Fine motor skills in children
Toddler development: Motor skills | Pregnancy Birth and Baby
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Children grow and develop fast during the toddler years, exploring their world more independently, improving their coordination and doing more things for themselves. There are many ways in which you can help your toddler develop both their fine and gross motor (movement) skills.
What are motor skills?
Children develop 2 types of motor (movement) skills: 'fine' motor skills and 'gross' motor skills.
Fine motor skills involve using hands and fingers to control smaller objects. Gross motor skills involve the coordination of larger muscles in the body to make larger movements.
Fine motor skills
Fine motor skills engage the smaller muscles in the hands and fingers so a child can grasp, hold, grip and pinch. For example, picking up food, holding a pencil or buttoning up a shirt all involve fine motor skills. Children develop fine motor skills so they can learn how to look after themselves and, eventually, to write.
Fine motor skills are important. Evidence suggests there's a link between fine motor skills development and language, literacy and brain development.
Other examples of fine motor skills include:
- Clapping hands
- Shaking musical instruments
- Picking up and putting objects down
- Rolling playdough
- Putting on shoes
- Cleaning teeth
At what age will my child develop fine motor skills?
While all children develop at their own pace, they do reach some milestones within certain age ranges. For example, babies start to grasp objects using their hands (but not necessarily their thumbs) between 5 and 6 months old.
They usually start to play with hand-held toys between 6 and 12 months.
By 18 months, most toddlers will attempt more complex skills such as using a crayon or pencil or drinking from a cup independently. They might even try to dress themselves.By 24 months (2 years old) your toddler might show a preference for one hand over the other.
From 2 years old, toddlers' fine motor skills become more sophisticated. They may start to show an interest in scribbling, drawing and attempting handwriting. Between 2 and 3 years old, they might be able to turn doorknobs and screw jar lids.
How can I help my child improve their fine motor skills?
There are many ways in which you can help your child to grow and practise their newfound skills through play and activities.
- Give your child different-sized cups or containers so they can pop the smaller ones into the larger ones. They can also use them to fill with water and practise pouring.
- Use spades and buckets to fill and scoop sand.
- Play with Lego or Duplo or do puzzles together.
- Give your child playdough, so they can roll it into shapes and use cookie cutters.
- Thread with beads.
- Pick up objects with tongs and toy tweezers.
- Painting, drawing, and gluing and cutting craft materials (with safety scissors).
Gross motor skills
Skills that involve the movement of the larger muscles in the arms, legs and torso, such as crawling, running, jumping and throwing are called gross motor skills.You might notice that as your toddler builds on their gross motor skills, they don't like to keep still.
At what age will my child develop gross motor skills?
Like fine motor skills, kids start developing gross motor skills when they're small babies. Even in their first 2 months, babies will kick their legs and wave their arms around.
At 6 to 8 months old, a baby should be able to roll, reach and sit independently (if only briefly). Between 12 and 18 months, most babies are walking.
By 2 years old, children can typically jump 5cm on both feet, walk up and down 3 stairs and throw a small ball 1m to 1.5m towards a target. Between 2 and 3 years, kids are capable of more complex movements such as walking on a balance beam, negotiating stairs without holding on to the railing and climbing on play equipment.
How can I help my child improve gross motor skills?
Give your child the space to safely explore their environment and practise their gross motor skills. Expect a few falls and bumps, since they'll likely be testing the physical limits of how far they can run, climb and jump. You can:
- visit playgrounds, parks and the beach
- throw a large ball to them, and have them throw it back
- dance to music at home
- blow and chase bubbles outside
- wheel, push or ride on large toys
- encourage children to 'help' with everyday tasks, such as gardening or hanging clothes on the line
- limit screen time, which can inhibit movement and physical play
When to seek help
Children can take different amounts of time to reach different milestones, but that doesn’t mean your child’s development isn’t normal.
