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Lysine during pregnancy


Lysine Requirements of Healthy Pregnant Women are Higher During Late Stages of Gestation Compared to Early Gestation

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. 2018 Jan 1;148(1):94-99.

doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx034.

Magdalene Payne  1   2 , Trina Stephens  1   2 , Kenneth Lim  1   3 , Ronald O Ball  4 , Paul B Pencharz  5 , Rajavel Elango  1   2   6

Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
  • 2 Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
  • 3 Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
  • 4 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
  • 5 The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • 6 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
  • PMID: 29378056
  • DOI: 10. 1093/jn/nxx034

Magdalene Payne et al. J Nutr. .

. 2018 Jan 1;148(1):94-99.

doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx034.

Authors

Magdalene Payne  1   2 , Trina Stephens  1   2 , Kenneth Lim  1   3 , Ronald O Ball  4 , Paul B Pencharz  5 , Rajavel Elango  1   2   6

Affiliations

  • 1 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
  • 2 Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
  • 3 Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
  • 4 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
  • 5 The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • 6 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
  • PMID: 29378056
  • DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx034

Abstract

Background: Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cereal proteins and is found mainly in animal-derived products. Current Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations extrapolate lysine requirements during pregnancy from nonpregnant adult data, and may underestimate true requirements.

Objective: Our objective is to define a quantitative lysine requirement in healthy pregnant women and to determine whether requirements vary between 2 phases of gestation.

Methods: Fourteen pregnant women in early (12-19 wk) and 19 women in late (33-39 wk) gestation were studied using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Individual lysine intakes (6-84 mg · kg-1 · d-1, deficient to excess) were tested on each study day as a crystalline amino acid mixture based on egg protein composition. Isonitrogenous diets maintained protein intake at 1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1 and calorie intake at 1.7 times resting energy expenditure during each study day. Phenylalanine and tyrosine intakes were held constant across all lysine intakes. Breath and urine samples were collected at baseline and isotopic steady state. Lysine requirements were determined by measuring the oxidation of L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine to 13CO2 (F13CO2). Biphase linear regression crossover analysis was used to determine a breakpoint (which represents the estimated average requirement, EAR) in F13CO2.

Results: The EAR for lysine during early gestation was determined to be 36.6 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (R2 = 0.484, upper 95% CI = 46.2 mg · kg-1 · d-1), similar to an earlier adult requirement of 36 mg · kg-1 · d-1. The EAR for lysine during late gestation was determined to be 50.3 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (R2 = 0.664, upper 95% CI = 60.4 mg · kg-1 · d-1), 23% higher than the current pregnancy DRI EAR recommendation of 41 mg · kg-1 · d-1.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that lysine requirements are higher during late gestation compared to early gestation, and that current dietary lysine recommendations during late stages of pregnancy may be underestimated. The results have implications for populations consuming cereal-based diets as their primary source of protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01776931.

Keywords: dietary reference intakes; indicator amino acid oxidation; lysine; pregnancy; requirements.

© 2018 American Society for Nutrition. All rights reserved.

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Cold sores in pregnancy | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

Cold sores in pregnancy | Pregnancy Birth and Baby beginning of content

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What is HSV?

If you or your partner has the virus that causes cold sores or genital herpes, you might be worried about what could happen when you're pregnant or have a new baby. Here's what you need to know about herpes simplex virus (HSV), and how to protect your baby from infection.

The herpes simplex virus is a very common virus carried by most people. Sometimes it causes cold sores or genital herpes.

Cold sores are blisters that form on the lips, around the mouth and nose. Genital herpes is blisters or sores around the genitals or anus. The blisters may form a crust after about 3 days. The sores go away by themselves within 2 weeks.

There are two main types of HSV:

  • HSV-1 causes mostly cold sores on the face and lips, and sometimes on the genitals
  • HSV-2 causes mostly genital herpes

Both viruses are transferred though contact of the skin, saliva or genitals, and the viruses stay in the body for life. The viruses do not always cause symptoms, so you can carry the virus without knowing it.

HSV-1 is very common, with about 8 in 10 Australians carrying it in their bloodstream. But only 1 in 3 people with the virus has ever had a cold sore. HSV-2 is less common.

It is common for women who have had cold sores in the past to experience an outbreak while pregnant.

