulthood, many will outgrow it around age 4.

Baby eczema may also evolve as your little one gets older. According to the National Eczema Association, it might appear on baby’s face in early infanthood but pop up in key areas like the knees, elbows and hands as they get older. As they approach big-kid territory, eczema often hides in knee folds or elbow creases and other sweat-prone spots.

Whether eczema is an acute or perpetual problem for your child, it’s reassuring to know that there are many baby eczema treatments and preventive measures you can take to reduce the symptoms and alleviate the itch.

No one likes to see their baby in discomfort—and the appearance of any rash can be disconcerting. But if you recognize eczema, you can rest assured that it’s common and treatable.

About the experts:

Anna Bender, MD, is a pediatric dermatologist at Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian in New York City. She received her medical degree at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Latanya Benjamin, MD, FAAD, FAAP, is a Florida-based pediatric dermatologist and dermatologic surgeon and Society for Pediatric Dermatology board member. She earned her medical degree at Drexel University College of Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Please note: The Bump and the materials and information it contains are not intended to, and do not constitute, medical or other health advice or diagnosis and should not be used as such. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances.

Plus, more from The Bump:

Your Ultimate Guide to Baby Rashes

Bummed Out! How to Treat and Prevent Diaper Rash

Cradle Cap 101: How to Spot and Treat It

Viral infections that affect the baby's skin

All new mothers experience skin ailments in their babies. What to do, how to deal with them? First you need to decide what kind of ailment bothers the child.

Causes of rash in children can be divided into main groups:

• infectious
• viral skin diseases
• parasitic diseases
• allergic reactions
• blood and vascular diseases
• lack of proper hygiene

Most common infectious diseases:

• chickenpox
• measles
• rubella
• scarlet fever
• meningococcus
• windmill

The most characteristic symptom of chickenpox in children is, of course, a rash. It is because of the rash that the disease was called chicken pox. The rash causes severe itching. If a child scratches the rash, pathogenic microbes can enter the wounds, and a secondary skin infection will be added to the chickenpox.

Measles. Measles rash spreads from top to bottom: first appears on the face and head, then on the upper half of the trunk and arms, then descends lower and on the legs, covering the entire body in 3 days.

Rubella. Numerous small spots appear in a few hours, spread from top to bottom, but much faster than with measles - in a day the rash reaches the legs, the rash lasts an average of three days, then disappears.

Scarlet fever. Rash is a small dotted elements covering the entire surface of the body. Especially a lot of them in the inguinal folds, elbows, in the armpits, in the lower abdomen.

Meningococcus. Meningococcal rash looks like hemorrhages.

Viral skin diseases:

Herpetic eczema

Accompanied by skin lesions, and sometimes vesicles and pustules with an umbilical depression in the center appear in other areas. Later, bloody crusts form, and after the resolution of the process, small scars remain.

Warts

Simple warts are round, pinhead-to-pea size formations with an uneven, warty, keratinized surface.

Parasitic diseases:
Scabies is a contagious disease caused by the scabies mite. It causes nocturnal itching, the formation of scabies on the skin, and also a rash in the form of small nodules and vesicles.
Demodicosis - is caused by an opportunistic mite (Demodex). Demodicosis is accompanied by the presence of pimples, redness, peeling and coarsening of the skin on the face. The tick chooses habitats such as the forehead, cheeks, wings of the nose, eyelids, and nasolabial folds.
Pediculosis . As a complication of head lice on the scalp (most often in children and women), impetigo vulgaris can be observed. It is characterized by the appearance of superficial blisters that quickly open, and their contents dry out, forming layered or bumpy honey-yellow crusts.

Allergic reactions:
Quincke's edema in just a few minutes, less often - hours, manifested by severe swelling of the face, hands, feet, mucous membranes. In half of the cases, Quincke's edema is accompanied by urticaria;
Food allergy. Typical manifestations of allergies on the body: the skin turns red, thickens, itches.
Drug allergy. The child has severe itching in the form of a spotty, nodular, blistering rash;
Atopic dermatitis. Itchy rashes appear on the skin of the face, trunk, limbs. Without adequate treatment, the rash does not go away for a long time. The skin becomes dry and rough, flaky. Food allergies play an important role in the development of atopic dermatitis.
Diseases of the blood and vessels. In diseases of blood vessels and blood, a rash, as a rule, appears as a result of subcutaneous hemorrhages. These can be small dots covering the entire surface of the body, and bruises of all colors of the rainbow.

In our clinic, experienced dermatologists and pediatricians will spare no time and effort to understand the causes and mechanisms of skin inflammation in your particular case.

We have the most up-to-date diagnostic methods and can accurately assess each case of dermatitis. By coming to us, you will get the opportunity for effective and safe treatment, reliable prevention of any form of inflammation on the skin.