However, if you feel like your child's motor skills aren't developing well, see your GP or child health nurse — specifically, if your 2 or 3-year-old:
- can't run
- can't walk up and down stairs, even with help
- has difficulty manipulating small objects, such as a crayon
- doesn't scribble or try to draw
- loses the physical skills they had before
More support and information
You can call Parentline in your state or territory for advice and information:
- Parentline ACT: (02) 6287 3833, Mon to Fri, 9am – 5pm AEST / Sat, 10am – 12 midday
- Parent Line NSW: 1300 1300 52, Mon to Fri, 9am – 9pm / weekends, 4pm – 9pm
- Parentline Queensland and Northern Territory: 1300 30 1300, 7 days, 8am – 10pm
- Parent Helpline South Australia: 1300 364 100, 7 days, 7.15am – 9.15pm
- Parent Line Tasmania: 1300 808 178, 24 hours, 7 days
- Parentline Victoria: 13 22 89, 7 days, 8am – 12 midnight
Speak to a maternal child health nurse
Call Pregnancy, Birth and Baby to speak to a maternal child health nurse on 1800 882 436 or video call.
Available 7am to midnight (AET), 7 days a week.
Sources:
Victoria State Government (Literacy Teaching Toolkit - Fine motor), Raising Children (About baby development and developmental milestones), Therapies for Kids (Gross motor milestones), MedlinePlus (Infant - newborn development), Raising children (Handwriting skills for children), Raising Children (Movement and play - toddlers), ScienceDirect (Gross Motor Skill), Raising Children (Outdoor play), Raising Children (2-3 years - toddler development), Pregnancy Birth and Baby (How your baby learns - birth to 3 years), Pregnancy Birth and Baby (Development milestones - your child 12 to 18 months), Pregnancy Birth and Baby (Development milestones - your child 18 to 24 months)Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.
Last reviewed: January 2020
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Fine Motor Skills for Toddlers and Preschoolers: Tips and Activities
Early childhood development includes acquiring fine and gross motor skills. While both these skills involve movement, they do have differences:
- Fine motor skills involve movement of the smaller muscle groups in your child’s hands, fingers, and wrists.
- Gross motor skills involve movement of the larger muscle groups, like the arms and legs. It’s these larger muscle groups that allow babies to sit up, turn over, crawl, and walk.
Both types of motor skills enable children to become more independent. Fine motor skills are especially crucial, however, because the ability to use the smaller muscles in the hands allows children to perform self-care tasks without assistance. This includes:
- brushing their teeth
- eating
- writing
- getting dressed
Babies and toddlers develop fine and gross motor skills at their own pace. Some children develop some skills earlier than others, and that’s perfectly normal. Children usually begin to acquire these skills as early as 1 or 2 months old and continue to learn additional skills through preschool and early elementary school.
The most important fine motor skills children need to develop include the following:
- The palmar arches allow the palms to curl inward.
Strengthening these helps coordinate the movement of fingers, which is needed for writing, unbuttoning clothes, and gripping. - Wrist stability develops by early school years. Itallows children to move their fingers with strength and control.
- Skilled side of the hand is the use of the thumb, index finger, and other fingers together for precision grasping.
- Intrinsic hand muscle development is the ability to perform small movements with the hand, where the tip of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger touch.
- Bilateral hand skills permit the coordination of both hands at the same time.
- Scissor skills develop by age 4 and teaches hand strength and hand-eye coordination.
Here’s a brief timeline of fine motor milestones for babies and toddlers:
0 to 3 months
- places their hands in their mouth
- hands become more relaxed
3 to 6 months
- holds hands together
- moves a toy from one hand to the other
- holds and shakes a toy using both hands
6 to 9 months
- begins to grasp things by “raking” with the hand
- squeezes an item with their hands
- touches fingers together
- grasps a toy with both hands
- uses their index finger to touch things
- claps hands
9 to 12 months
- feeds themselves finger foods
- grabs small objects with thumb and index finger
- bangs things together
- holds a toy with one hand
12 month to 2 years
- builds block tower
- scribbles on paper
- eats with a spoon
- turns one page of a book at a time
- holds crayon with fingertips and thumb (pincer grasp)
2 to 3 years
- turns a doorknob
- washes hands
- uses a spoon and fork correctly
- zips and unzips clothes
- places lids and removes lids from canisters
- strings beads on yarn
3 to 4 years
- unbuttons and buttons clothes
- uses scissors to cut paper
- traces shapes on paper
Fine motor skills develop naturally as your child gains the ability to control and coordinate their body.
Keep in mind that some children might develop fine motor skills earlier and have better coordination than others.
One baby may learn to shake a rattle at 3 months, whereas a baby of the same age might not shake a rattle until a month later. This is totally normal.
