What to expect from my 6 month old baby

Your baby's developmental milestones at 6 months

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Everything you need to know about your growing 6-month-old.

At 6 months, your baby will start using sounds to express emotion. She/he may mimic sounds she/he hears, like "ma,” “da,” “ah,” “oh" and even "no!" Your little one will begin to recognize familiar faces, reach and grasp for toys and will soon be crawling — start preparing your home (and yourself) for a mobile child!

Get ready by removing any sharp, breakable or electric objects from the child’s reach, locking closets with dangerous liquids or supplies (or putting them in a safe place far out of your child’s reach), and closing windows to ensure your child’s safety.

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Social and emotional

Language and communication

Brain development

Movement and physical development

Food and nutrition

Things to look out for

Tips and resources

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Social and emotional milestones at 6 months

Some of the ways you’ll see your little one learning to connect with the people around him at 6 months:

Is usually happy and responds to the emotions of others.
Starting to differentiate between familiar faces and strangers.
Enjoys playing with you and others.
Has fun looking at himself in a mirror.

Tips for parents

Talk to your baby about what is going on around him in a sweet tone.
Include a child-friendly or plastic mirror with his toys so he can watch his movements.
Start playing more body games like peek-a-boo.

Language and communication milestones at 6 months

How your baby is expressing her needs:

Will recognize and respond to her name.
Puts vowel sounds together and likes taking turns saying them with you. She is starting to make some consonant sounds, too.
Will respond to noises by making sounds.
Is making sounds to show positive and negative emotions.

Tips for parents

Engage in playful conversations with your baby: Create a serve-and-return interaction by repeating back to her the sounds she makes.
Familiarize your baby with her name by using it frequently.

Brain development milestones at 6 months

How your child’s brain is growing:

He is curious: He looks at objects nearby and tries to grab ones that are out of reach.
He passes things from one hand to the other and brings his hands to his mouth.

Tips for parents

Provide your baby with toys that are easy to pick up with one hand.
Have conversations with your baby about different objects he is putting into his mouth.

Movement and physical development milestones at 6 months

How she’ll move through her environment:

Is starting to be able to sit without a support.
Is rolling over in both directions.
Will push down on her legs when her feet are on a hard surface.
Rocks back and forth.

Tips for parents

Leave her favourite toys nearby so she can reach them by rolling over.

Food and nutrition milestones at 6 months

What mealtimes look like at 6 months:

Is showing an interest in food and opens his mouth when spoon fed.
Is moving food from the front to the back of his mouth when he chews.
Is starting to eat cereals and single-ingredient pureed foods like carrots, sweet potato and pears.

Tips for parents

At 6 months, your baby needs more than breastmilk alone. Start giving him just 2 or 3 spoonfuls of soft food four times a day.

Things to look out for

While all babies develop differently, you should speak to your paediatrician immediately if your 6-month-old:

Doesn’t show affection to parents or caregivers.
Won’t respond to nearby sounds.
Doesn’t laugh.
Has a hard time getting things into her mouth.
Doesn’t make vowel sounds.
Seems too floppy or too stiff.
Can’t roll over in either direction.
Doesn’t attempt to grab objects nearby.

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Baby Development: Your 6-Month-Old

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

You may find it hard to believe, but you’ve made it halfway through your infant’s first year! In just six short months, your baby has started to learn how to communicate and to eat solid foods.

This portion of WebMD’s month-by-month guide provides a few of the baby milestones you can expect your child to achieve in the sixth month.

Sixth Month Baby Milestones: Growth

During the first few months of life, your baby was growing at a rate of about 1 ½ to 2 pounds a month. By now, they should have at least doubled their birth weight. At six months, baby’s growth will slow to about 1 pound a month. Height gain will also slow, to about a half-inch each month.

Sixth Month Baby Milestones: Motor Skills

Your baby may be starting to sit up alone by six months. To get ready, babies first prop themselves up with their hands, but over time they can start to let go and sit unsupported.

Your 6-month-old can probably roll from their back to their stomach and vice versa. Some babies can propel themselves around the floor using this rolling method. Or, they may creep forward or backward -- sliding around on their tummies while pushing against the floor. You may notice your baby rise up on hands and knees and rock back and forth.

