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How to know if your child has dyslexia


Common Signs of Dyslexia | Reading Rockets

By: International Dyslexia Association

Dyslexia is a language-based disability that affects both oral and written language. With help, children with dyslexia can become successful readers. Find out the warning signs for dyslexia that preschool and elementary school children might display.

Facts about dyslexia

Startling facts about dyslexia and related language-based learning disabilities:

  • Fifteen to twenty percent of the population has a reading disability.
  • Of students with specific learning disabilities who receive special education services, seventy to eighty percent have deficits in reading. Dyslexia is the most common cause of reading, writing and spelling difficulties.
  • If children who are dyslexic get effective phonological training in kindergarten and first grade, they will have significantly fewer problems in learning to read at grade level than do children who are not identified or helped until third grade.
  • Seventy four percent of the children who were poor readers in the third grade remained poor readers in the ninth grade. This means that they couldn't read well when they became adults.
  • Individuals inherit the genetic links for dyslexia.
  • Dyslexia affects males and females nearly equally, and people from different ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds as well.

Common signs: Preschool

The following difficulties may be associated with dyslexia if they are unexpected for the individual's age, educational level, or cognitive abilities. To verify that an individual is dyslexic, he/she should be tested by a qualified testing examiner.

  • May talk later than most children
  • May have difficulty pronouncing words, i.e., busgetti for spaghetti, mawn lower for lawn mower
  • May be slow to add new vocabulary words
  • May be unable to recall the right word
  • May have difficulty with rhyming
  • May have trouble learning the alphabet, numbers, days of the week, colors, shapes, how to spell and write his or her name
  • May have trouble interacting with peers
  • May be unable to follow multi-step directions or routines
  • Fine motor skills may develop more slowly than in other children
  • May have difficulty telling and/or retelling a story in the correct sequence
  • Often has difficulty separating sounds in words and blending sounds to make words

Common signs: Kindergarten through fourth grade

The following difficulties may be associated with dyslexia if they are unexpected for the individual's age, educational level, or cognitive abilities. To verify that an individual is dyslexic, he/she should be tested by a qualified testing examiner.

  • Has difficulty decoding single words (reading single words in isolation)
  • May be slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds
  • May confuse small words – at/to, said/and, does/goes
  • Makes consistent reading and spelling errors including:
    • Letter reversals – d for b as in, dog for bog
    • Word reversals – tip for pit
    • Inversions – m and w, u and n
    • Transpositions – felt and left
    • Substitutions – house and home
  • May transpose number sequences and confuse arithmetic signs (+ - x / =)
  • May have trouble remembering facts
  • May be slow to learn new skills; relies heavily on memorizing without understanding
  • May be impulsive and prone to accidents
  • May have difficulty planning
  • Often uses an awkward pencil grip (fist, thumb hooked over fingers, etc. )
  • May have trouble learning to tell time
  • May have poor fine motor coordination

Excerpted from: ABC's of Dyslexia. (2000). International Dyslexia Association.

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Dyslexia Symptoms in Children and Adults

Many people know that dyslexia is a challenge with reading. But it’s more than that. Dyslexia is a challenge with language. That can make it hard to spot the signs. For instance, trouble with rhyming can be a sign of trouble with reading.

Dyslexia can also cause trouble with spelling, speaking, and writing. So signs can show up in a few areas, not just in reading.

People with dyslexia don’t all struggle in the same way. Some have a hard time with early reading skills like sounding out words (decoding). Some read words and sentences fine, but they have trouble understanding what they read.

Dyslexia can also look different as kids get older. Learn common signs of dyslexia at different ages and how to help.