Not only the health of our young patients is important to us, but also the comfort of their parents! Call us: (022) 71 92 52/079 99 03 82.

Skin of a newborn baby [structure features, functions, care, overview of hygiene products]

encounter them to some extent. These problems are due to adaptation to the new environment. During fetal development, the child is in an aquatic environment with a constant temperature, and after birth, the body needs to adapt to an air environment saturated with microorganisms at a lower temperature.

Consider the physiological characteristics of the skin of young children in more detail.

Features of the structure of the skin of a child

The skin of newborns consists of only 3 layers: basal, spiny and horny. The remaining layers are formed a little later.

Another physiological feature of the skin in infancy is its high water content and many vessels with thin permeable walls. Therefore, children's loose skin is so prone to allergic reactions.

It is the skin that is one of the first organs to undergo structural changes. The most important changes that adapt the skin to the environment occur during the first 6-8 weeks of a child's life.

These include:

• increase in the density of cells in the stratum corneum of the skin,
• increase in the thickness of the epidermis and increase the barrier function of the skin of newborns,
• reducing the risk of pathogen entry
• maintaining optimal body temperature,
• as well as reducing transepidermal water loss.

These factors may influence the development of some skin conditions, but are not signs of any disease.

What is the skin pH of a newborn baby?

In the first days after birth, the skin of a newborn has a neutral pH - 7. But after 2-3 months it changes to a more acidic one - this significantly increases the protective properties of the epidermis.

Functions of the skin of a newborn

The skin of an infant, like the skin of an adult, has several functions.

But there are differences:

• Protective function. Very poorly developed, because the dermis is very delicate, ph is neutral, and the lipid layer is insufficient.
• Suction function. Excellent for the same reasons as above.
• Respiratory function. Through the skin, 10 times more oxygen penetrates into the baby's body than into the body of an adult.
• Excretory function. Practically absent. It develops only by 3 months, and the full sweat glands begin to work by 3 years.
• Temperature control function. Also poorly developed, since the sweat glands are not developed.
• Synthetic function of (eg formation of vitamin D). It starts working only by 3-4 weeks from birth.
• Tactile function. Normally developed.

Skin color of a newborn baby

What kind of skin should a normal newborn baby have? At birth, in the first hours of life, the epidermis may be dark - with a bluish or purple tint. This feature is due to the still weak blood circulation. In the future, hemoglobin in the blood rises, the baby's skin brightens and acquires a red tint. After 2-3 days, the redness disappears, the skin color changes again and may acquire a yellow tint. Normal pink or white skin color in the baby appears by the end of the first week of life.

Now let's look at the typical skin problems that parents face.

Erythema on the skin of newborns

This is a typical and very first reaction of a newborn to the outside world. Expressed by local redness, which may be accompanied by a small rash. It is a variant of the norm, passes within 1-2 days, treatment is not required.

Skin care for the umbilical wound of the baby

It concerns absolutely all parents, so it must be carried out carefully and correctly in order to avoid complications such as omphalitis (inflammation of the navel).

The umbilical process and the umbilical wound must be cared for daily. Most often, the remnant of the umbilical cord falls off on days 4-5, and the navel is completely healed by about 10-14 days. In order for the healing process to occur quickly, and also to prevent infection, it is important to carefully care for the umbilical wound.

Keep your baby's navel dry and clean. With a cotton swab dipped in a solution of hydrogen peroxide, we carefully process all the folds of the umbilical ring. To dry the umbilical process and the umbilical wound, when it disappears, use a 5% solution of potassium permanganate or a solution of brilliant green, it is also possible to use solutions of chlorhexidine or chlorophyllipt.

Navel care should be done 4-5 times a day. If there is swelling or redness of the skin around the navel, then you need to contact your pediatrician.

It is desirable to bathe a child already from the 2-3rd day of life, but it is necessary to refrain from water procedures on the day when the umbilical residue disappears, and the next day you can resume bathing.

Dryness and peeling of the skin in a newborn

Peeling of the skin in a newborn can be both a normal variant and the result of improper skin care for a child. Approximately every third baby is faced with physiological dryness of the skin. Let's see why a baby can peel off the skin and what to do in this case?

At birth, the baby's skin is covered with primordial cheesy grease. Its function is to protect the baby in the womb, help with the passage of the birth canal, and it also helps protect the skin during the transition from the aquatic environment to the air.

During the first 1-2 days of life, the original lubrication is completely absorbed into the skin, however, after birth, the baby is often cleansed of abundant lubrication, and if the baby is post-term (in this case, he is born practically without lubrication), the skin begins to peel off after a few days.