Don’t be alarmed if your child isn’t developing as fast as a child of similar age. Remember, your child’s body is still growing. In a few weeks or months, they may build enough muscle strength in their hands to acquire new fine motor skills.
Incorporating fun activities into your child’s daily routine can help improve their fine motor skills. The ability to learn and practice fine motor skills at an early age can benefit them academically, socially, and personally.
Here are some activities you and your child can do together:
- Allow your child to assist with meal preparation, like stirring, mixing, or pouring ingredients.
- Put together a puzzle as a family.
- Play board games that involve rolling dice.
- Finger paint together.
- Let your child set the dinner table.
- Teach your child how to pour their own drinks.
- Have your child roll and flatten clay with their hands, and then use a cookie cutter to make cutouts.
- Show your child how to use a hole puncher.
- Practice placing rubber bands around a can.
- Place objects in a container and have your child remove them with tweezers.
Although fine motor skills develop at different rates, see your child’s pediatrician if they struggle with these skills or gross motor skills. Delays could be a sign of developmental coordination disorder. It affects about 5 to 6 percent of school-aged children.
Signs of a problem with fine motor skills include:
- dropping items
- unable to tie shoes
- difficulty holding a spoon or toothbrush
- trouble writing, coloring, or using scissors
Some fine motor skills delays aren’t detected until a child is older.
Identifying a delay early can ensure your child receives the help they need to build their skills and help them grow.
Your child’s pediatrician may diagnose a coordination disorder if your child has:
- fine motor skills below what’s expected for their age
- poor fine motor skills that make it difficult to complete everyday tasks at school and home
- developmental delays of motor skills that started at an early age
Your child may need to work one-on-one with an occupational therapist to learn techniques to improve coordination in their smaller muscle groups.
Fine motor skills are essential to living and learning. If your child has difficulty with day-to-day activities or you feel your child struggles with these skills, discuss the possibility of a developmental delay with their doctor.
With an early diagnosis, home activities, and the assistance of an occupational therapist, you can help your child thrive and reach developmental milestones.
How to develop fine motor skills in a child
Today we will look at what fine motor skills are, its features, ways of development using games and toys as examples, as well as the optimal age to start its development. Why is this issue getting so much attention? Let's figure it out together.
Article content:
- What is fine motor skills
- Features of the development of fine motor skills
- Games and exercises aimed at developing fine motor skills
- Lessons for the development of fine motor skills in children
- Fine motor toys
- At what age should you develop fine motor skills
- Terminals
What is fine motor skills
Fine motor skills are the sequence and precision of movements required to perform various actions with small objects using the hands, fingers and toes.
Fine motor skills can be traced in children from an early age, when they are just learning to hold a toy.
First comes the development of the hand, finger movements, then the formation of speech is formed. The formation of speech through the development of fine motor skills occurs due to the influence of nerve endings on the brain regions responsible for motor skills and speech, which are located next to each other.
In addition to the main function - the development of speech - fine motor skills affect the development of mental processes: thinking, memory, imagination, ability to orientate in space.
Features of the development of fine motor skills
The ability to master fine motor skills in children does not develop by itself, that is, it does not have a hereditary factor. Of great importance in this matter are adults who, by their example, involve the child in various activities, develop him systematically and purposefully. This hypothesis was first put forward by the Russian scientist Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. Subsequently, other scientists, doctors, teachers and specialists in various fields began to focus on this opinion as a key one.
Why is such attention paid to the development of fine motor skills? For children, it means the formation of basic skills and abilities.
- The speech of the child is formed, which contributes to a comfortable stay in the children's team.
- Skills of various movements are developed. The child can play with toys on his own without distracting an adult.
- Self-care skills are strengthened. The child acquires the ability to independently hold a spoon, tie shoelaces, fasten buttons and other items on clothes.
- Social bonds are established with peers and adults through the ability to communicate clearly and maintain dialogue.
- Readiness to study at school is formed in the aggregate of all the above reasons.
Games and exercises aimed at developing fine motor skills
The main activity of preschool children is play. We have selected for you a variety of games and exercises, among which you are sure to find something that suits you and your child.
- Folding toys. We put a transparent container in front of the child and put small toys separately. We suggest putting the toys in the container with your right hand. Then we pour them back, and ask you to repeat the same steps with your left hand.