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  • Mispronouncing words, like saying beddy tear instead of teddy bear
  • Struggling to name familiar objects and using general words like thing and stuff instead
  • Having a hard time learning nursery rhymes or song lyrics that rhyme
  • Having trouble remembering sequences, like singing the letters of the alphabet
  • Telling stories that are hard to follow or having trouble talking about an event in a logical order
  • Having difficulty remembering and following directions with multiple steps
  • Having trouble learning letter names and remembering the sounds they make
  • Often confusing letters that look similar (like b, d, p, and q) or sound similar (like f and v, b and p, or d and t)
  • Struggling to read familiar words (like cat), especially if there aren’t pictures
  • Substituting words when reading aloud, like saying house when the story says home
  • Having trouble separating the individual sounds in words and blending sounds to make a word
  • Having trouble remembering how words are spelled and applying spelling rules in writing
  • Confusing or skipping small words like for and of when reading aloud
  • Having trouble sounding out new words
  • Having trouble quickly recognizing common words (also called sight words)
  • Struggling to explain what happened in a story or answer questions about key details
  • Frequently making the same kinds of mistakes, like reversing letters
  • Having poor spelling, like spelling the same word correctly and incorrectly in the same exercise
  • Avoiding reading whenever possible or getting frustrated or upset when reading
  • Reading slowly or leaving out small words and parts of longer words when reading aloud
  • Struggling to remember common abbreviations, including ones on social media
  • Often searching for words or using substitutes like gate instead of fence
  • Often not “getting” the joke or having trouble understanding idioms and puns
  • Taking a very long time to complete reading assignments
  • Having an easier time answering questions about a page of text if it’s read aloud

Having these challenges can be tough on kids and adults. They may think they’re not smart because they’re struggling when most people aren’t. But trouble with reading doesn’t mean someone isn’t smart. That’s just one of the many myths about dyslexia.

Struggling readers often feel like they’re the only one. But dyslexia is a very common learning difference, and many kids and adults need extra help learning to read. The good news is that there are ways to teach struggling readers, and skills can improve.

Share this one-page resource with teachers, friends, or family.

Dyslexia signs at different agesPDF

If you think your child has dyslexia, here are next steps to take for school-age kids. And if you think you might have dyslexia, here are next steps for adults. 

    Related topics

    • Reading and writing

    • Signs and symptoms

    How to identify dyslexia in a child, where to go and examples of famous dyslexics

    If your child writes with mistakes, reads haltingly and faints at the thought of going to school, do not rush to hire tutors. Maybe he just has dyslexia.

    “In the third grade, the teacher advised my parents to transfer me to a special school. She said I have retarded development syndrome, ”Maria Parfyonova informs me, as soon as we sit down at a table on the roof of the Bardeli bar, in which the daughter of journalist Leonid Parfyonov and culinary specialist Elena Chekalova successfully works as a manager. Parfyonova Jr. has been developing public relations without any delay in the trendy 15 Kitchen+Bar, and she is also trilingual and easily conducts secular discussions about history. But Maria is dyslexic. Like every tenth person in the world. nine0003

    “Even today, few people know about dyslexia, and in my childhood, they didn't hear about it at all,” says Maria. “At school, they didn’t consider me a person: “Twenty-two mistakes in dictation! Well, what can we take from her?” Only one teacher ventured to suggest that Masha was not just lazy or lagging behind in development, and advised changing the public school to a private one. Her parents transferred her to the Golden Section. And then the girl was diagnosed with dyslexia. This is the name of the violation of the ability to master reading and writing while maintaining the ability to learn. nine0003

    A dyslexic perceives text as images, in other words, sees pictures instead of words. Words that do not cause him visual associations, he simply skips when reading. Often, by the end of a sentence that other children can read with ease, the dyslexic is exhausted from nervous tension. It is almost impossible for him to retell what he read. Also, dyslexics do not see errors in the spelling of words and numbers. Often such a child swaps letters or numbers: for example, when solving a problem in arithmetic, he writes “5 +5 = 01” or draws “E” in writing in reverse. It is especially difficult for millennial children: in the era of social networks, Grammar Nazis lie in wait for dyslexics not only in Russian lessons, but also on Facebook. Maria Parfyonova, for example, stopped writing posts with adverbial phrases. “I don’t know how to coordinate them,” she says. “And people comment: “Nature has rested on you!” Such oddities infuriate unprepared teachers and overly ambitious parents. “My acquaintances with dyslexia - now successful adults - told how their fathers in anger kicked out the doors of children's rooms, broke desks. They thought the child was just being lazy,” says Maria Piotrovskaya, founder of the Moscow Association of Parents and Children with Dyslexia. Naturally, they fell into a deep depression. Teachers are no better: trying to make the student catch up with the rest in terms of performance, they forced him to read aloud under a stopwatch. It's a huge stress for a child." nine0003

