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Appetite Loss During Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, and Advice

Many women experience appetite loss during pregnancy.

You may occasionally find food unappealing, or you may feel hungry but can’t bring yourself to eat.

If you’re dealing with these symptoms, you may want to know possible reasons for your appetite loss, tips for treating it, and when to see a health professional.

This article explains all you need to know about appetite loss during pregnancy.

It’s normal for your appetite to fluctuate, especially as your body undergoes numerous changes during pregnancy.

If you lose your appetite, you may experience a general disinterest in all foods or a lack of desire to eat. Keep in mind that appetite loss differs from an aversion to a few specific foods, which is also fairly common during pregnancy.

Several factors may cause appetite loss during pregnancy, such as the following.

Nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are common during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester — though some women may experience these symptoms throughout their pregnancy (1).

Both mild and extreme cases of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy can significantly affect food intake and appetite.

Research has shown that fluctuations in the hormones leptin and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy may lead to decreased appetite and more nausea and vomiting (2).

A study in 2,270 pregnant women demonstrated that among women with moderate or severe nausea and vomiting, 42% and 70% reported a reduced level of food intake in early pregnancy, respectively (3).

If you’re experiencing appetite loss due to nausea and vomiting, try to avoid fatty or spicy foods, drink fluids separately from your meals, and eat small, more frequent meals.

You may more easily tolerate dry, salty snacks like pretzels and crackers, as well as bland foods like baked chicken breast.

However, you may need to see a health professional if you experience more serious cases of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Mental health conditions

Various mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression, may affect your appetite.

In fact, pregnant women may be more prone to mental health issues due to various physical and biochemical changes. In particular, depression may lead to altered eating habits, including decreased appetite and a reduced intake of nutrient-dense foods (4, 5).

In a study in 94 pregnant women, 51% of those diagnosed with depression had poor dietary intake, which increased to 71% after 6 months (6).

What’s more, depression during pregnancy is linked to a decreased appetite for healthy foods, an increased appetite for unhealthy foods, and lower intakes of important nutrients like folate, fatty acids, iron, and zinc. This may negatively affect fetal and maternal health (7).

Mental health disorders commonly go undiagnosed during pregnancy due to the shame that some pregnant women feel talking about them. If you’re experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, it’s important to consult a trusted health professional.

Medications

Certain medications that are safe to use during pregnancy may cause side effects like decreased appetite.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Zoloft and Prozac are sometimes prescribed to pregnant women diagnosed with depression or anxiety (8).

SSRIs can cause decreased appetite. In fact, some pregnant women have reported a complete loss of appetite, early fullness, and weight loss after starting fluoxetine (Prozac) for depression (9, 10).

Olanzapine and buprenorphine are other drugs that may lead to decreased appetite (11, 12).

Disordered eating

Some pregnant women may experience eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia. Experts estimate that the prevalence of disordered eating in pregnant women is 0.6–27.8% (13).

Disordered eating can lead to changes in appetite, a phobia of weight gain, and decreased food intake (14, 15).

If you’re pregnant and have an eating disorder, ask your healthcare provider for treatment options.

Other potential causes

Pregnant women may also experience appetite loss due to medical conditions like tumors, delayed stomach emptying, heartburn, and Addison’s disease (16, 17, 18, 19).

Furthermore, high levels of stress may affect maternal health and cause a loss of appetite (20).

Additionally, pregnancy-related changes to taste and smell, nutrient deficiencies in vitamin B12 and iron, and general discomfort from carrying a baby may cause appetite loss in some pregnant women (21, 22, 23, 24, 25).

summary

Nausea and vomiting are some of the most common causes of appetite loss during pregnancy, though there are numerous other factors.

If you’re experiencing appetite loss, you may wonder how to get your eating back on track.

Foods to prioritize

There are a few foods you can prioritize even if you feel you can’t eat whole meals. These will help ensure adequate nutrient intake for you and your baby.

Many of the following foods are simple to make, small in portion size, filling, and easy on your stomach.

• Protein-rich snacks: hard-boiled eggs, Greek yogurt, roasted chickpeas, cheese and crackers, and sliced chicken, turkey, or ham served cold
• Bland, fiber-packed veggies: sweet potatoes, green beans, baby carrots (steamed or raw), and raw spinach salad
• Sweet, simple bites: fresh berries, oatmeal, dried fruit, and cold dairy products like plain cottage cheese
• Bland grains/starches: quinoa, brown rice, pasta, macaroni and cheese, and baked or mashed potato
• Soup: chicken noodle soup and chicken rice soup
• Liquids: simple broths and healthy smoothies

Other strategies

If your appetite loss is linked to nausea or vomiting, try eating small, more frequent meals, avoiding spicy and fatty foods, and supplementing with ginger and thiamine. If acupuncture is an option for you, it may also help (26).