Sixth Month Baby Milestones: Sleep

Most babies are sleeping six to eight hours at a stretch by six months. When babies at this age have trouble falling or staying asleep, some parents turn to a method developed by pediatrician Richard Ferber. The Ferber Method, as it is known, involves putting your baby into the crib while they are still awake. If your baby cries, wait for a progressively longer period of time each night before going in to provide comfort. This method works well for some families, but you may need to experiment with several different sleep methods before you find the one that works best for you.

Now that your baby can roll over independently, don’t be alarmed if you put them to sleep on their back and they wake up on their tummy. The risk of SIDS is much lower at six months than it was in the first few months of life. Still, it’s a good idea to keep stuffed animals, pillows, crib bumpers, and other soft items out of the crib for now.

Sixth Month Baby Milestones: The Senses

You may notice that your baby’s eyes have changed from their birth color. Lighter-colored eyes may go through several shifts before settling on their final shade at about six months. If your baby still has blue eyes now, chances are they’ll stay that way permanently.

The nerves in babies' mouths are much better developed than their fingertips, so placing anything -- and everything -- into the mouth can provide babies with more information than holding something. Babies may suck on their thumbs, fingers, and even their toes to soothe themselves, especially when they're hungry or tired.

Sixth Month Baby Milestones: Eating

If you haven’t started your baby on solid foods already, your pediatrician will likely recommend that you do so at six months. Begin with an iron-fortified cereal mixed with breast milk or formula. As your baby adjusts to solids, introduce pureed fruits and vegetables one at a time. Wait a few days each time you try something new to make sure they aren’t allergic to it.

If your baby doesn’t seem to like a new food, wait a few days and then try it again. Babies are fickle creatures and their tastes can change from one day to the next.

Introduce foods one at a time to be able to monitor for any reactions such as rash, diarrhea, or vomiting. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there is no evidence that introducing foods such as eggs and fish after 4-6 months of age increases the risk of food allergies; the AAP recommends introducing allergenic foods early in most cases. However, wait to give your baby honey until at least age 1, because it can carry the bacteria that cause botulism. Cow’s milk should also not be given until your baby is at least 1 year old, although products made with cow’s milk, such as yogurt or soft cheese, are fine.

Sixth Month Baby Milestones: Communication

Your 6-month-old baby should be smiling, laughing, and babbling away (“ma-ma,” “ba-ba”). To help them learn the language, read stories together every night.

Babies at this age are starting to recognize the people and things around them. Your baby will start to feel comfortable with the familiar -- mommy, daddy, grandma, and grandpa, as well as a few of their favorite toys. You might see the first signs of fear when they are with strange people or in new situations.

Going Back to Work

You may be lucky enough to have a friend or relative nearby to babysit. If not, here are a few tips for choosing a safe and trustworthy childcare provider:

Visit several childcare centers. Spend as much time as possible at each one to get a feel for what your baby might experience there. If you’re able, drop in unannounced so you can see how the center runs when they’re not prepared for a visit.
Check to make sure that the facility provides a clean, safe environment. There should be no obvious safety hazards -- such as dangling cords, open outlets, or small toys -- and emergency procedures should be clearly posted.
Ask about the ratio of staff members to children. The fewer children per staff member, the better. Each state’s requirement for licensed childcare centers varies, but most stipulate no more than three to six babies for every one childcare worker.
Find out about the background of every person who will be watching your child. Make sure the facility conducts careful background checks of all their employees, from the childcare workers to the maintenance people.
Ask to look at the written policies that explain when a child may or may not attend day care because of being sick, including rashes, a fever or diarrhea.
Find out what the requirements are for vaccinations.
Ask what foods you should provide for your baby and what foods might be supplied by the day care. If you want to supply all of your baby's food, ask if that is acceptable and what you need to provide.

Tips for Baby’s Sixth Month

Be on the lookout for signs that your baby is not hitting important milestones, like babbling, sitting unassisted, smiling, making eye contact, or responding to sounds. If you’re concerned they have missed any milestone, call your pediatrician.
Some babies bang their heads or rock their bodies. It's normal, provided they aren't hurting themselves or doing it for hours at a time.
Play peek-a-boo and similar games with your baby. It will help teach the idea of object permanence -- that objects still exist, even when they’re out of sight.
Place toys just out of reach on the floor to encourage your baby to start crawling.
If you have older children, make sure to put away toys with tiny pieces to prevent your baby from choking.