    Maria Piotrovskaya herself, former head of the board of directors at Renaissance Credit Bank, left the world of finance and audit when her daughter was diagnosed with dyslexia. Maria tried to figure out what it was. It turned out to be easier to reduce the debit to the credit. In Russia, only speech therapists and neuropsychologists can tell about dyslexia with knowledge of the matter - narrow specialists, to whom they go in the direction. In the system of education and social support, dyslexia was also not heard; at the legislative level, the rights of dyslexics are not protected in any way. Maria opened her association in October with the support of Ruben Vardanyan and his charity project Philin. The initiative was supported by GITIS, since dyslexia is a common diagnosis in people of creative professions. And the State Hermitage, which is headed by Maria's father Mikhail Piotrovsky. Now the museum is preparing a program for schoolchildren, built not on memorizing texts, but on visual images. nine0003

    Every tenth person in the world suffers from dyslexia. But there are no official statistics and schools for such children in Russia.

    “Our main task now is to explain to teachers and parents that if a child receives low grades, this does not mean that he is lazy or does not want to study,” says Maria. - The next task is to help change the legislative framework. To be sure that tests for dyslexia are carried out before entering elementary school and moving to middle school. We are also working to ensure that the school has teachers who are certified to work with such children in the lower grades - for starters. At least one per school. Diagnosis is usually made between the ages of five and nine (in England, diagnosis is made at age four). So the sooner teachers start working with such a child according to a special scheme, the more likely it is that he will graduate from school perfectly, he will be able to realize himself in any profession, avoiding psychological problems. nine0003

    “Dyslexia is considered to be inherited. But our experience shows that this is not necessary,” explains Inessa Khvostova, Managing Director of Lucullus Educational Consultants. - By the way, it is more difficult to identify dyslexia in girls than in boys: apparently, because they are more successful at hiding problems with their studies. That is why it was previously believed that the risk group was mostly boys.

    To demand changes in Russian laws, we need statistics. She, of course, is not. “We go to schools ourselves,” says Maria Piotrovskaya. - Not only in Moscow, but also, for example, in Chechnya and Ingushetia. In these regions, there are also many schoolchildren with dyslexia, in addition, education is bilingual, and this is an additional burden for children.” The association is developing teaching methods for children with different perceptions, which are going to be transferred to the Ministry of Education. The luminaries of science are working on it: psycholinguist Tatyana Chernigovskaya, neuropsychologist Tatyana Akhutina, vice-president of the Association of Speech Pathologists of St. Petersburg Alexander Kornev. And Piotrovskaya and her colleagues conducted free master classes called “Underachievement is curable” in five secondary schools in Moscow. The teachers came and honestly admitted that in every class there are underachieving students with characteristic features. nine0003

    Parents come to the association's small office on Gogolevsky Boulevard. The center “Club Intellect 135” operates there, where a neurologist of the highest category, Gullzhan Sakbayeva, works with children. She still has few wards: most mothers, having learned about the diagnosis, pretend that everything is in order, they just need to hire tutors. Or they disown dyslexia as a deadly disease.

    “I stopped posting gerunds on Facebook. And people comment: “Nature has rested on you!”

    Alexandra Shishmareva, a student of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University, also has dyslexia. At the master classes of the association, Alexandra acts as a speaker. “As a child, I truly hated school,” she says now. - It got to the point that she began to get sick with everything that was possible, just not to go to class. The godmother sent me to St. Petersburg to the candidate of psychological sciences Elena Nikolaevna Chesnokova. For ten days, from morning until late at night, she worked with me according to the adapted American Orton-Gillingham system. For example, we sculpted the letters of the alphabet from plasticine - first from A to Z, then from Z to A. When I returned to school, my literacy gradually improved. Last year, Shishmareva received high scores at the Unified State Examination in Russian and Literature and eventually entered the history department of Moscow State University without exams. nine0003

    Despite the best efforts of volunteers and philanthropists, there are no schools in Russia that specialize in teaching dyslexics. Even in the advanced Golden Section, where they took on the daughter of Leonid Parfenov, there is no individual approach to such students, says Maria. “Nobody gives you extra time on tests,” she says. - Because then the parents will come and ask: "Why is Masha allowed more than my Vita?" Although in the "Golden Section" there were still many advantages compared to a regular school. For example, I studied Russian not with the class, but with a speech therapist, three times a week. With the teacher of the European Gymnasium, Maria Markovna Kazbek-Kazieva, Parfenova developed literacy: “She has her own methods for memorizing spelling rules. Maria Markovna pulled from a deuce to a four in a year. Two more years and I would start to write normally in Russian.” And the stories of Sergei Dovlatov helped the girl learn to read: “He writes the way people say. Also, reading his prose aloud, you can practice intonation - there are no long sentences, like, for example, Tolstoy's. nine0003

    In the United States, dyslexia is considered a "special feature". This is the definition given by the National Institutes of Health and the International Development Association. Dyslexia is included in the Education with Disabilities Act, which is in force in thirty-seven states.