- Games with cereals. In one container, mix two types of cereals, for example, rice and buckwheat. It is necessary that the child spread these cereals into different containers. You can complicate the game by adding other small items to the cereal mixture, such as beads, buttons, pebbles.
- Paper tearing exercise. First, we draw arbitrary lines on a sheet of paper. We offer the child to tear the paper with his hands exactly along the drawn lines. You can complicate the task by depicting geometric shapes.
- Page turning exercise. As the child grows older, instead of tearing a sheet of paper, you can offer to flip through the pages of your favorite book. This exercise also encourages the child's early interest in reading literature.
- Smooth out wrinkled paper. We put a crumpled sheet of paper in front of the child and offer to smooth it so that not a single bent corner remains. You can complicate the exercise by offering to perform it with one hand, while holding the sheet with your thumb.
- Dice games. We give the task to collect various figures from cubes: a tower, a house, a car, etc. Pyramid rings are also suitable for these games. Tasks become more difficult as the child masters the construction of simple figures.
- Lacing games. Available in various options. It can also be an unnecessary shoe that can be given to the child to lace up and unlace. It can also be a card in which holes for laces are made. In any case, the actions with these items are the same and have one goal - to teach the child to cope with the laces on their own, since this skill will be useful to him in the future.
- Exercises with counting sticks. Please lay out geometric shapes on the table. First, the child performs tasks according to the model, and then independently according to verbal instructions.
An additional plus of this exercise is the formation of elementary mathematical representations. - Games with covers. Here you can offer various containers and vessels with lids that the child will independently twist and unscrew. And if you tell your child that you can’t cope without him, you will give a motive to become your main assistant.
- Finger painting in the sand. Invite the child to draw with all fingers alternately geometric shapes or any other pattern that he wishes. Interaction with sand also has a positive effect on the central nervous system.
Lessons for the development of fine motor skills in children
In addition to games for the development of fine motor skills, you should engage in a variety of activities that children will undoubtedly like:
- modeling from plasticine, clay or dough;
- drawing or coloring with paints, pencils, crayons;
- construction from kits, paper, cubes;
- crafts made of paper, natural or waste materials;
- stringing beads, buttons on a string;
- mosaic picking;
- ball games;
- peeling fruits, e.
g. tangerines; - work with special manuals-copybooks.
Fine motor toys
What could be better for a child than a new toy? Only a toy that contributes to its comprehensive development.
- Massage embossed foot mats. Ideal to use after waking up to tone the body. You can purchase a puzzle mat that he can assemble and disassemble on his own. If you want to focus on the development of cognitive skills, you can purchase a rug with numbers or letters.
- Magnets. Place the magnets on the refrigerator or a special magnetic board. The child will definitely be interested in them, and will independently move them on the surface. Depending on the goal pursued, you can purchase magnets of various shapes, for example, in the form of numbers.
- Kinetic sand. Tactilely pleasant not only for children, but also for adults. Such sand does not get your hands dirty, so it will become a favorite toy for children and an assistant for adults.
- Easel for drawing. There are options for easels on which you can draw on both sides: on the one hand - with special crayons, and on the other - with paints.
- Massage balls. Perfect for finger games. Thanks to the spikes, they actively affect the areas of the palms and fingers.
- Constructors. You can choose a set from any manufacturer. You should focus on safety for the child, age and gender. In addition to the development of fine motor skills, it stimulates the development of modeling and design skills.
- Finger Theatre. It combines the possibilities of the comprehensive development of the child. In addition, it improves the expressiveness of speech, memory, imagination, acting skills. This option should definitely be used if you notice that one hand is more developed than the other.
- Busyboard. Recently a popular manual for the development of fine motor skills. It is a wooden structure, on which various objects are attached on both sides.
These can be laces, caps, locks, switches, gears, etc. Such a toy will help parents, as the baby can play it independently and safely.
At what age should one develop fine motor skills?
It is important to pay attention to the motor skills of the hands for at least a few minutes every day.
- For children from nine months of age, pick up large items such as beads or pyramid rings.
- At the age of 1 year, you can organize games with natural materials: sand, clay, cones, pebbles, etc.
