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Keeping Your Baby Safe and Cool in Summer – Children's Health

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Summertime brings warm weather and lots of sunshine. But parents of infants, in particular, should keep a few essential heat and sun safety tips in mind while enjoying the season.

"Outside time is so important for babies' growth and development. So we want to make sure we are giving babies the opportunity to go outside, but of course, keeping them safe while doing so," says Sushmita Yallapragada, M.D., Neonatologist and Associate Medical Director of the Level IV NICU at Children's Health℠ and Assistant Professor at UT Southwestern.

Dr. Yallapragada, also a mother of two young children, answers common questions about how to keep newborns and infants safe during the hot summer months.

What outside temperature is too hot for a baby?

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggests parents avoid taking babies outside for long periods of time if the heat index is greater than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Prolonged outdoor exposure on extremely hot days can cause babies to overheat quickly.

"Babies are not as effective at cooling their bodies as adults because they do not sweat normally," explains Dr. Yallapragada. "In addition, babies are not able to tell you if they are overheating and not feeling well. Take breaks every 15-30 minutes or sooner based on your child's response to the heat."

Before making outdoor plans with your baby during summer, check the local heat index. When you do enjoy outside time, you can take simple precautions to keep your baby safe.

How can I keep my baby cool in summer?

If the heat index is above 75- or 80-degrees Fahrenheit, take these five steps to keep your baby cool while spending time outside.

1. Seek shade.

Park your baby's stroller or blanket under a tree or in another shady spot to avoid direct sun exposure.

2. Dress baby coolly.

During hot days, dress your baby in a single layer of lightly colored, moisture-absorbent but breathable material, such as a lightweight cotton onesie or romper. Opt for fabrics like cotton and linen and avoid synthetic fabrics like polyester and nylon.

"Infants should be dressed appropriately for the environment, with no more than one additional layer than an adult would wear comfortably at that temperature – for daytime or sleeping," Dr. Yallapragada says.

3. Drink liquids.

Offer breastmilk or formula to keep infants hydrated. It's generally recommended to wait until babies are at least 6 months of age to offer water. Older babies and toddlers should drink water while playing outdoors to help stay cool and hydrated.

4. Schedule extra rest time.

Time in the heat can cause infants to feel extra tired. "Planning time for babies to rest or nap following outside playtime can be helpful," says Dr. Yallapragada.

5. Avoid the hottest parts of the day.

Plan to take your baby out in the early morning or late evening hours so you can spend the hottest parts of the day inside. When outside, consider using a portable stroller fan to help baby stay cool.

How can I protect my baby's skin from the sun?

It's important to be mindful about how much sun exposure your baby is getting – especially since infant skin can sunburn easily.

Summer skin care for babies under 6 months

Sunscreen should not be applied to babies under 6 months of age. "Sunscreens can cause skin irritation in a young baby's developing skin," Dr. Yallapragada explains.

Instead, take steps to keep newborns and young infants out of direct sunlight:

• Seek trees or other sources of shade.
• Dress babies in a wide-brimmed sun hat and sunglasses to block the sun from their face and eyes.
• Use a stroller shade or umbrella to block the sun from babies' arms and legs.
• Apply a car window shade to block direct sunlight from reaching your baby during car rides.

Summer skin care for babies 6 months and older

Babies 6-12 months of age should use a hypoallergenic and fragrance-free sunscreen since these varieties are less likely to sting babies' eyes or potentially irritate their skin.

Look for broad-spectrum sunscreens that offer both UVA and UVB protection with a minimum SPF of 30. Apply sunscreen at least 30 minutes before going outside, and reapply every two hours – or sooner, if your baby has been swimming or sweating.

What should I do if my baby gets a heat rash?

Heat rash, a skin irritation that looks like red pimples or blisters, can occur if babies' skin gets overly sweaty. You may notice a heat rash breakout on your baby's neck, chest, groin, armpits or elbow creases. "It can happen at any age, but it's quite common in young babies and children," says Dr. Yallapragada.

If your baby gets heat rash, bring them inside to cooler, air-conditioned air. Give them a bath or use a washcloth to wipe away the sweat. Replace their sweaty clothes with a cool, dry outfit. There is no need to apply any powders or skin ointments to heat rash; it should clear up on its own once the baby's skin cools down.