    In the UK, dyslexia was introduced into the Chronically Ill and Incapacitated Persons Act in 1970. In 1987, the European Dyslexia Association was founded in Brussels, representing the interests of dyslexics in the European Parliament and UNESCO. “When I left to study in Europe, I was in shock,” recalls Maria Parfenova. - At the City University of London there is a disability center where they work with you. For the UK, this is an absolutely normal story. By the way, I must say thanks to the Golden Section school: in a letter of recommendation from there, they wrote to me that “due to the imperfection of the Russian education system, Maria’s grades are lower than they could be.” nine0003

    Secondary education in the UK is based on either the A Level system or the IB program. The latter is better adapted for teaching children with special needs and more suitable for dyslexics. In Moscow, for example, the European Gymnasium, the MES, the Anglo-American Gymnasium and the President School work according to the IB system. “In history lessons in an ordinary Russian school, events are told according to the textbook, concisely,” explains Maria Parfenova. - And in the IB system (I studied it at school in Italy), students are recommended to use visual materials as much as possible. For example, while studying the history of the Cold War, children watch a real American propaganda newsreel. Then a visual comparative analysis of events is made. I can now draw this sign from memory. nine0003

    The sooner a child is diagnosed with dyslexia, the more likely it is that they will not have problems with learning and socialization in the future. “A child with dyslexia is extremely difficult to learn if the education system is built around reading, writing and remembering large amounts of information,” says Leslie Shaw-Wall, director of Foremarke Hall Repton Preparatory School in Derbyshire. “In Britain, various programs have been developed to educate such children.”

    Angered dads knock down the doors of children's rooms, break desks. Teachers force the child to read under the stopwatch. nine0019

    First, the degree of dyslexia is determined: minor (several characteristic features), mild, moderate, severe. Children with a severe form are usually sent to private schools that specialize in working with dyslexics. “But in fact, there is no need to apply to special schools,” says the director of Foremarke. “Most dyslexics study in regular schools – in the UK there are regulations that require an individual approach to the education of children with disabilities and special needs. ” Dyslexics are given twenty percent more time on tests, and they take exams in a separate class. nine0003

    It is important to know the main thing about dyslexia - it is not a disease, it cannot be cured. It is called "the gift that is always with you" - so poetically Ronald Davis, founder of the Center for the Study of Reading Problems in Burlingame, once called dyslexia. Often dyslexia is indeed a gift. Children who read and write with difficulty often have well-developed non-verbal thinking. They master many skills much faster than their peers and show creative abilities, such as an exceptional ear for music. They differ in sociability, often succeed in painting. nine0003

    “According to Fernett and Brock Eide, authors of The Benefits of Dyslexia: Unlocking the Hidden Potential of the Dyslexic Brain, people who can’t focus on the little things tend to see the situation in a complex way, to imagine how processes will develop over time,” says the head of the London office of the educational agency Connexus Academic Advisors Vlad Konyashkin. Seeing relationships that elude others is another virtue of dyslexics. Pay attention to how your child draws conclusions. Dyslexics are distinguished by the ability to reason when the facts are not enough or they often change. Adding three-dimensional spatial perspectives is easier for dyslexics. In the future, they can work in the field of design, architecture, be engineers, builders, inventors, organic chemists.” nine0003

    But even if the child is still out of tune, playing the twenty-fourth capriccio of Paganini, it is definitely not necessary to give up and take him out of school. After all, Steve Jobs was also diagnosed with dyslexia. And mathematician Alan Turing, who deciphered the supercomplex German code during the war. And even the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Winston Churchill.