This is a natural process and this dryness can last up to a month. The skin of a newborn peels off both on the face and on the body. Particularly noticeable are small silvery scales on the arms and legs.

Baby's skin care during physiological dryness

Peeling of the skin in a newborn cannot be prevented, but it is possible to help restore the skin cover by using moisturizing lipid-replenishing agents. It is only necessary to remember that the texture of such products should be very light (milk, emulsion, moisturizing lotion), they should be allowed to be used to care for the delicate skin of babies.

One such product is Lipikar Lait Milk for dry and very dry skin of babies, children and adults. Enriched with shea butter, cold cream and thermal water, the light texture of the products is instantly absorbed without leaving a sticky, greasy feeling on the skin.

Crusts on the head of a baby

This skin condition occurs in almost 50% of babies. It is sometimes called "gneiss", "baby cap" or "seborrheic crusts" because they resemble seborrhea. In infants, this is not a disease, but another of the adaptive responses. The reason for the appearance of crusts is the imperfect work of the sebaceous and sweat glands under the influence of transmitted maternal hormones during fetal development.

With age, the hormonal background of the child normalizes, the glands begin to work properly, and after a short period of time, this skin condition disappears. Crusts can appear regardless of whether the baby's hair is already growing or not. More often, crusts and greasy scales are not very pronounced and appear mainly in the region of the crown. Sometimes the crusts are large, yellowish-brown in color, located throughout the scalp and in the eyebrow area, and the baby may be disturbed by intense itching.

Baby's skin care during gneiss

In no case do not try to mechanically tear off the crusts, there is a high risk of harm to health: you can easily injure the skin and cause an infection. In order to remove the crusts, you must first soften them, and then, while bathing, rinse gently so that they can be removed painlessly.

It is permissible to apply sterile oil (vaseline, olive, vegetable) to the scalp and put on a cotton cap for 1 hour - this will soften the crusts. After that, the cap can be removed and gently, gently massage the head with your fingertips. Then you need to bathe the baby and gently wash off the lagging crusts from the skin. Not all crusts may come off at one time, it will be necessary to repeat the procedure several times over several days.

For gentle, delicate bathing, Lipikar AP+ Oil Lipid Replenishing Emollient Bath and Shower Oil can be used to gently cleanse and soothe dry skin in babies, children and adults. Shea butter included in the composition replenishes lipids. The oil does not irritate the baby's eyes, does not sting and the baby is comfortable.

Neonatal acne

Also a fairly common skin problem in newborns that can be encountered. It occurs in about a third of babies. In appearance, it resembles adult acne, looks like red pimples with a white top. They can pop up on the skin of the face (cheeks, forehead, nose), sometimes on the ears, less often on the neck and back. The rashes do not itch and do not bother the child. The reason for their appearance are maternal hormones transmitted during fetal development. As the hormonal background normalizes, this problem on the skin is resolved. Sometimes a pediatrician may prescribe drying agents if there are a lot of rashes.

Prickly heat in infants

Another common problem in babies. It manifests itself as a multiple rash on the skin in the form of red “dots” and small pustules, localized on the face near the hairline, neck, upper chest and back. It appears as a result of overheating of the baby and insufficient hygiene (rare bathing), but it causes Staphylococcus aureus.

In order to prevent prickly heat on the skin, it is necessary to choose the right clothes, not overheat the baby and observe hygiene. Indoors, it is recommended to maintain an air temperature of 20-22 degrees, and at night - about 18°C. Wear clothes made of natural cotton fabrics for your baby so that the skin “breathes”. With enough bathing, proper care, prickly heat usually goes away on its own. For prevention, use regular bathing and air baths.

For bathing it is recommended to use Lipikar Gel Lavant , it gently cleanses and protects the sensitive skin of babies, children and adults, soothes the skin, restores the natural protective barrier.

Diaper rash in newborns

Perhaps the most common and the most worrying problem for parents. Skin diaper rash is manifested by redness and the appearance of erosions on the skin. Most often, diaper rash occurs in places of natural folds: inguinal, cervical, axillary. And if you do not follow proper care, then infection is likely to join in places of diaper rash.

The causes, as with prickly heat, are overheating of the skin, and in the buttocks and groin area, this is contact with urine and feces. Diaper rash in the groin has a special name - baby diaper dermatitis.

To avoid such skin problems in a newborn, it is necessary to wash the child after each toilet (if it is not possible, use wet wipes), and also to keep the skin open longer, to carry out air baths so that the folds are completely dry.

In case of redness and irritation, it is recommended to use healing repair products. Revitalizing and healing skin treatment for babies, children and adults Cicaplast Balm B5 has a rich, nourishing texture with Panthenol, which soothes dry, irritated skin, and [Copper-Zinc-Manganese] - a complex with recognized antibacterial properties.

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