What's the ideal temperature for a baby's room in summer?

According to the AAP, the ideal temperature for a baby's room is between 68 and 72 degrees. Keeping a baby's room cool is especially important when they sleep, as overheating can put an infant at risk for SIDS.

If you set your thermostat higher during the summer months or your air conditioning has a tough time cooling your home, keep window blinds or curtains shut to block direct sunlight. You can also use fans to circulate air.

If you lose access to air conditioning at home – either through a power outage or mechanical issue – consider spending the day at a library, shopping mall or community "cooling center" where COVID-19 safety protocols are in place and indoor temperatures remain comfortable.

How can I tell if my baby is too hot?

You can tell that your baby is getting too hot by watching for the following signs:

• Extreme fatigue or drowsiness
• Disinterest in feeding/drinking
• Flushed face
• Sweatiness (may be more apparent in older children)

If your baby shows signs of overheating, take them indoors into a cool space. Apply cool washcloths or offer a cool bath. Replace sweaty clothes with a clean, cool outfit. Offer milk or formula to help them rehydrate.

If your baby still seems overly hot after these steps, call your pediatrician – particularly if you notice it's been several hours since your baby had a wet diaper and/or your baby is vomiting, having muscle spasms or breathing quickly. These could be signs of dehydration or heat illness, and you may need to get your baby in to see a doctor right away.

What other steps should I take to keep my baby safe this summer?

As temperatures rise, it's important to never leave a baby alone in a hot car, even for a moment. Temperatures inside a closed car can rise to dangerous levels quickly, so always take steps to ensure you don't leave a child alone in the back seat. See five tips to prevent hot car tragedies.

Similarly, maintain careful adult supervision whenever your babies and older kids are around a pool this summer. Follow these essential pool safety tips to avoid the risk of injury or drowning.

More summer safety tips

Children's Health is here to help keep your family healthy and safe this summer. See more summer safety tips.

Children’s Health Family Newsletter

Get health tips and parenting advice from Children’s Health experts sent straight to your inbox twice a month. Sign up now.

heat stroke, hydration, infant, rash, safety, skin, summer, sun safety, toddler, water safety

How many months a dog walks pregnant: signs of pregnancy in dogs

How long does pregnancy last in dogs

July 18, 2022

What you need to think about before knitting your dog

Pregnancy is a process, although it is completely natural, it is still not the easiest and easiest. Knowing nothing about zootechnics and breeding, it is better for a beginner not to take any action on their own. If the dog is pedigree, with a pedigree, then the kennel club will come to the rescue. If there is no pedigree, then think about how and where you will attach the puppies when they grow up and need food, walks, veterinary care and much more.

In the course of its history, man has bred several hundred different breeds of dogs, each of which has its own external features and working qualities that are inherited. One can only guess what kind of exterior and behavior puppies from a mother without a breed will have. Therefore, it makes no sense to breed outbred puppies - it means spending your time and money on raising puppies that no one will want to buy later.

Also, before mating, it is necessary to check the health of your dog, because if the expectant mother has health problems, whether physical or mental, then the chances of giving birth to sick offspring increase. Yes, by nature, a dog is designed to carry and give birth to puppies, but no one can guarantee that this particular female will have an uncomplicated pregnancy and an easy birth. Quite often, the help of a veterinarian is vital. At the first birth, the presence of a veterinary obstetrician is simply mandatory.

It is necessary to prepare in advance for mating and pregnancy of a purebred dog. It is necessary to raise a healthy dog, get an assessment of the exterior at the exhibition and admission to breeding breeding, correctly select the future father and agree in advance with his owner on the conditions of mating, and do not forget about deworming and vaccination before mating.

How long does a dog go pregnant on average

The pregnancy itself in these animals is short - only two months. It is important not to miss estrus, dogs can only mate during a strictly defined period of time, called "hunting". The frequency of heat depends on the size and breed of the dog. In some breeds of dogs, estrus usually occurs every six months or every four months, in others - every 10-12 months. Mating is possible only during the "hunting" period, the duration of which is individual and ranges from a day to 7-9days. If the owner did not have time to notice the beginning of estrus, incorrectly determined the day of the “hunt”, you will have to wait for the onset of the next estrus.

