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Free the nipple: Facebook and Instagram told to overhaul ban on bare breasts | Meta

Facebook and Instagram’s parent company could soon free the nipple. More than a decade after breastfeeding mothers first held a “nurse-in” at Facebook’s headquarters to protest against its ban on breasts, Meta’s oversight board has called for an overhaul to the company’s rules banning bare-chested images of women – but not men.

In a decision dated 17 January, the oversight board – a group of academics, politicians, and journalists who advise the company on its content-moderation policies – recommended that Meta change its adult nudity and sexual activity community standard “so that it is governed by clear criteria that respect international human rights standards”.

The oversight board’s ruling follows Facebook’s censorship of two posts from an account run by an American couple who are transgender and non-binary. The posts showed the couple posing topless, but with their nipples covered, with captions describing trans healthcare and raising money for top surgery.

The posts were flagged by users, then reviewed and removed by an AI system. After the couple appealed the decision, Meta eventually restored the posts.

The board found that “the policy is based on a binary view of gender and a distinction between male and female bodies”, which makes rules against nipple-baring “unclear” when it comes to intersex, non-binary and transgender users. It recommended that Meta “define clear, objective, rights-respecting criteria” when it comes to moderating nudity “so that all people are treated in a manner consistent with international human rights standards”.

“Lactivists” spent the 2000s attempting to squash the image of breasts as inherently sexual, and the campaign to #FreetheNipple went mainstream in 2013. The phrase entered pop-feminist parlance in 2013 after Facebook took down clips from the actor/director Lina Esco’s documentary Free the Nipple.

The campaign gained wide support on college campuses and was championed by celebrities including Rihanna, Miley Cyrus and Lena Dunham. As recently as last week, Florence Pugh addressed wearing a sheer, hot pink Valentino gown on the red carpet, saying: “Of course, I don’t want to offend people, but I think my point is: how can my nipples offend you that much?”

In 2015, the Los Angeles-based artist Micol Hebron created stickers of male nipples – which are permitted on Instagram – so that female Instagram users could superimpose them over their own to mock the disparity.

Hebron was invited to Instagram’s headquarters in 2019 with a group of influencers to talk about the company’s nipple policy. “During that meeting, we learned that there were no transgender people on the content moderation policy team, and I also observed that there were no gender-neutral bathrooms there,” Hebron said. “To me, that was all I needed to know to understand the conversation of gender and inclusivity was not being had at Meta.” A Meta representative disputed Hebron’s characterization of the event, adding: “Much has changed since 2019. ”

But Hebron said she was “excited” that the oversight board had taken up the issue of gender and sex-based discrimination. “Beyond just ‘let’s let women be topless’, which is not at all my interest, I think it’s really important to hold on to the goal of allowing all bodies to have autonomy,” Hebron said. “It sounds so frivolous to a lot of people to talk about nipples, but if you think about the ways that governments around the world try to control and repress female-identifying bodies, trans bodies or non-binary bodies, it’s not.”

Meta “welcomes the board’s decision in this case”, a representative said in a statement that noted that the couple’s photos had been reinstated “prior to the decision”.

“We are constantly evolving our policies to help make our platforms safer for everyone,” the spokesperson added. “We know more can be done to support the LGBTQ+ community, and that means working with experts and LGBTQ+ advocacy organizations on a range of issues and product improvements. ”

Meta has 60 days to respond publicly to the board’s recommendations.

While advocates may welcome the idea of a freer nipple online, questions remain about how Meta’s automated content-moderation systems will be able to enforce a new policy on nipples. A couple fundraising to afford top surgery is not the same as someone soliciting sex online, but the company’s AI did not recognize the difference in the post at first. So how will these systems be able to tell the difference between a topless post and porn?

“Context is everything, and algorithms are terrible at context,” Emily Bell, director of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism, told the Guardian. “The interesting question will be the tension over how Meta can create new rules without opening the floodgates to porn, which is why those rules exist in the first place. That ought to be possible, but I’m skeptical of whether it is if content moderation is automated.” (Bell previously held several positions at the Guardian, including non-executive director of the Scott Trust. )

Facebook and Instagram users can also flag posts they believe violate the company’s policies, as they did for the photo that spurred the board’s decision. “It doesn’t take a genius to work out that there are certain areas of the culture wars where content moderation gets weaponized,” Bell said. “A post about top surgery should not have been flagged in the first place, but it was. This could have been the actions of an anti-trans bad actor.”

Jillian York, an activist and director of international freedom of expression at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, added that it was “tricky” for companies that use AI to make the right decision in every scenario. “For instance, it’s not easy for an automated technology to make a decision about who is a topless adult, versus who is a topless child,” she said. “AI may be able to make a determination between a nine-year-old and a 26-year-old, but what about a 17-year-old and an 18-year-old?”