Severe nausea and vomiting may require different treatment methods, including medications and intravenous (IV) fluids (27).

If you have nutrient deficiencies linked to appetite loss, you may need high-dose supplements to restore normal levels. Any supplements should be prescribed and monitored by a medical professional (24, 25).

You can also consult your healthcare provider for individualized treatment.

summary

If you’re experiencing appetite loss during pregnancy, you should prioritize bland, filling foods that are rich in nutrients.

If you’re experiencing occasional appetite loss or a loss of appetite for specific foods, there’s usually no need to worry as long as you’re consuming enough nutrients on a daily basis.

For example, if you’re eating nutrient-dense meals consistently and your weight gain is appropriate to promote fetal growth, occasional appetite loss should not be a concern.

Additionally, some pregnant women may lose their appetite for specific foods, including highly fragrant foods and meat. Yet, this is a relatively common occurrence and not typically a cause for concern.

However, if you’re regularly skipping meals or lose your appetite for more than a day, you should contact your healthcare provider for advice.

This is because it’s crucial to get enough nutrients to support your health, as well as the health of your growing baby.

Potential complications related to poor intake during pregnancy

Undernutrition can lead to many pregnancy-related complications, including poor fetal growth, low birth weight, and maternal weight loss. It’s also associated with lower mental function and behavioral problems in children (29, 30, 31).

Both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential to sustain a healthy pregnancy.

Pregnant women with chronically poor appetites run a risk of anemia, fetal growth abnormalities, and preterm birth (32, 33).

summary

Chronic appetite loss during pregnancy can lead to undernutrition, which can cause many adverse health effects in both you and your baby.

As your body adjusts to pregnancy, you may find certain foods unappealing or experience a loss of appetite. Sometimes, you can’t bring yourself to eat even if you’re hungry.

Keep in mind that appetite loss is fairly common and often linked to other symptoms like nausea and vomiting. You may find that your appetite fluctuates, which is perfectly normal.

If you lose your appetite but still feel hungry, you can try eating small servings of bland, simple foods that are filling, rich in nutrients, and easy on your stomach.

If you experience chronic or long-lasting appetite loss, consult a health professional.

Three Pregnancy Myths: Food, Pain and Airplanes

• Claudia Hammond
• BBC Future

December 24, 2017

Image Credit, iStock

Expecting women are usually told they have to make a lot of changes in their lives, like eating more and not flying. However, what is the grain of truth in such advice?

As soon as your relatives and friends find out that you are pregnant, you will get a lot of advice from them - including some rather strange ones.

Of course, among these tips you will find a lot of useful and practical ones, but in most cases they will not have any scientific basis.

Let's take a look at three of the most enduring myths.

Myth 1: Now you have to eat for two

A fetus growing inside a woman does not need many additional calories.

Even in the final, third trimester of pregnancy, in addition to the usual recommendation of 2,000 calories per day, a woman needs only another 200 calories (the equivalent of a tablespoon of mayonnaise or donut).

At the same time, you can even stick to a diet - without the risk of harming the developing fetus. Healthy diets that are not aimed at weight loss are beneficial for both mother and child.

• Medical myths about childbirth: about the exact date, spicy food and waste of water
• Medical myths: are women more talkative than men?
• Medical myths: blue for boys, pink for girls?
• Medical myths: is it harmful to sit cross-legged?

A meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials (data from more than 7,000 women) found that those who adhered to a certain diet, on average, gained 3.84 kg less by the end of pregnancy than women from control groups.

During the study, some were on a regular balanced diet, others were on a low-glucose diet.

All this had no effect on their child's birth weight, but - very importantly - reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia (a complicated degree of toxicosis, a pathological condition that occurs during pregnancy).

Myth 2: After childbirth, menstrual pain will disappear

After giving birth, you will no longer spend one day a month holding a heating pad or a bottle of warm water to your stomach. At least that's what they tell us.

Menstrual cramps can vary, but the happy half of all women rarely, if ever, experience them.

For those who suffer from them, the words of acquaintances sound very reassuring that when you give birth, there will be no more pain. However, not all so simple.

Over the years, the severity of these pains really gradually disappears. Often this is associated with the birth of children.

