Meanwhile, the scalp is displaced along with the periosteum, thereby provoking vascular rupture. Most often this happens if the newborn suffers from a deficiency of vitamins K, C, PP. The blood flowing from the damaged capillaries begins to accumulate in the pocket between the flat bone of the skull and the periosteum, forming a tumor.

Other causes of cephalohematoma in newborns:

Large fetus with narrow birth canal;

Breech, parietal or facial presentation;

Rapid or, conversely, too slow delivery;

Postterm pregnancy;

Malformations and pathologies of fetal development;

A woman's narrow pelvis or past trauma that deformed the pelvic bones.

Also among the factors contributing to the formation of cephalohematoma in newborns, one can name chronic intrauterine fetal hypoxia. It can occur as a result of entanglement or squeezing of the umbilical cord. In addition, hemorrhages can be the result of the actions of obstetricians if forceps or vacuum are used in complicated births.

Treatment of cephalohematoma in newborns

A cephalohematoma can be located in different parts of the head, but most often it occurs in the region of the crown, less often in the occipital, frontal or temporal regions. The boundaries of the tumor usually do not go beyond the sutures of the skull, where the periosteum is tightly fused with the bones. The blood in the cephalohematoma remains liquid for a long time, does not clot, so the formation is initially elastic in consistency. On palpation, you can feel the movement of fluid inside.

If the amount of blood in the cephalohematoma in newborns is small, then after a few days it begins to decrease in size and dissolve. The tumor disappears completely in about one and a half to two months without any intervention. If there was a significant hemorrhage, then resorption may take a longer period of time.

Small cephalohematomas in newborns usually do not require treatment. Doctors observe the child, sometimes they prescribe vitamin K, which increases blood clotting. This is done in order to stop the leakage of blood and the increase in the size of the tumor. To avoid complications, it is recommended to feed the baby with breast milk, which contains maternal antibodies and contributes to the formation of his own immunity.

If the size of the hemorrhage is significant, a puncture of the cephalohematoma is performed, but not earlier than 10 days of life, due to the high probability of rebleeding. With a special needle, punctures are made in the periosteum, through which the contents of the formation are sucked out. Then a pressure bandage is applied to the damaged area.

If there is inflammation of the cephalohematoma, its redness, swelling, increase in body temperature, then there is infection and suppuration. In this case, instead of puncture of cephalohematoma in newborns, surgical intervention is required. The skin at the site of the formation of the tumor is cut, after which the blood accumulated there is removed and the edges of the wound are sutured. Further antibiotic therapy is carried out. After the operation, the child is under the supervision of doctors for several months.

Consequences of cephalohematoma in newborns

Anemia resulting from blood loss;

Jaundice (increased bilirubin), which develops as a result of tumor resorption, which is accompanied by the breakdown of hemoglobin and the entry of its products into the bloodstream;

Extremely rare:

Suppuration of cephalohematoma, development of an inflammatory process;

Ossification or ossification of the mass, resulting in a deformity of the skull.

Prevention of cephalohematoma in newborns consists in maintaining a healthy lifestyle for a pregnant woman and avoiding the use of drugs that can affect the development of the fetus.

Mycosis of the skin: symptoms, treatment, diagnosis of the disease

Mycoses are an extensive group of diseases united by one symptom - they are all caused by pathogenic fungi that parasitize on the skin, mucous membranes and other human tissues. Among all skin infections, they rank first in terms of prevalence, but despite this, many sick people cannot recognize the disease in time and consult a doctor, which is why dermatologists often have to deal with advanced forms of pathology.

Disease types

Currently, about four hundred different types of fungi are known that can be pathogenic to humans under certain conditions. According to the type of tissues affected, mycoses are distinguished:

• superficial, affecting the skin and mucous membranes:
• deep, the affected area of ​​which is the subcutaneous tissue;
• visceral, which parasitize on the internal organs.