Gymnastics that a mother can do with her baby on her own

In this article we will try to describe those exercises that a mother can independently carry out for her child at home without much difficulty and “risk to life”. Also, these exercises can be carried out between courses of professional massage.

Before carrying out any professional or independent massage, gymnastics, it would be optimal if the child is examined by a pediatrician, neurologist and orthopedist. Specialists will confirm the absence of contraindications, as well as suggest which areas should be emphasized when performing a massage.

Nevertheless, it should be understood that self-study with the baby, despite the undoubted benefits, will not replace professional massage courses for the child.

Gymnastic exercises for children of the first year of life are best done together with massage, and finish with aqua gymnastics.

Conditions, contraindications

During massage and gymnastics, educational toys can be used to attract the child's attention, but there should not be too many of them.

All gymnastic exercises are divided into active and passive. Active exercises are those that a person performs on his own, passive, in other words, when they wave your arm and leg, and you lie down, bored. In children's wellness massage and gymnastics, both types of exercises are used.

Gymnastics for children from 0 to 3 months

The optimal age at which it is recommended to start a course of massage and gymnastics is discussed in the article "general principles of massage". Massage and gymnastics in children of the first year of life

Breathing exercises

Breathing exercises are very important for babies of this age. They contribute to the development of the respiratory muscles, the physiological abilities of the respiratory system, its reserve capabilities, and serve as a prevention of respiratory diseases.

Starting position: the child is in the arms of the mother, facing her. Produce rhythmic pressure with the palm on the back of the child, moving the palm from the neck to the waist.

Starting position: the child lies on his back. Alternate abduction of the handles to the side and up, starting from three months, this exercise can be performed simultaneously with two handles.

Reflex exercises

Babies have a certain physiological feature of the nervous system - the presence of unconditioned reflexes that appear and disappear at a certain time.

Thus, in infants, a special group of exercises can be distinguished. These are reflex exercises. They are based on the special evoking of certain unconditioned reflexes.

Naturally, no one will cause the Moro reflex as a charge (a loud blow on the surface on which the child lies, while he makes a “hugging” movement).

But some of them, such as the Babinski reflex (special stroking of the foot) or the support reflex, are very useful as developmental exercises.

The number of repetitions of reflex exercises during the lesson 1-2 times.

The exercise is based on the Babinski reflex.

Starting position: the child lies on the tummy.

Apply pressure on the sole at the base of the fingers - the child reflexively bends the fingers, then draw along the inner edge of the foot to the heel and the outer edge to the little finger - the sole is unbent. The movement is performed by the thumb of an adult. Repeat 1-2 times. Important! When performing the exercise, the child's leg is always fixed at the ankle joint (not at the fingers).

Of the reflex exercises at this age, reflex crawling, reflex support and reflex walking are also performed. These exercises are usually carried out at the end of the lesson.

Reflex crawling

This exercise is based on the Bauer crawling reflex.

Starting position: on the stomach. The palm of an adult is placed under the stacks of the child, so that the child can rest against it with slightly bent legs. The child pushes and straightens, moving forward. Repeat 1-2 times. Important! Do not forget to leave a free place where the baby will make this movement (so as not to hit his head).

Reflex support and walking

Starting position: the child is in a vertical position, the adult's hands are in the armpits of the child. The child should be allowed to fully rest their feet on the surface of the table. Slightly tilt the child's torso forward, and he will reflexively take a few steps.

Laying on the stomach is useful, this is also an exercise for the child, based on a protective reflex (the baby raises and turns his head to the side). In the “on the stomach” position, the muscle tone of the extensor muscles is stimulated, the muscles of the abdomen are toned, the work of the intestines is stimulated - the removal of “gaziks” is facilitated, and is the prevention of constipation.

Laying on the stomach is recommended daily, starting from 30 seconds and up to 15-20 minutes in the first months of life.

Passive exercises

Sliding steps - "stomp"

Starting position: on the back. The leg is bent at the knee and hip joints, the foot rests on the table, the foot is glided along the table surface.

Skating in the fetal position.

Starting position: the child lies on his back. The legs are bent, brought to the tummy, the head is also bent, the chin is brought to the chest. The baby is “rolled” in this position on the back. As a rule, children really like this exercise.