In dogs, mating does not interrupt the “hunt” of the female, as is typical, for example, for cats. In the first weeks, it is almost impossible to understand whether a dog is pregnant or not, therefore, after a planned mating, it must be protected from accidental mating. If you let her walk without a leash, do not look after her, it is quite possible to mate with the first oncoming dog. And given that dogs can give birth to more than twenty puppies, it would be a shame to receive two dozen unplanned puppies from a thoroughbred dog.

Pregnancy in dogs develops in a very specific way. First, the time of mating and the moment of fertilization are completely unrelated. The egg can be fertilized immediately after mating. If there were no mature eggs during mating, then fertilization can take from several days, up to a week. So it’s completely impossible to know exactly from what day to count the beginning of pregnancy. For convenience, the first day of pregnancy is usually taken as the day of the first mating.

The duration of pregnancy in dogs is, on average, two months, more precisely depending on the size and breed:

● dwarf and medium breed dogs are pregnant for 56-65 days;

● Large breed dogs are pregnant for 57-70 days.

In the same dog, each pregnancy can last differently. In overweight dogs, pregnancy is delayed. When there are few puppies, the mother wears them for an extremely long time, with a single fetus, there is a high probability of overcarrying.

First pregnancy

Veterinarians recommend breeding a dog only when it is fully grown and formed, that is, not earlier than in the second or third estrus. Dogs, depending on the size and breed, are formed in different ways. Small dogs may be ready for their first pregnancy at a little over a year old, while large breed dogs are fully formed only by one and a half to two years. The first pregnancy is usually the longest.

False pregnancy

In dogs, a phenomenon called “false pregnancy” or “false pregnancy” is very common. It may be indicated by the manifestation without mating of all external signs characteristic of pregnancy, including an increase in the abdomen and the flow of milk. The dog becomes extremely excitable, restless. Two months after the completion of estrus, the dog builds a nest, brings toys there, especially squeaky ones, and nurses them. Attempts to pick up "puppies" lead to aggression from the dog. False pregnancy is especially unpleasant with a very high probability of developing mastitis - inflammation of the mammary glands due to milk stagnation.

The cause of false pregnancy in the physiology of dogs. False pregnancy occurs more often in females who have already given birth and in dogs that are fed too much. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the physical form of the pet and not overfeed.

Caring for a dog during pregnancy

It is believed that in the first month of pregnancy the body does not experience a serious load, so nothing can be changed in the life of a dog. Up to the point that official and hunting use is allowed. However, this is not entirely true, since stress, keeping in harsh conditions, heavy loads can lead to the death of embryos.

First month of pregnancy

Fetal development

• Fertilized eggs float in the fluid contained in the uterus.
• At the first stages of embryogenesis, the embryo is located in the uterine cavity, not attached to its wall.
• By day 21, the fetus is implanted, attaching itself to the uterus via an annular placenta, providing it with nutrients and oxygen.
• After the 35th day, the embryo turns into a fetus.

External changes

• The dog's chest becomes cylindrical or becomes wider behind than in front due to a change in the position of the last, false ribs.
• The nipples become clearly defined, in light dogs they acquire a ruby ​​color.
• Light, clear mucous discharge from the loop is possible.

Behavioral changes
(may be present but not required)

• The dog is careful: avoids sudden movements, does not want to walk in bad weather.
• There may be attempts to attack other females or small puppies.
• On the border between the first and second month, short-term toxicosis is possible.

What should and should not be done by the owner in the first half of pregnancy:

• It is undesirable to attend exhibitions, competitions, hunt, etc.
• Moderate exercise is required, i. e. walks of the usual duration for a dog.
• Do not let a pregnant dog swim in cold water, jump over obstacles, fight.
• The feeding regimen and composition of the diet should not be changed.
• In case of severe toxicosis with refusal of the usual food, you can offer the dog food for puppies, which is further recommended to be used for feeding the puppy bitch.
• It is strictly forbidden to use any drugs and dietary supplements without the direct instructions of a doctor.
• When feeding with ready-made feeds, additional vitamin and mineral supplements should not be given.
• Even the most "harmless" substances that are not part of the feed can cause malformations or even death of the fetus.