But in 2006, a group of scientists from Taiwan conducted a study of women over the age of 40 and found that pain during menstruation does decrease with age - despite the fact that none of these women had children.

To fully understand what is happening, the same group of scientists followed more than 3.5 thousand women for eight years.

During this period, some gave birth, and for many menstrual pains were significantly relieved after childbirth. But far from everyone.

Among those who had a cesarean section, 51% continued to suffer from these pains, and of those who gave birth in the usual way, 35% experienced the same pain.

• Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery: which is better?
• Why childbirth is so difficult and dangerous

As it turned out, one of the factors is the duration of pregnancy. 77% of mothers whose children were born prematurely continued to experience pain during menstruation.

Image copyright, iStock

Having a baby doesn't help all women get rid of period pain

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Thus, having a baby helps many women get rid of pain during menstruation, but not all.

Researchers suggest that vaginal delivery is more effective in relieving these pains because pelvic floor muscle injuries damage the nerves that connect the uterus to the brain and the pain is no longer felt.

Scientists also don't rule out that vaginal delivery may cause uterine tissue to produce fewer, potentially pain-increasing prostaglandins.

The authors of the study suggest that those women who continue to experience pain during menstruation, even if they gave birth vaginally, may have specific reasons for this - for example, such a gynecological disease as endometriosis.

However, the first study using a genome-wide screening technique, conducted in 2016, showed that there may be another factor that was not considered before. If your period pain is unbearable, you may have to blame your genes.

Myth 3: It's better not to fly

Airlines do not allow women in the final stages of pregnancy to fly. But not because it is dangerous for the fetus or for his mother, but because the possible birth on board the aircraft will not bring much joy to either the passengers, or the crew, or the mother herself.

As for the early stages of pregnancy, the main data comes from flight attendants and other crew members, and not from passengers. So, held at 19In 1999, the Finnish study caused alarm at first.

It examined data over many years and concluded that flight attendants who worked in the air between 1978 and 1994 were at a slightly higher risk of miscarriage than usual.

At the same time, in a strange way, for those who flew between 1973 and 1977, on the contrary, the risk factor decreased slightly.

But even in those years when the risk of miscarriage increased, it was not clear whether it was the flights that influenced her, or the general working conditions, her tension.

And indeed, when a large group of female flight attendants were compared with the same group of teachers in 2015, the risk of miscarriage was the same there and there.

When the researchers studied the records of two million flights made by 673 flight attendants and sorted out their work schedule, it became clear to them that those pregnant women who were subjected (in connection with work) to the greatest sleep disturbances were those most at risk of miscarriage.

It seems that it's not about flights as such, but about the disruption of the so-called circadian rhythms (cyclical fluctuations in the intensity of various biological processes associated with the change of day and night - translator's note).

Image copyright, iStock

Many women are afraid of flying in the later stages of pregnancy

Of course, the vast majority of women don't fly as often as flight attendants. And scientists believe that flying during pregnancy is not dangerous.

In 2002, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists published guidelines that said exactly that. In addition, it added that those women whose pregnancy caused an increase in blood pressure, with poorly controlled diabetes, as well as those who are at increased risk of preterm birth, should consult their doctor before flying.

For those whose medical condition may be aggravated by low oxygen content in the cabin, it is better to take an oxygen tank with you.

In the UK, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends walking regularly and drinking plenty of water while flying to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis.

However, the recommendation emphasizes that there is no evidence that aircraft can cause miscarriage or premature birth.

Apparently, some of the advice that pregnant women usually hear is not as useful as it seems.

Most likely, it is better not to overeat, and if you need to fly somewhere - fly, do not be afraid. And don't get your hopes up that your menstrual cramps will magically disappear after the baby is born. Maybe they disappear, maybe they don't.

Read the original English version of this article at BBC Future .

Increased feeling of hunger

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• INVITRO
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• Symptoms
• Increased feeling...

Diabetes mellitus

Thyrotoxicosis

Bulimia

Pregnancy

Obesity

71747 25-th of August

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories may use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

The feeling of hunger is an expression of the body's need for nutrients. The formation of a feeling of hunger occurs due to the mechanisms of hormonal and neuro-reflex regulation. The food center is a complex complex, the central link of which is the nuclei of the hypothalamus, located in the diencephalon. When these nuclei are irritated, a feeling of hunger arises, and when they are destroyed, food is refused.

Varieties of increased feeling of hunger

An increased feeling of hunger may occur for natural reasons, or may not correspond to objective satiety indicators.