    8 signs your child may have dyslexia

    “Most people think that dyslexia comes down to the inability to read and write,” explains Vlada Konyashkina, head of the London office of the educational agency Connexus Academic Advisors. - It's a delusion. These children face other challenges as well.” nine0003

    A dyslexic differs from a child with low IQ in that:

    1. He lacks organizational skills.

    2. He has trouble doing things sequentially (for example, a child has trouble doing a math problem because they confuse the order of steps in a solution).

    3. There are difficulties with the perception of time.

    4. The child is constantly distracted.

    5. He often has mood swings.

    6. When reading, it seems to him that the letters are moving, and he confuses their sequence. nine0003

    7. There are problems with the speed of information processing and memorization.

    8. It is difficult for a child to build complex sentences with a complete thought.

    Dyslexics remember information better if it is presented in the form of concrete examples or stories from life, rather than abstract reasoning. For example, your child is likely to remember perfectly well who and what gave his sister for her birthday two years ago, but not his class schedule.

    Where to run

    How dyslexia is diagnosed and where special children are taught, says Inessa Khvostova, Managing Director of Lucullus Educational Consultants. To diagnose or rule out dyslexia, a child is asked to listen, read, and remember sequences of words, numbers, or colors. Thus, short-term and long-term memory, the ability to analyze information, the level of attention and concentration are checked. They will also offer tests for logic, for reading comprehension, for verbal and non-verbal thinking, as well as tests for intelligence. nine0003

    However, dyslexia does not imply a lack of intelligence and does not put an end to education and career. For example, my dyslexic husband is an architect. He can only draw if he listens to an audiobook. And I, for example, can’t listen to audiobooks at all: attention is scattered.

    No two dyslexics are the same. Dyslexia manifests itself differently for each person: one with dyspraxia, the other with attention deficit disorder.

    Recommendations are based on test results in each individual case. The school is chosen the same way. For example, the More House school in Surrey, England is suitable for children with a complex form of dyslexia: there they study a maximum of five subjects instead of the generally accepted twelve, and besides, teachers teach them overtime. nine0003

    Seaford School in Sussex and Bryanston School in Dorset work well with medium uniforms. Almost thirty percent of the students in these schools are dyslexic.

    Even Eton and Winchester Colleges will accept students with a mild form of dyslexia (there are eight percent of such special students). Children are engaged with the teacher individually or in mini-groups.

    Famous dyslexics

    You don't have to have an A in penmanship to go down in history. nine0096

    Richard Branson

    Founder of the Virgin Group and top business role model in the 2000s, he left school at sixteen but wrote nine motivational books. Everywhere there is at least a line about dyslexia. Knowing his peculiarity, Sir Richard surrounded himself with professionals who excelled him in academic excellence, and delegated most of his authority to them. And he began to come up with new projects. Branson has neither a certificate nor a diploma so far. But there is a fortune of almost five billion dollars. nine0003

    Michael Phelps

    The number one swimmer has the record number of Olympic medals. And in the children's medical record - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyspraxia (disorder of the motor apparatus, in which there are problems with coordination).

    Steve Jobs

    Dropped out of school several times and only lasted one semester in college. I never really learned how to write and read. And, probably, that is why he gave humanity a phone that can independently select words in messages. nine0003

    John Lennon

    Entered teachers into a stupor by not being able to spell a single word, confusing consonant words and writing, changing letters in places. Now these texts are sung all over the world.

    Vladimir Mayakovsky

    An irony of fate: the poet, whose poetry is torture for dyslexics, himself suffered from a text perception disorder. Hence the stanzas "ladder", and ignoring punctuation marks. Reading to Vladimir Vladimirovich never came to fruition: materials for his poems were collected by Lilya Brik. nine0003

    Photo: anne menke/trunk archive/photosenso, rex features/fotodom; AP, Zuma, ABACA Press/TASS

    Tigigeroiroitatler Teenshkolami Best School of the World 2017 Educational School of the World

    How to recognize dyslexia in a child: 15 signs

    Educational Head

    Difficulties in Teachers, and with classmates

    mike mols/Shutterstock/Fotodom.ru

    “Yes, he’s just lazy”, “He doesn’t try”, “He doesn’t want to study, even if you crack”, “I fight with him, I fight, everything is like a pea wall” - similar complaints from parents (and teachers too) for children - full. Few people think that it may not be laziness at all. It often happens that it is objectively difficult for a child to perceive and assimilate information. He is absolutely not to blame for this, but he is punished for it. nine0003

    Dyslexia, as well as dysgraphia, dyscalculia are features of information perception that make it difficult for children to learn to read, write, and do mathematics. According to foreign studies, dyslexia manifests itself in every tenth schoolchild. The Ministry of Education indicates that about 64% of children come to the 1st grade with speech disorders, every fifth child faces learning difficulties, of which about 80% are in reading.