- After 2 years, the baby will be happy to do finger exercises with an adult. Saying various nursery rhymes along with hand movements will help to teach hand and tongue coordination. And also better remembered by the child himself.
- After 3 years, paper exercises should be used. Usually, by these years, the baby has mastered the skill of working with scissors, so it becomes possible to model applications.
- And from the age of 4-6, origami is mastered as one of the most difficult types of paper games.
At whatever age you are engaged in the development of fine motor skills in children, it is necessary to organize this activity so that it brings not only benefit, but also pleasure to the child.
Conclusions
In the age of technological progress and the early use of phones, tablets and computers by children, other aspects of child development are regressing. And, first of all, speech suffers. The relationship between fine motor skills and speech, as well as the development of mental processes, has already been established.
Systematic work on the development of fine motor skills is necessary throughout the preschool period, since by the age of seven the brain areas responsible for its development have already been formed. A child, going to school, should be prepared for new loads, in particular, for mastering writing skills, and not learning how to hold a pen or pencil correctly. Lack of basic skills can lead to unstable self-esteem, inability to build social connections, and poor academic performance.
The network of children's development centers "Baby Club" will be happy to help in the development of fine motor skills of your child. A developing object-spatial environment, highly qualified specialists who love their work with all their hearts, and cozy groups will not leave anyone indifferent.
General development classes or specialized programs - the choice is yours. Contact us if your goal is to raise a developed, open, free, inquisitive little man.
E.A. Work on the development of fine motor skills of the child's hands should begin at an early age. Already a baby can do finger gymnastics - massage fingers. Thus, we act on the active points associated with the cerebral cortex. All this reflects psychology, the inner world, the human condition. This has been proven by scientists. “The sources of children's abilities and gifts are at their fingertips. From the fingers, figuratively speaking, the thinnest streams flow, which feed the source of creative thought.0201 (V. A. Sukhomlinsky) . The motor centers of speech in the human cerebral cortex are located next to the motor centers of the fingers, therefore, by developing speech and stimulating the motor skills of the fingers, we transmit impulses to the speech centers, which activates speech. There are biologically active points of our body on the hand. We must pay attention to the fine motor skills of the child's hands. After all, the development of hands is associated with the development of speech and thinking of the child. Sometimes children don't like to fasten buttons or lace up their shoes. This indicates that the baby's fine motor skills are not sufficiently developed. The fact is that memory, attention, emotions, the language apparatus and the fingertips are closely related, because the centers of motor skills of the tongue in the cerebral cortex are located next to the centers of movement. If a child has an increased or decreased muscle tone, it is necessary to exercise daily. All these exercises bring triple benefit to the child. The hands acquire good mobility, flexibility, the stiffness of the movements of the hands disappears, thus, the preschooler is prepared to master the letter, his artistic taste is formed. You should start with finger exercises. Make in turn the fingers of one hand into a cam, then the other. Turning it into a game, saying, "Finger, finger, where have you been?" - "I went to the forest with this brother, cooked soup with this brother, ate porridge with this brother, sang a song with this brother.
All children have difficulty doing many exercises at first. But when they are carried out regularly and various techniques are used, it becomes a powerful means of increasing the efficiency of the cerebral cortex, stimulating the development of the child's thinking. All exercises are carried out in the form of a game. Their complexity should be selected depending on the level of development of fine motor skills of the child's hands. It is necessary and useful to use exercises for training fingers in combination with the speech of children. There are, and continue to be developed, methods that recommend the development of fine motor skills of babies, on the material of movements without objects, in particular, using folk "rhymes". "Folk Rhymes" is like the basis for finger games. The language of folk works is bright, diverse, easy to remember. The reading of “rhymes” and folk songs is carried out in the form of a fun, exciting game, accompanied by a movement of the word, which must coincide with the moment of the child’s movement or the action of the adult. Since children of younger preschool age cannot perceive fast speech, “rhymes”, folk songs, are read slowly, clearly. At the same time, the child’s memory is still developing in memorizing “rhymes”. These games create a favorable background, provide good finger training, contribute to the development of the ability to listen and understand the content of "rhymes", teach to catch the rhythm of speech. These games are very emotional, they can be played both in kindergarten and at home. They are exciting and contribute to the