Sarah Murnen, the Samuel B Cummings II professor of psychology at Kenyon College, said the Free the Nipple movement had once centered white, cisgender women – but that was changing. “When we talked about this as an issue about cis women, it seemed less important, potentially, than it is now with trans people wanting to be open about their bodies, while anti-trans sentiment is at an all-time-high,” she said.

Now, Meta has been advised to loosen the restrictive, binary way it polices bodies online. But many are quick to doubt AI’s potential to protect all users. “That’s the big lesson of all of this: when you create automated systems, you’re going to have consequences for people who are more marginalized, or the minority in society,” said Bell. “Those are the people who are penalized by the application of an algorithm.”

25 Things to Know About Types, Sizes, and Bumps

She has them, he has them, some have more than one pair of them — the nipple is a wondrous thing.

How we feel about our bodies and all its working parts can be loaded, but perhaps no body part elicits quite as much mixed emotion as the breast — for both men and women.

Amid a perpetual onslaught of breast augmentation ads, boob-lifting bras, and nipple bans, it can be easy to dismiss that women’s breasts (and specifically nipples) serve more than an evolutionary purpose to feed offspring. (Of course, this doesn’t dictate if women can, should, or want to have kids.) It’s also easy to forget that male nipples might not be too different either.

And yet, nipples are as individual as we are, with all kinds of surprising quirks up their sleeve. So do yourself a little favor and get to know your nips more — even the smallest detail could be a conversation starter about health, or pleasure.

Color was a major factor doctors and nurses considered when reading into a woman’s health. In 1671, the English midwife Jane Sharp published a book called “The Midwives Book or the Whole Art of Midwifry.”

According to a Stanford course about the female body, Sharp once wrote, “The Nipples are red after Copulation, red as a Strawberry, and that is their Natural colour: But Nurses Nipples, when they give Suck, are blue, and they grow black when they are old.” Thankfully, this practice has been discontinued.

Your nipples can be flat, protruding, inverted, or unclassified (multiple or divided). It’s also possible to have one breast with a protruding nipple and the other with an inverted, making the total combination of nipple types up to eight.

The nipple is at the very center portion of your breast, and is linked to the mammary glands, where milk is produced. The areola is the darker colored area surrounding the nipple.

Inverted nipples, which tuck inward instead of protruding out, function the same as “regular,” protracted nipples. It’s possible to have one non-inverted nipple alongside an inverted one, and it’s also possible to have inverted nipples that pop out later.

Inverted nipples tend to go away after breastfeeding a baby and won’t interfere with breastfeeding. Stimulation or cold temperatures can also temporarily cause nipples to protrude. Piercings and surgery can convert “innie” nipples to “outies.”

This is called double and bifurcated nipple. Depending on the ductal system, both nipples may be able to produce milk for infants. However, when breastfeeding, infants may find it difficult to fit both in their mouth.

Those tiny bumps around your nipples? Those are hair follicles, which both men and women have, so it only makes sense that hair grows there! These hairs might look darker and more wiry than other hairs on your body, but you can pluck, trim, wax, or shave them the same way as other hairs, if they bother you.

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In one 2009 study of 300 women’s nipples and areolas, results showed a mean areola diameter of 4 cm (which is a little smaller than a golf ball), a mean nipple diameter of 1.3 cm (similar to the width, not length, of an AA battery), and a mean nipple height of 0.9 cm (the size of a lady bug).

Though breastfeeding is now common among educated, upper-middle-class women, the same group actually used to oppose breastfeeding their babies and would demand wet nurses to feed their offspring. A wet nurse is a “woman who breastfeed’s another’s child,” and often wet nurses were enslaved women. After the renaissance period in which wet nurses breastfed the offspring of aristocratic women, formula has changed the use of wet nurses from a need to a choice. In the early 20th century, infant formula was considered ideal because its price tag was a signifier of wealth.

Since then we’ve learned that formula can never provide all the same ingredients as human milk does.

It’s not unusual for breastfeeding moms to experience pain in their nipples for various reasons, including positioning problems during feeding. But breastfeeding shouldn’t be painful.

Experiencing pain or soreness in your nipples also afflicts non-moms, and can be a symptom of PMS or other hormonal changes, as well as:

• skin irritation
• allergies
• friction from a sports bra

Nipple cancer is rare, but get it checked out by a doctor if your pain is persistent or you notice any blood or discharge.

This happens frequently during pregnancy. One 2013 study of 56 pregnant women showed that their nipples grew in both length and width during the course of the study and their pregnancy. Their areola width also increased significantly.