Active exercises

Various bright, sounding toys are used, which are shown to the child at a distance of 25-30 cm, thus stimulating eye tracking of the object, auditory concentration, and an attempt to grab the object.

Gymnastics for children 3-4 months old

In order to avoid repetition, we will add descriptions of new elements of gymnastics to the above exercises.

Breathing exercises

Starting position: on the back. Simultaneous movement of the hands up and down, circular movements of the handles are added.

Boxing exercise

Starting position: on the back. Arms bent at the elbows alternately straighten them. The movements are like boxing. Important! The handles are fixed at the wrist joints to prevent sprains.

Half-turns and turns from back to stomach and back

Starting position: on the back. With one hand, the shins of the child are clasped from below, the index finger of the other hand of the adult is put into the palm of the baby, the remaining fingers cover his hand. Then, slightly straightening the child's legs, you should turn his pelvis, after which the child turns his head and shoulder girdle. Similarly, make turns in both directions.

Exercises on the ball

Starting from 3 months, you can introduce a new type of activity - exercises on the ball. For these exercises, you will need a ball with a diameter of 50-60 cm, slightly deflated.

Swinging on the ball promotes the development of coordination, the vestibular apparatus, promotes toning of the abdominal muscles, back, legs.

The baby is placed on the ball in different ways: on the back, on the tummy, in turn on the sides.

Swings are carried out with support on the legs, with the legs raised.

It is important not to forget to securely fix the child on the ball.

Gymnastics for children 4-6 months

Unconditioned reflexes gradually fade away, so the proportion of passive-active exercises increases. It also increases the number of repetitions of the same exercise.

Passive exercises are carried out - flexion and extension in large joints.

Circular movements in the hip joints, with obligatory fixation of the child's knees with your own hands.

Simultaneous flexion - extension of the legs.

Starting position: on the back. Grab the child's legs at the bottom of the lower leg from behind, holding the feet. Bend the legs in all joints, slightly pressing them to the stomach (the child's knees should be spread apart), then straighten the baby's legs.

Connection of opposite and similar knee-elbow.

The range of exercises on the ball is expanding.

At this age, many children sway on the ball with interest, lifting the toy from the surface.

On the ball in the position on the back, you can rock the baby with a slight “sit down” when the legs reach the support.

From 5 months you can rock the baby on its side with repulsion from the support surface.

Gymnastics for children 6-9 months old

The following exercises are added to the exercises already described:

Breathing exercises are done on the back, on the side, begin to do them while sitting.

Simultaneous and alternate abduction of the arms to the sides, upwards, clasping movements with the arms.

All leg exercises are performed: “stomping”, sliding steps, circular movements of the legs, alternate flexion-extension.

A new exercise is introduced: the bicycle.

Starting position: on the back. With the child's legs bent at the hip and knee joints, circular movements are performed, reminiscent of the movement of the legs while riding a bicycle.

In the sitting position (in the tailor's position, when the feet are connected or in Turkish), the child is swayed, using a toy, sipping is stimulated.

Try to encourage your baby to actively turn from back to stomach and vice versa.

Useful exercise aimed at developing crawling skills. During this period of time, you can help the child by substituting your palm as a support.

Exercises for the development of walking are performed: stepping from foot to foot is stimulated, while the adult first supports the child's armpits, and, subsequently, by the hands of both hands.

In exercises on the ball: you can use the swing on it in a sitting position.

Gymnastics for children 9-12 months

Exercises are performed in a variety of positions: lying, sitting, standing.

At this age, they try to encourage them to perform certain exercises with the words: "sit down, lie down, take the toy from the front, from behind."

Exercises with objects are used: squatting with a stick, exercises for hands with rings.

While exercising on the ball, you can also jump on it: on the buttocks, on the legs.

At this fertile age for exercise with a child, the more imagination the better.

In conclusion, I would like to recall the remarkable folk wisdom: the hour will strike and everything will come. Therefore, it is always necessary to measure the load with the physiological readiness of the child to accept certain exercises, do not get too ahead of the natural course of events - put the child in pillows at 3 months or force him to walk when he is just trying to learn to stand with support. Try to find for the child (and yourself) the optimal time, the rhythm of classes. In exercises with a child, it is not the strength or load that is important, but the regularity of the exercise. Remember that, first of all, the baby needs your love and care!