Second half of pregnancy

Processes of fetal development

• A sharp increase in size and weight.
• The cartilaginous tissue of the skeleton is gradually replaced by bone. The mother needs good mineral nutrition, otherwise calcium, phosphorus, magnesium are washed out of her own bone tissue.
• The fetus's own heart begins to beat.
• Approximately by the 50th day the fetus is practically formed, it has no hairline and the intestines are still underdeveloped. Therefore, with an excessively early caesarean section, such puppies do not survive.

External changes

• The abdomen becomes more and more enlarged, with multiple pregnancy or weak muscles it can sag strongly.
• Young females in excellent physical condition may not droop at all.
• The mammary glands are enlarged.
• The pores on the nipples are cleared, black grains and scales fall off.
• A little yellowish clear liquid can be squeezed out of the nipples from time to time.
• In many dogs, the hair on the mammary glands falls out.
• Shortly before childbirth, long strings of viscous transparent mucus (lochia) are released from the noose.
• In the last week of pregnancy, the fetuses are actively moving. With multiple pregnancies, this is clearly visible through the stretched abdominal wall.

Behavioral changes

• The dog walks slowly, gets tired quickly, tries to lie on its side.
• The dog sleeps a lot.
• Expectant mother avoids playing with other dogs, running. If they stick to her, she snaps.

What the owner should and should not do in the second half of pregnancy:

• Long walks, heavy physical exertion, work use are strictly prohibited.
• Requires quiet walks on a leash at a pace of 30-40 minutes, 3-4 times a day.
• The dog should be able to satisfy the natural needs when it needs it.
• Skin must be kept clean. Wool, especially on the back of the thighs, in the groin, on the tail should be combed regularly.
• When kept in the city, be sure to wash the mammary glands and paws with warm water without soap or shampoo after each walk. In the autumn-winter season, it is most convenient to walk the dog in overalls, regardless of its size.
• It is strictly forbidden to bathe a dog in hot water, as this can provoke a miscarriage.

As for the peculiarities of feeding dogs in the second half of pregnancy. The daily ration should be given in small portions, increase the frequency of feeding against the usual one by about two times. For example, if the pet had two meals a day, now it is worth feeding three to four times a day. You should gradually increase the level of energy consumption. The more fetuses the mother bears, the higher her energy costs.

When feeding ready-made complete foods, gradually replace the maintenance formula with puppy food. You can not give additional mineral supplements.

When feeding natural food, only easily digestible, low-volume, high-protein foods should be given. On the recommendation of a veterinarian, you can add vitamin and mineral supplements.

Do not give fruits and vegetables, especially those that cause violent gas formation and increased intestinal motility, such as plums, apricots, cabbage.

Pregnancy Diagnosis

Ultrasound is the most accurate way to tell if a dog is pregnant. It can be used no earlier than the 21st day, when the implantation of the embryos occurs. At the same time, even in the third week of pregnancy, an ultrasound examination does not always allow you to accurately determine the presence of a puppy in a dog. Doing an ultrasound at the very beginning of the first month of pregnancy does not make sense.

In dogs, not all fertilized eggs continue to develop. At any stage of development, some of the potential fruits, for unknown reasons, may stop developing and be resorbed (dissolved). This is not due to improper feeding or poor maintenance. Under the most ideal conditions, an initially multiple pregnancy may result in the birth of several puppies or the dog will not give birth at all.

Taking an impressionable young dog several times to the veterinary clinic to make sure that she is still pregnant is definitely not worth it, because every trip to the clinic is a lot of stress for the animal.

The most accurate diagnosis, including the number of puppies expected, is given by a late pregnancy test, in the last two weeks of pregnancy. If possible, it is better to call the veterinarian at home and do the study in a familiar environment for the dog.

Diagnosis by ultrasound is particularly relevant when a singleton pregnancy is suspected, as in this case the dog is more likely to move around and may need to be prepared for a caesarean section. Also, dogs of brachycephalic breeds or dwarf sizes, as a rule, give birth by caesarean section.