In accordance with the varieties of fungi that parasitize on humans, the following diseases are the most common.

• Rubrophytia. The fungus rubrum trichophyton affects the interdigital spaces, feet, less often settles in the skin folds and on the head. The skin at the site of the lesion turns red and flaky, nodules and small tubercles appear on it. When the skin of the trunk is affected, it forms large patches of reddened skin with bright red concentric ridges.
• Microsporia. As a rule, the fungus is transmitted from sick cats or dogs and affects the fluffy hair on the body, less often - the skin with the formation of a focus of inflamed skin with peeling and vesicles, surrounded by a roller. Microspores are resistant to external influences.
• Trichophytosis. The trichophyton fungus parasitizes on the skin, affecting mainly open areas of the body - the face, hands. It is highly contagious. In humans, outbreaks of the disease are most often recorded in late summer and autumn during field work, when people come into contact with hay and straw, on which the infection was left by sick rodents.
• Lichen versicolor. The cause of the common mycosis of smooth skin is Malassezia furfur. Foci, as a rule, form on the chest and abdomen, less often on other parts of the body: small pink spots appear, the color of which then changes to yellow or brown. They are covered with coarse scales that look like bran. Multiple spots soon merge into large formations.
• Seborrheic dermatitis. This is a common mycosis of the scalp, affecting the scalp, including the skin of the eyebrows, eyelashes, mustache and beard, caused by pityrosporum ovale. A variety of pityrosporum orbicularare parasitizes the smooth skin of the trunk. These are lipophilic fungi that feed on sebum. The affected areas of the skin are marked by inflammation and flaky crusts.
• Candidiasis. Candida yeast-like fungi settle in the skin folds, on the mucous membranes and form reddish spots covered with small bubbles. After a while, eroded areas of bright red color appear in place of the bubbles.

There are many types of mycosis of the skin, subcutaneous tissues and internal organs, which are much less common than the listed types.

Symptoms

It is possible to speak about the symptoms of mycosis only in general terms, since each variety has its own manifestations, which only an experienced dermatologist can recognize. With skin lesions, as a rule, appear:

• reddened and scaly patches of skin;
• severe itching in places affected by the fungus;
• diaper rash in skin folds and interdigital areas;
• small blisters that burst and dry out after a while;
• white, yellow or brownish crusts over inflamed skin.

With mycosis of the extremities, as a rule, the nails also suffer - they become brittle, delaminate, then gradually become cloudy and dark.

Deep mycoses, as a rule, proceed with the formation of deep ulcers, purulent inflammations, fistulas, etc. They are most common in countries with a hot climate, and are extremely rare in Russia. Visceral, depending on the location and degree of damage, can cause dysfunction of the organs on which the fungi parasitize - pulmonary diseases, digestive disorders, etc.

Reasons for the development of pathology

The main cause of mycosis is infection with a pathogenic fungus. At the same time, many types of fungi are constantly present in the body, and their growth is usually restrained by the immune system. With a decrease in control, the fungus begins to grow on the skin or tissues of internal organs. This is often due to:

• chronic disease that weakens the body;
• non-compliance with hygiene rules;
• insufficient or unbalanced nutrition;
• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• exposure to external factors that weaken the body - hypothermia, excess ultraviolet radiation, poisoning, radiation damage, etc.;
• long-term use of antibiotics or certain other medicines.

The only exception here is the so-called fungal mycosis, which is not a fungal disease. This is an oncological tumor pathology, which is based on the degeneration of T-lymphocytes into a malignant form.

Transmission routes

There are many ways to get infected with fungal diseases. Most often this happens:

• in direct contact with the affected skin of another person;
• when sharing towels, slippers, personal hygiene items;
• through a contaminated manicure instrument;
• through contaminated clothing and shoes;
• through the soil, especially in the presence of skin microtraumas;
• in contact with pets.