What happens if I get cold sores or genital herpes during pregnancy?

Having the HSV virus does not affect your chance of becoming pregnant.

It is quite common for women to have a cold sore during their pregnancy, even if they haven’t had one for a long time. Cold sores should not affect your unborn baby. But they are infectious, so it’s a good idea to treat them.

Genital herpes should not affect the baby if you have your first outbreak or it comes back in the first 34 weeks. But it can be transferred to your baby during the birth, especially if it’s your first outbreak.

If you've ever had a cold sore or genital herpes and you become pregnant, or you develop these conditions during pregnancy, it's important to tell your doctor or midwife about it. Together you can make a plan for managing herpes during pregnancy and birth.

How is HSV treated during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

You can treat cold sores and genital herpes with:

  • aciclovir cream, available from a pharmacist without prescription
  • aciclovir or valaciclovir tablets, for which you need a prescription

These 'antiviral' drugs are known to be safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women and are effective most of the time.

Famciclovir tablets are not recommended to take during pregnancy. Speak to your doctor if the cold sore is severe.

How is genital herpes treated during pregnancy?

You should take acyclovir or valaciclovir tablets, as above.

If it's your first outbreak of genital herpes, your baby may be more at risk because you haven't had time to develop immune protection against the virus, which also helps protect the baby.

Some women experiencing an outbreak of genital herpes might be advised to have a caesarean. This would prevent the herpes virus passing from mother to baby during a vaginal birth. But most women in Australia with genital herpes do give birth safely to healthy babies vaginally.

It's often recommended that women who have ever had genital herpes take antiviral tablets prior to the birth, even if the herpes isn't active at the time.

Talk to your doctor or midwife about the best course of action for your situation.

How do I protect my baby from herpes?

Herpes can cause serious problems in a baby, such as infections to the eyes and throat, brain damage and even death.

A newborn baby can catch HSV-1 and HSV-2 from being kissed or touched by someone with cold sores, or during childbirth.

Fortunately, most babies born to women who carry the virus are not affected. But if you or your partner has a cold sore or genital herpes, talk to your doctor about keeping it under control during the pregnancy and after the birth. It is also important to treat these conditions aggressively while you are breastfeeding.

It's important to maintain strict hygiene habits when caring for a new baby if you, or anyone in close contact with the baby, have cold sores.

If you have cold sores, you should:

  • cover cold sores when you're around the baby
  • avoid kissing your baby until the sores are completely healed
  • avoid touching the cold sores then touching your baby
  • wash your hands thoroughly before touching your baby

What if I have a cold sore while breastfeeding?

If you have cold sores, it is safe to breastfeed your baby as long as the cold sores are not on the breast or nipple.

If they are, it may be wise to breastfeed from the unaffected nipple only until the lesions have cleared up. You would express and dispose of breastmilk from the affected nipple. Breastmilk itself doesn't contain the herpes virus but it can be contaminated through the skin lesions.

Talk to your doctor or midwife as soon as you notice any cold sores on your breast or nipple.

What happens if my baby gets herpes?

It is very important that herpes in a newborn is recognised and treated by a doctor in hospital immediately. Signs of herpes in a newborn include:

  • blisters on the skin
  • fever
  • irritability
  • tiredness
  • lack of appetite

If you think your baby might have the herpes virus, don't wait to see if they get better — seek medical help. Tell medical staff if you or your partner carry the herpes virus.

Resource and Support

If you are worried about your baby, see a doctor or midwife, or take them to the hospital.

FIND A HEALTH SERVICE — The Service Finder can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.

If you're not sure what to do or want more information, you call Pregnancy Birth Baby on 1800 882 436 to speak with a maternal child nurse.

Sources:
Family Planning NSW (Genital herpes), The Royal Woman’s Hospital (Genital herpes), Mothersafe (Cold sores in pregnancy and breastfeeding), Queensland Government Health (Genital Herpes and Pregnancy), SA Health (Cold sores (herpes simplex type 1) - including symptoms, treatment and prevention), Safer Care Victoria (Herpes simplex virus in neonates)

Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.

Last reviewed: May 2021


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Cold sores - Better Health Channel

Cold sores are blisters around the mouth and nose, caused by the herpes simplex virus.