Nipple discharge from one or both breasts can be an indicator of health concerns like hypothyroidism and cysts, as well as things like medication changes. But if you notice bloody discharge, be sure to have it evaluated by a doctor right away as it could be a sign of something more serious.

According to this study which polled 1,000 men and 1,000 women, the most liked nipple-areola placement for both genders is “in the middle of the breast gland vertically and slightly lateral to the midpoint horizontally.” But that doesn’t mean your nipples aren’t ideal — the study also mentioned that nipple placement is influenced by media, where men “tend to have a more youthful breast in mind,” while women may have “more of a realistic one.”

Most people have no say over how their nipples look, but the information for the study above is useful for breast reconstructive and cosmetic surgeons. Nipple-areolar tattoos are considered the final step in breast reconstruction surgery. These tattoos are growing in popularity among people who get the surgery because it’s a relatively quick and simple procedure with visually realistic results.

This is called athelia. To treat athelia, one would get breast reconstruction. And depending on body habits and preferences, the surgeon will take tissues from the abdomen, dorsal, or glutes.

Multiple nipples are called supernumerary nipples. It’s estimated that 1 in 18 people have supernumerary nipples (in fact, Mark Wahlberg has one!), but it doesn’t stop there. One man had seven nipples: Two normal ones and five additional supernumerary ones. A 22-year-old woman even had a nipple on her foot. It had fat tissue, hair follicles, glands, and all.

There’s even one reported case of a woman who had full breast tissue and a nipple on her thigh, and it produced milk after she had her baby.

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In one Brazilian study, 32 percent of women reported experiencing cracked nipples due to breastfeeding in the first month after giving birth. But if you’re not breastfeeding, your workout might be the culprit to red, itchy, or flaky nips.

Be sure to wear the right sports bra or protect your nipples with a little petroleum jelly to keep them from chafing against your clothes.

In a study from 2008 of 362 people, 94 percent of men and 87 percent of the women polled about their nipple piercings said they’d do it again — and not because piercings were a kink thing. They liked the look of it. Less than half of the sample said it was related to sexual gratification from pain.

For most men and women, nipple play is rewarding foreplay. A study and questionnaire of 301 men and women (ages 17 to 29) found that nipple stimulation enhanced sexual arousal in 82 percent of women and 52 percent of men.

While only 7 to 8 percent said it decreased their arousal, it’s always a good idea to ask before assuming.

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You may have heard to look to your nipples for your matching lipstick color, but the conclusion for this is that experts agree to disagree. Despite many other publications (from Refinery29 to Marie Claire) testing this lipstick theory, it’s not 100 percent reliable because your nipples can change color due to temperature, pregnancy, and time (it gets darker).

Researchers in 1996 dissected cadavers to study the nerve supply to the nipple and areola. They found that the nerves spread out more widely in women than men.

Breast augmentation is an extremely popular surgery, with a 37 percent increase from 2000 to 2016. The surgery does bear risks of sensation loss. One study from 2011 found that 75 percent of women surveyed had changes in sensation after the surgery, while 62 percent experienced pain from being touched.

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They’re called the Montgomery glands, although the scientific name is the areolar glands. These glands produce a secretion called lipoid fluid to help keep the entire areola and nipple area more lubricated and comfortable.

For some moms, this can also happen if they hear someone else’s baby crying! Mothers whose babies are in NICU and too premature or sick to eat, have more success pumping if they have a picture of their baby near.

A University of Nebraska study found that women and men follow similar eye patterns when looking at women: They quickly look at breasts and “sexualized parts” before moving on to other areas of the body.

Inappropriate lactation, also known as galactorrhea, can affect men, but it’s incredibly rare. Some experts say it’s often due to major hormone surges. Older studies in the 1970s and 80s show records of males producing milk that’s similar to lactating women, but there hasn’t been more recent studies since.

So now you know: When it comes to nipples, there’s a massive range — from bumps to size and even amount! A nipple’s worth isn’t in how much it lactates, but in how you care and treat it because there’s no one version of “normal.” But as with any other part of your body, if you’re ever concerned about something your nipples are doing (or not doing), your best bet is to see a doctor.

Want to learn more about the body? Take a dive into the hidden world of the clitoris (it’s like an iceberg down there!). Or, if you still have boobs and nipples on your mind, find out whether or not you’re wearing the right bra size. Hint: 80 percent of women aren’t!

Laura Barcella is an author and freelance writer currently based in Brooklyn. She’s written for the New York Times, RollingStone.com, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan, The Week, VanityFair.com, and many more. Find her on Twitter.

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