Often, skin mycoses develop in people who visit swimming pools, saunas, showers at sports clubs, etc. Infection is all the more likely, the worse the human immune system works.

Diagnostic methods

As part of the diagnosis of mycoses, studies of scrapings of the skin and nail formations, sputum, blood, hair, scrapings of mucous membranes, feces and other biomaterials can be performed, depending on the type and location of the lesion. For skin diseases, they usually perform:

• dermatoscopy - examination of affected areas of the skin, hair or nails to identify characteristic signs;
• microscopic examination of a scraping to detect fungal mycelium;
• bakposev on nutrient media, which allows you to identify not only the type of fungi, but also the optimal drug for treatment;
• serological examination of blood;
• PCR test for fungal genome detection.

Some types of fungi are quite easily diagnosed using UV radiation, which is generated using a Wood's lamp.

Simultaneously with determining the type of fungus, the patient is given a general examination to identify the cause of weakened immunity, which led to infection.

Treatment

Currently, there are many means and methods for the treatment of mycosis of almost all types. The main method is drug therapy, which includes drugs of general action and local remedies, which are selected depending on the type of fungus, the degree of damage, the duration of the disease, the patient's health and other factors. Mycoses of the skin and mucous membranes are best treated: if the doctor's recommendations are followed, the disease can be eliminated within two to three weeks, and sometimes in just a few days.

With damage to the nails, the course of therapy is several months, and combined treatment is required: local preparations are combined with systemic agents. Local dosage forms are extremely diverse: these are creams, ointments, gels, sprays, nail polishes, powders, drops. Systemic antimycotics are usually available in the form of tablets or capsules. In some cases, complete removal of the affected nail is required.

When choosing drugs, a dermatologist must take into account the individual sensitivity of the pathogen to a particular agent. Self-administration of certain drugs often does not bring the desired result, since before starting treatment it is necessary to determine the type of pathogen. In certain fungal infections, the diet of the patient is important. So, during the treatment of yeast and mold fungi, it is necessary to exclude foods that contain fast carbohydrates (sweets, flour products), fermented foods, alcohol and potatoes.

Prevention

To avoid mycosis, you must:

• observe the rules of hygiene, especially in public areas;
• avoid contact with stray animals;
• monitor the disinfection of instruments in hairdressing, beauty salons, manicure rooms;
• do not use other people's clothes and shoes.

With prolonged use of antibiotics, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, it is necessary to take antimycotics at the same time.

Diagnosis and treatment of mycosis in Moscow

The clinic of JSC "Medicina" offers reliable, comfortable and high-quality treatment of mycosis. We employ qualified dermatologists with many years of practical experience, the latest medical equipment is used for diagnostics. Modern medical procedures allow you to quickly and reliably cleanse the body of a fungal infection. Call us to make an appointment or register online on our website.

Questions and answers

Which doctor treats mycosis?

For the diagnosis and treatment of mycosis, it is necessary to contact a specialized specialist - a mycologist. However, this medical specialty is quite rare, and in the absence of such a specialist in the clinic, you should visit a dermatologist.

Mycosis - what kind of disease and why is it dangerous?

Mycosis is a fungal infection caused by microscopic fungi. Settling on the tissues of the human body, they feed on them, at the same time destroying what they parasitize - skin, hair, nails, internal organs. At the same time, parasites inhibit the microflora of the body, adjust metabolic processes for themselves and poison the body with waste products of their vital activity. As a result, a person constantly feels unwell, his immune system is weakened, he is easily infected with pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and some people even develop cancer.

How to treat mycosis at home?

There are many traditional medicine recipes for the treatment of fungal infections. They can be used as supplements to fight fungus, but only after the approval of the attending physician. The most effective are baths and compresses with apple cider vinegar, alcohol tincture on pine cones, tea tree oil, garlic vegetable oil, birch tar, propolis. However, all these remedies by themselves do not completely eliminate the fungus. They are used only in combination with antimycotic drugs.

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