Hunger, like any feeling, is subjective. True hunger is caused by a lack of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fats) and occurs with prolonged emotional stress, increased sports. However, modern man suffers much more often from false, psychological hunger . Psychological hunger has as many varieties as human habits. For example, having become accustomed to eating at a certain time, a person consumes food regardless of the presence or absence of true hunger. The same applies to the habit of eating while watching TV or reading. The need for rest after hard work sometimes makes a person think about food. Boredom or, conversely, the desire to arrange a holiday for yourself - all this is realized through a feeling of hunger. However, there are also constant pathological hunger caused by an imbalance of hormones or a violation of the neuro-reflex regulation due to certain diseases.

Possible causes of increased feeling of hunger

The reasons for the constant feeling of hunger may be due to the absence of substances in the blood that have an inhibitory effect on the food center, such as glucose. With diabetes mellitus , due to a lack of insulin or tissue resistance to this hormone, glucose cannot enter the cells. Lack of glucose in cells causes excitation in the food center and a feeling of hunger. However, the intake of a new portion of food when insulin levels are low does not lead to satiety.

At the same time, obesity develops, which contributes to an increase in insulin resistance and exacerbates the disease.

With thyrotoxicosis, increased metabolic processes lead to muscle atrophy, causing weakness and increased sweating.

Trying to satisfy their increased appetite, patients with thyrotoxicosis eat a lot, but at the same time they do not gain weight, but, on the contrary, lose weight.

Due to the activation of peristalsis, defecation becomes more frequent. Hormonal shift leads to the development of neurasthenia and irritability. A characteristic symptom of thyrotoxicosis is the tremor of the extremities, which manifests itself at rest and during movement.

Another example of increased hunger due to hormonal changes is increased appetite during pregnancy . Pregnancy causes an increase in the concentration of estrogen in the blood, which, reaching the pituitary gland, triggers the production of prolactin.

This hormone promotes an increase in appetite and leads to the replacement of adipose tissue of the mammary glands with glandular.

After childbirth, prolactin interferes with the secretion of progesterone, which prevents a new pregnancy. Increased secretion of prolactin occurs with growth prolactinoma - a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, as well as in response to taking neuroleptics, antiemetics, hormonal contraceptives .

Another hunger-inducing hormone is ghrelin , which is produced by ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach. Entering the bloodstream, it affects the food center of the brain, stimulating hunger. Also, this hormone has a stimulating effect on the motility and peristalsis of the stomach. With a decrease in body weight, ghrelin secretion increases. Stretching the walls of the stomach after eating leads to a decrease in the secretion of ghrelin. This hormone has an antagonist - leptin, which affects the metabolism of fats and suppresses appetite. With a low level of leptin, morbid obesity develops in the presence of a number of genetic diseases.

Obese patients are characterized by a high concentration of leptin in the blood. But the cells become resistant to this hormone, and the feeling of hunger does not go away.

At night, leptin secretion increases, which allows a person to sleep without feeling hungry.

Feeling of hunger can be provoked by increased acidity of gastric juice. An acidic environment is necessary for the denaturation of large protein molecules, ensuring the functioning of gastric juice enzymes, neutralizing pathogenic microorganisms that enter the body with food. However, when the acid is exposed to the esophagus, the fornix of the stomach and the anterior wall of the duodenum, where there should be a neutral environment, heartburn and a feeling of hunger occur. Eating drowns out this state, but after a while the discomfort resumes. With prolonged exposure to hydrochloric acid on the gastric mucosa, erosions first form, which, if left untreated, turn into an ulcer.

With increased acidity of the stomach, the patient experiences, in addition to heartburn, aching pain in the epigastric region and sour belching.

In addition to hormonal and secretory causes, increased hunger is caused by neuropsychiatric diseases. For example, patients with Parkinson's disease lack control of food intake. Often they eat at night, while absorbing much more than their needs.

Bulimia, an eating disorder, is common among teenagers and young girls. It is caused by a pathological fear of obesity and is accompanied by constant thoughts about food.

Bulimic patients cannot stop themselves from overeating and consume excessive amounts of food.

After a bout of overeating, they either induce vomiting or take laxatives and diuretics.

Causes of increased hunger include the effects of low-energy diets . Lack of food is accompanied by a decrease in blood glucose levels, which causes a feeling of hunger.

With a rational and long-term rejection of high-carbohydrate foods, the body changes metabolic processes, switching to energy sources such as fats and hard-to-digest carbohydrates. With periodic diets, the body experiences metabolic stress. There is an accumulation of nutrients for the future, and in the absence of a diet, the body requires more calories than necessary, which is accompanied by a constant feeling of hunger.