Harbingers of childbirth

	How long until childbirth
Lochia (discharge from the uterus, consisting of blood and mucus)	10-14 days
>Fruits move actively	7-10 days
Belly dropped	3-5 days
Loop has grown and soft (hole pointing down)	1-2 days
The dog makes a nest: digs the bedding, floor, tears and pulls rags into one place	1-2 days
The dog is worried, whines, breathes fast, now and then asks to go outside "on business". Rectal temperature drops to 37°C and below.	Current day

Primiparous females are very worried before giving birth, they do not understand what is happening to them. The owner must calm the animal, speak confidently and carefully observe the behavior. It is recommended to call a veterinarian, describe in detail to him what the dog is doing, and follow all his recommendations. You should not make a fuss around the woman in labor. The more worried people are, the more scared the dog is. The panic situation in the house can lead to the cessation of labor and very serious consequences for the mother. After just a few hours, or maybe after 5 minutes, little puppies will squeal near the mother.

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December 11, 2017, 21:20

#1

December 11, 2017, 21:25

#2

December 11, 2017, 21:25 9000

#3

December 11, 2017, 09:27 PM

#4

December 11, 2017, 09:27 PM

#5

Olga

The cat should have been locked up. It's like a dog running around the apartment, getting on everyone's feet and shaking. It’s disgusting, and children don’t need to look at this at all.

December 11, 2017, 21:28

#6

December 11, 2017, 21:29

#7

December 11, 2017, 21:29

December 11 2017, 21:30

#9

Olga

Lock up anxious animals when guests arrive, especially children. Is it not clear? No one likes to watch a dog shaking or a cat looking for a mate.

December 11, 2017, 21:31

#10

Olga

The cat should have been locked up. It's like a dog running around the apartment, getting on everyone's feet and shaking. It’s disgusting, and children don’t need to look at this at all.

December 11, 2017, 21:32

#11

December 11, 2017, 09:32 PM

#12

But no one should come to visit to look at someone's physiology. They don’t put a cat tray, a children’s pot under the nose of guests, and they don’t let anxious males and cats out.

11 December 2017, 21:35

#13

11 December 2017, 21:35

#14

Olga

If acquaintances had a dog that climbed on the legs of the guests and shook, then they locked him up when the guests arrived. This is very unpleasant.

December 11, 2017 9:36 PM

#15

Bella Donna

My son is in 3rd grade. Sunday was his birthday. They called four friends from his class. I know three parents well, the fourth is new in the class, I almost don’t know his mother. Dad brought this brand new one, and mom picked it up in a couple of hours. The holiday with tea drinking was successful, there were competitions, games. Children are happy. But! There is a young cat in the house who is in heat. I still don’t sterilize because of work, although I plan to. The cat behaves decently, does not yell, is not aggressive. But, of course, she fawns on everyone, walks on half-bent, ass otklyachit and murmurs. The children asked what was wrong with her. I said that I wanted to go for a walk, it happens with cats. They nodded in understanding and didn't ask any more questions. and in the evening the mother of the newcomer calls me and claims that I ruined her child with "my depraved cat", now he asks you see questions about cat sex. she tried to laugh it off, then the conversation became raised and at the end she just hung up ... on Friday there was a meeting of parents, there was no desire to go and see her at all.

11 December 2017, 21:36

#16

11 December 2017, 21:37

#17

I have no husbands,

Olga

But no one needs to come to visit to look at someone's physiology. They don’t put a cat tray, a children’s pot under the nose of guests, and they don’t let anxious males and cats out.

December 11, 2017 9:37 PM

#18

Bella Donna

My son is in 3rd grade. Sunday was his birthday. They called four friends from his class. I know three parents well, the fourth is new in the class, I almost don’t know his mother. Dad brought this brand new one, and mom picked it up in a couple of hours. The holiday with tea drinking was successful, there were competitions, games. Children are happy. But! There is a young cat in the house who is in heat. I still don’t sterilize because of work, although I plan to. The cat behaves decently, does not yell, is not aggressive. But, of course, she fawns on everyone, walks on half-bent, ass otklyachit and murmurs. The children asked what was wrong with her. I said that I wanted to go for a walk, it happens with cats. They nodded in understanding and didn't ask any more questions. and in the evening the mother of the newcomer calls me and claims that I ruined her child with "my depraved cat", now he asks you see questions about cat sex. she tried to laugh it off, then the conversation became raised and at the end she just hung up ... on Friday there was a meeting of parents, there was no desire to go and see her at all.