Vision in infants: development of the visual system after birth.

From Gary Heiting, OD, and Adam Debrowski

Your heart skips a beat when your newborn baby opens its eyes for the first time and looks at you.

Don't worry if it doesn't happen right away. In newborns, the visual system develops gradually.

In the very first week of life, a child sees the world differently: indistinctly and in shades of gray.

Only a few months after birth, the baby's visual system will work to its full potential. Knowing the key milestones in the development of the eyes of a newborn baby (and how to help them along) will help you understand that your baby is developing normally and enjoying life.

Baby's eye development begins during pregnancy

Your baby's visual system begins to develop even before birth. Therefore, how you take care of yourself and your body during pregnancy is important and affects the development of the body and mental abilities of the child, including the eyes and visual centers in the brain.

Be sure to follow the nutritional advice your doctor gives you. Be sure to take your prescribed supplements and vitamins, and get enough rest.

Do not smoke or drink alcohol during pregnancy, as toxins can cause many health problems for the baby, in particular vision problems.

Smoking is especially dangerous during pregnancy. Cigarette smoke contains about 3,000 different chemicals (such as carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide) that can harm a person.

Even regular aspirin can be dangerous: it increases the risk of having a low birth weight baby and complications during childbirth. Low body weight, in turn, can contribute to vision problems.

Always check with your doctor before taking any medication during pregnancy. This also applies to over-the-counter drugs, herbal supplements, and other over-the-counter medications.

Eye Condition at Birth

Shortly after birth, your pediatrician or neonatologist will examine your baby's eyes for congenital cataracts or other serious neonatal eye problems in newborns.

Although such diseases are rather an exception, it is better to detect and treat them at an early stage in order to reduce the pathological impact on the development of the infant's visual system.

To protect the child's eyes from pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms that could enter them during the passage through the birth canal and cause eye infection , an antibiotic ointment is placed in them. Early prevention of possible eye infections is very important for the normal development of the visual system.

ARE YOU CONCERNED WITH YOUR BABY'S VISION? Find an optometrist nearby .

At birth, your baby sees objects only in black and white and in shades of gray. This is due to the fact that the nerve cells in the retina and brain that are responsible for color perception are not yet fully developed.

A newborn baby is not yet able to focus on nearby objects (disturbance of accommodation). Don't worry if you notice that your baby is unable to "focus" on objects or on your face. It will take time for him to acquire this ability.

Despite all these features, studies have shown that just a few days after birth, the baby is able to distinguish the mother's face from the face of a stranger.

Scientists believe that the baby recognizes the mother's face thanks to the contrasting hairline. (During the study, women covered their hair with a scarf or swimming cap, and the baby could not tell the mother's face from that of a stranger.)

Therefore, to encourage eye contact, during the first weeks of a child's life, do not change the hairstyle or appearance.

You may also notice that babies have rather large eyes. This is because usually a child's head grows first, and then the rest of the body. At birth, a baby's eyes are 65% the size of an adult's eyes!

Baby's eyes in the first month of life

In the first month of life, the baby's eyes are not highly sensitive to light. By the way, in order for a child who is 1 month old to understand that there is light in the room (the threshold of sensitivity to light), the light must be 50 times brighter than normal.

Don't be afraid to leave a light on in the nursery, because it won't disturb the baby's sleep and you won't trip over the furniture when you go to visit him at night!

Very quickly the baby acquires the ability to distinguish colors. A week after birth, the baby can see red, orange, yellow and green. A little later, he will be able to distinguish between blue and purple. This is because blue light is the shortest wavelength, and there is only one type of receptor in the retina that can "see" blue light.

Don't worry if you notice that your baby's eyes are looking in different directions. One eye may sometimes be slightly averted to one side or the other. This is fine. But if the baby's eyes squint to the side, consult an optometrist immediately.

Tips: Paint your baby's room in bright, cheerful colors to stimulate his eyesight. Furniture or interior details should be of contrasting colors and shapes. Hang a bright, colorful hanging piece above or next to your crib. It is important that it be multi-colored and consist of different geometric shapes.

Development of the organs of vision: 2nd and 3rd month of life

Significant changes occur in the baby's visual system during the second and third months of life. During this period, visual acuity increases , functional strabismus (if it was) disappears. Now your child is able to follow moving objects and tries to fix his eyes on them.