    What is the cause

    It is important to understand that dyslexia is not a disease, it is a neurobiological feature. The intelligence of a child with dyslexia is not impaired, and his problem is not at all an unwillingness to learn or laziness. nine0003

    There is no unequivocal definition of the causes of dyslexia yet. But medical and psychological research has found differences in the development of certain mental functions and abilities in children with dyslexia. Most of them have difficulty recognizing individual sounds in a word and/or understanding how letters represent sounds. But such children can be creative individuals, think outside the box.

    Main signs

    Usually, difficulties in developing writing, reading, mastering counting operations clearly begin to manifest themselves at school. But some signs can be paid attention even earlier, at preschool age. nine0003

    Speech problems:

    • Speech is developing more slowly than peers

    • Pronunciation defects are preserved after 5-6 years

    • Learning of poems is a serious difficulty of

    • Children, days or days or days or days or days or days old or days or days. time of day

    • Makes a lot of mistakes in reading and writing, reads slowly and poorly understands what he read

    Visuo-spatial difficulties:

    • Child has poor right-left orientation,

    • Can ignore left-hand signs, letters, and even a page mirror, confuses similar letters

    • Dislikes games that require spatial thinking

    Motor and regulatory difficulties:

    • Shows clumsiness and poor coordination in outdoor games

    • Has problems with the development of fine motor skills (cannot tie shoelaces, use scissors, jigsaw puzzles)

    • Holds a spoon or pencil incorrectly

    • Does everything very slowly or, on the contrary, is impulsive, hyperactive

    Trust your child

    First of all, difficulties with the perception of information affect academic performance, and from the very beginning of education. Often this entails problems in communicating with classmates, he stands out from the team, and teachers do not always treat him with understanding, do not delve into a difficult situation. nine0003

    Why are there more and more children with speech impediments? Together with a specialist, we answer the question in this material.

    A kid is often scolded for his condition, which he cannot control. First of all - to a speech therapist or psychologist, neuropsychologist. And to get guaranteed free help, you should follow the recommendations of the PMPK (Psychological-Medical-Pedagogical Commission). nine0003

    But today in Russia not all teachers know the problem, and many parents simply turn a blind eye to school difficulties, simply do not believe their child and do not understand that he needs help. Parents scold children for poor academic performance, absenteeism begins, and further along the chain, the development of deviations is possible.

    Read also: “Second-grader son doesn’t want to do homework — screams and quarrels”

    Additional difficulties and attention.

    Such children require a special approach to learning, and you also need to be prepared for this. It will require adaptation of the program, classes with a school speech therapist and psychologist. The child will receive this assistance free of charge. nine0003

    It is possible to take a course of correction in a specialized center that offers classes with a speech therapist or psychologist, in rare cases it may be advisable to switch to individual home training.

    If a child gets tired quickly, is capricious, or fails to complete some task, it is worth listening and finding the reason for such behavior. For example, children with dyslexia perceive audio books much better and remember information faster in this way. And traditional printed and electronic texts cause them great difficulties. nine0003

    Children with dyslexia can think in images, so do not scold the child if, for example, when preparing homework, he draws or makes something - probably, in this way he simply understands and remembers the material better. Use more visuals in teaching - watch documentaries when studying history, use multi-colored pens and pencils when writing.

    It must be remembered that dyslexic children often have other talents. The task of a parent is to feel his child and give him enough attention to understand and help develop his strengths. nine0003

    If you understand in time that you are dealing with dyslexia and develop an individual training program, your child has every chance to master writing and reading, become a literate person, and successfully realize himself professionally.

    See also: "Dyslexia and talent: stars who struggled to read"

    Dyslexic kids think differently. We have yet to learn how to deal with it

    Photo
    Shutterstock/Fotodom.ru

    Useful links

    An initial consultation with a speech therapist or psychologist can be obtained at a polyclinic, school or city psychological and pedagogical center. To receive free psychological and pedagogical support, preferential conditions for training, you need to go through a psychological, medical and pedagogical commission (PMPC).