development of speech, creative activity. "Magpie" White-sided magpie Cooked porridge, Feeded the kids. Gave to this, Gave to this, Gave to this, Gave to this, Gave to this. In this case, with the index finger of the right hand, circular movements are made along the palm of the left hand. Then, in turn, the little finger, ring, middle, index and thumb are bent. “My family” This finger is grandfather, This finger is grandmother, This finger is daddy, This finger is mommy, This finger wants to sleep. This finger is jumping into bed! This little finger crouched. This finger is already asleep. Fingers stood up. Hooray! It's time to go to kindergarten. This technique is successfully used in the development of fine motor skills of hands. One of the important methods in the development of fine motor skills are the means of fine art. These activities have a significant impact on the development of fine motor skills. Fine art activities contribute to the development of emotional responsiveness, the development of a sense of beauty; the development of imagination, independence, perseverance, accuracy, diligence, the ability to bring work to the end; the formation of visual skills and abilities. In order to form more accurate and coordinated visual-motor reactions, to overcome the uncertainty and stiffness of hand movements while working in albums, various types of visual skills correction are used. Hand direction accuracy correction. Purpose: To form the ability to draw long and short vertical and oblique lines from top to bottom, from bottom to top, horizontal lines from left to right, accurately connecting drawings, dots. Tasks: Depict how droplets fall from a cloud into a puddle, a bee flies from flower to flower, a car goes to a garage, etc. Correction of the range of hand movements when drawing. Task: Draw a boat sailing on the waves. Correction of shaping movements. Tasks: "Wrap the balls" (from the edge and from the center clockwise) trying not to tear the pencil from the paper; draw inside the large figure the same, but gradually decreasing figures; around the small figure, draw gradually increasing figures. Small object image correction. If a child draws objects that are too small, this indicates a rigid fixation of the brush, which must be overcome. Tasks: Circle and then draw large figures (about a third of the sheet) without taking your hand off. Connect the dots by lifting your hand. In working with children, visual activity is used not only as a means of artistic and creative development of preschoolers, but also as an important way of their cognitive, moral, labor education, development of fine motor skills of the hand. "Poke technique", the ability to feel the multi-color image of objects, develop cognitive abilities, special abilities and skills that prepare the child's hand for writing, allows the poke method. The “poke” drawing technique requires that the gouache be thick and the brush hard. When applying a “poke”, the brush is in a vertical position, the pile is flattened and a large “fluffy” point is obtained. Another interesting drawing technique that children like is “splattering”. Good results are obtained even for those children who did not know how to draw at all. For this work, they use: a toothbrush, watercolors and gouache paints, dried leaves, or some objects: a bunch of old keys, or other objects that have a characteristic shape. Technique: we place several dried leaves on paper, dip the brush in thick gouache and apply it to the brush. We draw a pencil or finger along the bristles, direct the spray evenly onto a sheet of paper, then carefully remove the leaves or object and see that a clear contour remains against the background of color spraying. Origami technique. Children of all ages love to fold different paper figures. Perseverance and patience are required from children by the Origami technique, (paper plastic art) , interesting three-dimensional figures of animals, flowers look great.     Welcome
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" 
They contain a lot of affectionate words, appeals, often they have a dialogic form. Some "rhymes" are built according to the type of appeal, message. 
Drawing contributes to the development of visual-motor coordination, fine motor skills of the hand and fingers are improved. Children learn to hold a certain position of the body, hands; adjust the inclination of the pencil, brush, scope, pace of movement, pressure force; learn to listen and remember the task, carry it out according to a certain plan, meet the allotted time, evaluate their work, find and correct mistakes, bring what they have started to the end, keep the workplace, tools, materials in order 
Children's interest in work helps to maintain a variety of methods and techniques, non-traditional techniques, giving classes a fascinating form. The accessibility of using non-traditional techniques is determined by the age capabilities of preschoolers. Toddlers cope with such techniques as drawing with fingers, palms, cope with the “paper tearing” technique. At older preschool age, children create artistic images using more complex methods: “blotography”, “monotypes”, different methods of monotype, grotto, where drawing is combined with appliqué, give children great pleasure. The creation of a more expressive artistic image by children is facilitated by the musical accompaniment of classes. 
In the process of painting with pokes, the painted objects acquire a shape and volume close to real ones. The drawings created by the poke method are aesthetic and understandable both to the child himself and to those around him. 