A bright, bright room with lots of colors and shapes to help stimulate your baby's vision development.

Moreover, the baby learns to look from one object to another only with his eyes, without moving his head. Also, the child's eyes become more sensitive to light: at the age of 3 months, the threshold of sensitivity to light decreases. Therefore, during sleep, the light should be dimmed.

Tips: To stimulate the eyesight of a 2-3 month old baby:

Add new objects to the room or rearrange them frequently to enrich the experience.
Leave a night light on to stimulate vision when your baby is awake in the crib.
Place the baby on its back during sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However, when the baby is awake and under supervision, put it on the tummy. This posture stimulates the development of visual perception and motor skills.

Development of the organs of vision: Months 4-6

By 6 months, the visual centers of the baby's brain are quite well developed. The child sees more clearly and can follow moving objects with quick and precise eye movements.

Visual acuity improves from about 20/400 (6/120) at birth to 20/25 (6/7.5) at 6 months. Color perception reaches the level of an adult; the child can distinguish all the colors of the rainbow.

At the age of 4-6 months, the child's hand-eye coordination becomes more perfect, which allows him to quickly find and pick up objects with his hands, as well as accurately guide the bottle (and more!) into his mouth.

Six months is an important milestone in life, as this is when you should have your baby's first eye exam.

If necessary, a qualified eye specialist will examine a child at 6 months of age. But routine eye exams are usually recommended after kindergarten age (3-4 years and older).

If you have any concerns, you can also consult your doctor for further advice.

For a thorough examination of your six-month-old baby's eyes, see an optometrist who specializes in children's vision and eye development.

Vision Development: Months 7-12

Your baby is now moving around a lot, crawling and covering distances you never dreamed possible. He is getting better at estimating the distance to objects, more precisely grabbing and throwing them. (Beware!)

This is an important period in your child's development. At this stage, the baby feels his whole body better and learns to coordinate vision and movement.

Now you have to pay more attention to the baby to keep him out of harm's way. It is not uncommon for bumps, bruises, eye injuries and other serious injuries when the baby explores the world around him.

Close cabinets with household chemicals with a padlock, place special railings in front of stairs.

Don't worry if your child's eyes start to change color. Most babies are born with blue eyes because at birth there are not enough dark pigments in the iris. Over time, there will be many more of them, so your baby's eyes may change color from blue to brown, green, gray or swampy.

Tips: To stimulate your child's hand-eye coordination, you can lie on the floor with him and invite him to crawl to an object. Put your baby's favorite toy away and invite him to get to it. You can also offer to disassemble and assemble various objects and toys.

Strabismus problems

Pay close attention to how your child's eyes move, either together or separately. Strabismus is a term for a misalignment of the eyes. It is very important to detect and treat it at an early stage so that the child's vision develops properly.

Left untreated, strabismus can lead to amblyopia or "lazy eye."

It may take months for a child to achieve joint eye movement. But if you notice that one of the baby's eyes is squinting or moving separately from the other, contact an optometrist immediately.

Vision problems in premature babies

The average duration of a normal pregnancy is approximately 40 weeks (280 days). According to the WHO, a baby born before 37 weeks is considered premature.

Compared to full-term babies, premature babies are at greater risk of developing eye problems. And the shorter the period, the more serious the complication.

The following vision problems associated with preterm birth are characteristic:

Retinopathy of prematurity (RP)

This is a disease in which fibrous changes and blood vessels develop in the thickness and on the surface of the retina. ROP is often accompanied by retinal scarring, poor vision and retinal detachment . In severe cases, retinopathy of prematurity can lead to blindness.

All premature babies are at risk of ROP. Extremely low birth weight is an additional risk factor, especially when the baby is placed in a high oxygen incubator immediately after birth.

If your baby was born prematurely, ask your obstetrician for a referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist for an eye exam to rule out ROP.

Nystagmus

These are involuntary oscillatory eye movements.

In most cases, nystagmus manifests itself in the form of involuntary eye movements in various directions, with different frequencies and amplitudes of "oscillation". Eye oscillations are pendulum in nature, horizontal, diagonal and rotational movements are observed.

Nystagmus may be congenital or may develop over several weeks or months. Risk factors include optic nerve hypoplasia, albinism, and congenital cataracts.

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