Which doctors should I contact?

If hunger occurs shortly after eating, it is necessary to find out its cause. First you should visit therapist to make a diagnosis. In case of hormonal failures, pregnancy, the therapist will refer the patient to endocrinologist or gynecologist-endocrinologist. If you suspect a gastrointestinal disorder, contact gastroenterologist. If psychological or neurological problems are identified, consultation with a neuropsychiatrist or neurologist. Hunger, as a diet companion, is almost inevitable. However, it is desirable to regulate body weight based on the recommendations of a nutritionist.

Diagnosis and examinations

An increased and constant feeling of hunger can be a symptom of diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to pass a general analysis of urine and blood.

General urinalysis (Urine analysis with sediment microscopy)

Method of determination Determination of physical and chemical parameters is carried out on an automatic analyzer using the "dry chemistry" method. Hardware microscope...

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Clinical blood test: general analysis, leukoformula, ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear in the presence of pathological changes)

Synonyms: Complete blood count, UAC. Full blood count, FBC, Complete blood count (CBC) with differential white blood cell count (CBC with diff), Hemogram. Brief description of the study Clinical blood test: general ...

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RUB 810

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If signs of diabetes mellitus are detected, a blood test for glucose and glycated hemoglobin is necessary.

Glucose (in the blood) (Glucose)

Research material Serum or blood plasma. If it is not possible to centrifuge the sample 30 minutes after collection for serum/plasma separation...

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Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1С, Glycated Hemoglobin)

Synonyms: Blood test for glycated hemoglobin. Glycohemoglobin; HbA1c; Hemoglobin A1c; A1c; HgbA1c; Hb1c. Brief characteristics of the analyte Glycated hemo...

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If the therapist has noticed the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, tests for thyroid-stimulating hormones and ultrasound of the thyroid gland are necessary.

Thyroid: screening

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Ultrasound of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands and regional lymph nodes

Examination of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, which allows to assess their structure, as well as to detect pathological changes in these organs and regional lymph nodes. ..

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The symptoms accompanying the increased acidity of gastric juice give reason to the gastroenterologist to prescribe gastroduodenal sounding to determine the pH environment in different parts of the stomach and gastroscopy to examine the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum.

Gastroscopy

Examination of the mucous membrane of the upper gastrointestinal tract with the possibility of biopsy or endoscopic removal of small pathological ...

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It is much more difficult to determine the neurological and psycho-neurological etiology of increased hunger. If Parkinson's disease is suspected, the main attention is paid to clinical symptoms detected during an external examination of the patient (hand trembling, impaired speech, posture, gait, slowness of movement). To confirm this diagnosis, MRI, ultrasound, single photon emission computed tomography, or positron emission tomography (PET) are performed.

MRI of the brain

Safe and informative scanning of brain structures for the diagnosis of its pathologies.

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Psychogenic disorders, accompanied by an increased feeling of hunger, the doctor reveals when questioning and examining the patient.

Treatment

The feeling of hunger may be natural, in which case it does not require correction. However, with various diseases, increased hunger is a symptom that is worth paying attention to. Depending on the cause of increased appetite, treatment will be prescribed.

What to do with an increased feeling of hunger?

It should be remembered that hunger can be a normal signal of a healthy body and appear as a result of physical activity, short-term hormonal or physiological changes.

However, if the feeling of hunger is accompanied by other symptoms - fever, sweating, weakness, pain in the epigastric region - you should consult a doctor.

This is all the more necessary if the body weight changes, both in the direction of increase and decrease. If hunger appears in response to various diets, you should evaluate the calorie content of the foods consumed and balance the diet.

Sources:

1. Bolotova N.V., Raygorodsky Yu.M., Posokhova N.V. Transcerebral physical techniques in the treatment of obesity in children. Physiotherapy, balneology and rehabilitation. 2016; 15(2): 75-81. DOI: 10.18821/1681-3456-2016-15-2-75-81
2. The use of unloading dietary therapy (RDT) in restorative medicine. A guide for doctors. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 2005.
3. Tikhonenko E.V., Tsoi U.A., Vasilyeva E.Yu., Babenko A.Yu. Eating behavior characteristics and appetite-regulating hormone levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a body mass index greater than 35. Obesity and metabolism. 2018;15(1):30-38 doi:10.14341/OMET2018130-38

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories may use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

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