December 11, 2017, 21:38

#19

Guest

"the children nodded in understanding" writes a woman who was not there. right now, FSE will comment on this boring wiring

December 11, 2017, 21:39

#20,0003

December 11, 2017, 21:41

#21

Olga

other cats crawling - this is a vile sight at the level of a male who climbs on his leg and shakes. The cat's ass kicks and almost crawls around to get a stake in her ass :(. A disgusting sight. Especially for children to look at it.

11 December 2017, 21:43

#22

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December 11, 2017, 21:47

#23

Olga

There are pills for cats in heat. 11 December 2017

December 11, 2017, 21:52

#25

Olga

There are pills for cats in heat.

December 11, 2017, 10:04 p.m. all property is registered to children

649 answers

11 December 2017, 22:15

#27

Bella Donna

In the know. They are harmful, I do not give. Sterilize soon.

December 11, 2017, 22:18

#28

Olga

One woman's bitch rubbed like this: you sit, she comes up to your knee, turns her back and starts rubbing against your knee. Dirty. Animals are tortured. Either neuter or let them breed normally.

December 11, 2017, 22:30

#29

December 11, 2017, 22:34

#30

Olga

other the level of a dog that climbs on its leg and shakes. The cat's ass kicks and almost crawls around to get a stake in her ass :(. A disgusting sight. Especially for children to look at it.

December 11, 2017, 10:34 pm

#31

HGH

What nonsense. And these are supposedly cultured people who condemn the collective farm and eat in other topics). Animal physiology is a natural process. As well as people by the way. And then they are surprised - someone's men don't want sex, and women don't want to give birth. Such a hypocritical attitude to physiology in our supposedly enlightened age. ..

December 11, 20170322

#33

Lina

oh, horror, the problem was sucked out of the finger, and the boy’s mother is generally stupid, calling and swearing, in general, what happened here so terrible, but the cat was lost and what, my cat lifts up my ass when the cat she doesn’t want to, she’s just sweet, I don’t understand why explain this to children at all! you’re not a normal mother either

December 11, 2017, 22:51

December 11, 2017, 23:13

#36

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December 11, 2017, 23:15

#37

Olga

There are pills for cats in heat.

11 December 2017, 23:26

#38

Daughter of Lucifer

Where is it that men don't want sex? In Russia, they, in my opinion, ata-ta everything that moves, so the divorce rate is high.

December 11, 2017, 23:49

#39

Olga

Lock up anxious animals when guests arrive, especially children. Is it not clear? No one likes to watch a dog shaking or a cat looking for a mate.

December 12, 2017, 00:21

#40

Guest

We had both cats and dogs in a private house. But I do not understand when cats live at home and do not walk on the street. You know Author, when did you decide to sterilize your cat. And it is none of your business to explain the physiology of animals to the boy.

December 12, 2017, 00:24

#41

Olga

You would also let a cat in there, so that a cat and a cat would play in front of the children, and you would explain to them. They drive away such animals, and do not admire them. 12 December 2017 now they are worn with children as with written sacks, so long as they don’t see or hear something superfluous. I don’t remember that in the 3rd grade someone wondered what was happening to the cat. everyone perfectly understood what she needed and, moreover, they didn’t consider her a depraved cat :-)) it’s funny to God :-))) that mother is not adequate, honestly.

December 12, 2017, 00:30:30

#43

December 12, 2017, 00:37

#44

December 12, 2017, 02:11

, December 12 2017, 02:31

#46

Bella Donna

We had both cats and dogs in a private house. But I do not understand when cats live at home and do not walk on the street. You know Author, when did you decide to sterilize your cat. And it is none of your business to explain the physiology of animals to the boy.

just give her a cat for a couple of days. and that's it. then take delivery.

December 12, 2017, 02:31

#47

December 12, 2017, 03:03

#48

12 December 2017, 08:23

GOST

GOST

GOSTIC You propose not to sterilize - let him suffer further from abstinence? For health, this is very harmful, as well as childbirth twice a year. I won’t let my cat go for free range - she is dear to me. It was not enough that the dogs were torn or hit by a car. And I live on the 7th floor, if that.

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