What is hcg pregnancy
hCG levels | Pregnancy Birth and Baby
hCG levels | Pregnancy Birth and Baby beginning of content3-minute read
Listen
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone normally produced by the placenta. If you are pregnant, you can detect it in your urine. Blood tests measuring hCG levels can also be used to check how well your pregnancy is progressing.
Confirming pregnancy
After you conceive (when the sperm fertilises the egg), the developing placenta begins to produce and release hCG.
It takes about 2 weeks for your hCG levels to be high enough to be detected in your urine using a home pregnancy test.
A positive home test result is almost certainly correct, but a negative result is less reliable.
If you do a pregnancy test on the first day after your missed period, and it’s negative, wait about a week. If you still think you might be pregnant, do the test again or see your doctor.
hCG blood levels by week
If your doctor needs more information about your hCG levels, they may order a blood test. Low levels of hCG may be detected in your blood around 8 to 11 days after conception. hCG levels are highest towards the end of the first trimester, then gradually decline over the rest of your pregnancy.
The average levels of hCG in a pregnant woman’s blood are:
| 3 weeks | 6 – 70 IU/L |
| 4 weeks | 10 - 750 IU/L |
| 5 weeks | 200 - 7,100 IU/L |
| 6 weeks | 160 - 32,000 IU/L |
| 7 weeks | 3,700 - 160,000 IU/L |
| 8 weeks | 32,000 - 150,000 IU/L |
| 9 weeks | 64,000 - 150,000 IU/L |
| 10 weeks | 47,000 - 190,000 IU/L |
| 12 weeks | 28,000 - 210,000 IU/L |
| 14 weeks | 14,000 - 63,000 IU/L |
| 15 weeks | 12,000 - 71,000 IU/L |
| 16 weeks | 9,000 - 56,000 IU/L |
| 16 - 29 weeks (second trimester) | 1,400 - 53,000 IU/L |
| 29 - 41 weeks (third trimester) | 940 - 60,000 IU/L |
The amount of hCG in your blood can give some information about your pregnancy and the health of your baby.
- Higher than expected levels: you may have multiple pregnancies (for example, twins and triplets) or an abnormal growth in the uterus
- Your hCG levels are falling: you may be having a loss of pregnancy (miscarriage) or risk of miscarriage
- Levels that are rising more slowly than expected: you may have an ectopic pregnancy – where the fertilised egg implants in the fallopian tube
hCG levels and multiple pregnancies
One of the ways of diagnosing a multiple pregnancy is by your hCG levels. A high level may indicate you are carrying multiple babies, but it can also be caused by other factors. You will need an ultrasound to confirm that it’s twins or more.
Levels of hCG in your blood don’t provide a diagnosis of anything. They can only suggest that there are issues to look into.
If you have any concerns about your hCG levels, or wish to know more, speak to your doctor or maternity healthcare professional. You can also call Pregnancy, Birth and Baby to speak to a maternal child health nurse on 1800 882 436.
Sources:
UNSW Embryology (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin), Elsevier Patient Education (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin test), SydPath (hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotrophin), Pathology Tests Explained (Human chorionic gonadotropin), NSW Government Health Pathology (hCG factsheet)Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.
Last reviewed: December 2020
Back To Top
Related pages
- Due date calculator
- Pregnancy tests
- Early signs of pregnancy
Need more information?
Human chorionic gonadotropin - Pathology Tests Explained
Why and when to get tested for hCG
Read more on Pathology Tests Explained website
Pregnancy testing - MyDr.
com.au Pregnancy testing can be done from around the time that your period is due, and involves testing your urine for the pregnancy hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
Read more on myDr website
Pregnancy tests
Find out how a home pregnancy test works.
Read more on Pregnancy, Birth & Baby website
Pregnancy testing - Better Health Channel
Sometimes, a home pregnancy test may be positive when a woman isn’t pregnant.
Read more on Better Health Channel website
Molar pregnancy
A molar pregnancy is a type of pregnancy where a baby does not develop. A molar pregnancy can be either complete or partial.
Read more on Pregnancy, Birth & Baby website
Beta HCG Test | HealthEngine Blog
A Beta HCG (BHCG or Blood Pregnancy Test) May Be Performed by Your Doctor If They Suspect That You May Be Pregnant, or if You Suspect Pregnancy Yourself!
Read more on HealthEngine website
5 weeks pregnant: Changes for mum
Week 5 of pregnancy is probably when you’ll know that you’re pregnant because your period is missing. There are also subtle changes in your body which are symptoms of pregnancy such as changes to your breasts, and pregnancy symptoms like morning sickness and pregnancy heartburn. These changes are caused by pregnancy hormones, like hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, produced by the placenta) which is the hormone detected by a pregnancy test.
Read more on Parenthub website
4 weeks pregnant: Key points
When you are 4 weeks pregnant your body and your new baby are undergoing rapid changes. The placenta forms and begins producing a hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), which is the substance a pregnancy test detects to confirm you are pregnant. The cells which are growing into your new baby establish membranes which connect them to the placenta and prepare themselves for differentiation into different types of cells, which will occur next week when you are 5 weeks pregnant. These developments may cause you to experience unusual emotions and also cause changes in your body such as darkening of the areolas of your nipples.
Read more on Parenthub website
Week by week pregnancy- 6 weeks pregnant
6 weeks pregnant is a time when embryo development is occurring rapidly and pregnant women often start experiencing pregnancy symptoms like morning sickness.
Pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), the hormone a pregnancy test detects, is usually evident in the woman’s blood in the sixth week of pregnancy. Antenatal care should be provided at a doctor appointment for women who have not already checked their pregnancy health. Find out more about the pregnancy changes which occur this week.
Read more on Parenthub website
5 weeks pregnant: Key points
The fifth week of pregnancy begins around the time your menstrual bleeding is due and is a good time to take a pregnancy test to confirm that you are pregnant. You are also likely to begin experiencing pregnancy symptoms like fatigue, morning sickness and changes to your breasts this week. Your baby is still only about 1.5mm long but it is developing rapidly and taking on a more human form. If you have not already visited your doctor the 5th week of pregnancy is a good time to do so.
Read more on Parenthub website
Disclaimer
Pregnancy, Birth and Baby is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering.
OKNeed further advice or guidance from our maternal child health nurses?
1800 882 436
Video call
- Contact us
- About us
- A-Z topics
- Symptom Checker
- Service Finder
- Linking to us
- Information partners
- Terms of use
- Privacy
Pregnancy, Birth and Baby is funded by the Australian Government and operated by Healthdirect Australia.
Pregnancy, Birth and Baby is provided on behalf of the Department of Health
Pregnancy, Birth and Baby’s information and advice are developed and managed within a rigorous clinical governance framework. This website is certified by the Health On The Net (HON) foundation, the standard for trustworthy health information.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
This information is for your general information and use only and is not intended to be used as medical advice and should not be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any medical condition, nor should it be used for therapeutic purposes.
The information is not a substitute for independent professional advice and should not be used as an alternative to professional health care. If you have a particular medical problem, please consult a healthcare professional.
Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, this publication or any part of it may not be reproduced, altered, adapted, stored and/or distributed in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of Healthdirect Australia.
Support this browser is being discontinued for Pregnancy, Birth and Baby
Support for this browser is being discontinued for this site
- Internet Explorer 11 and lower
We currently support Microsoft Edge, Chrome, Firefox and Safari. For more information, please visit the links below:
- Chrome by Google
- Firefox by Mozilla
- Microsoft Edge
- Safari by Apple
You are welcome to continue browsing this site with this browser. Some features, tools or interaction may not work correctly.
HCG blood test - quantitative Information | Mount Sinai
Serial beta HCG; Repeat quantitative beta HCG; Human chorionic gonadotropin blood test - quantitative; Beta-HCG blood test - quantitative; Pregnancy test - blood - quantitative
A quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) test measures the specific level of HCG in the blood.
HCG is a hormone produced in the body during pregnancy.
Other HCG tests include:
- HCG urine test
- HCG blood test -- qualitative
Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. Preparation may vary depending on the specific test.
How the Test is Performed
A blood sample is needed. This is most often taken from a vein. The procedure is called a venipuncture.
How to Prepare for the Test
No special preparation is needed.
How the Test will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
Why the Test is Performed
HCG appears in the blood and urine of pregnant women as early as 10 days after conception. Quantitative HCG measurement helps determine the exact age of the fetus.
It can also assist in the diagnosis of abnormal pregnancies, such as ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and possible miscarriages. It is also used as part of a screening test for Down syndrome.
This test is also done to diagnose abnormal conditions not related to pregnancy that can raise HCG level.
Normal Results
Results are given in milli-international units per milliliter (mUI/mL).
Normal levels are found in:
- Non-pregnant women: less than 5 mIU/mL
- Healthy men: less than 2 mIU/mL
In pregnancy, HCG level rises rapidly during the first trimester and then declines slightly. The expected HCG ranges in pregnant women are based on the length of the pregnancy.
- 3 weeks: 5 - 72 mIU/mL
- 4 weeks: 10 -708 mIU/mL
- 5 weeks: 217 - 8,245 mIU/mL
- 6 weeks: 152 - 32,177 mIU/mL
- 7 weeks: 4,059 - 153,767 mIU/mL
- 8 weeks: 31,366 - 149,094 mIU/mL
- 9 weeks: 59,109 - 135,901 mIU/mL
- 10 weeks: 44,186 - 170,409 mIU/mL
- 12 weeks: 27,107 - 201,165 mIU/mL
- 14 weeks: 24,302 - 93,646 mIU/mL
- 15 weeks: 12,540 - 69,747 mIU/mL
- 16 weeks: 8,904 - 55,332 mIU/mL
- 17 weeks: 8,240 - 51,793 mIU/mL
- 18 weeks: 9,649 - 55,271 mIU/mL
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test result.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Higher than normal level may indicate:
- More than one fetus, for example, twins or triplets
- Choriocarcinoma of the uterus
- Hydatidiform mole of the uterus
- Ovarian cancer
- Testicular cancer (in men)
During pregnancy, lower than normal levels based on the gestational age may indicate:
- Fetal death
- Incomplete miscarriage
- Threatened spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
- Ectopic pregnancy
Risks
Risks of having blood drawn are slight, but may include:
- Excessive bleeding
- Fainting or feeling lightheaded
- Blood accumulating under the skin (hematoma)
- Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Jain S, Pincus MR, Bluth MH, McPherson RA, Bowne WB, Lee P.
Diagnosis and management of cancer using serological and other body fluid markers. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 23rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017:chap 74.
Jeelani R, Bluth MH. Reproductive function and pregnancy. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 23rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017:chap 25.
University of Iowa Diagnostic Laboratories. Test directory: HCG - serum, quantitative. www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/path_handbook/rhandbook/test446.html. Updated February 10, 2022. Accessed March 11, 2022.
Yarbrough ML, Stout M, Gronowski AM. Pregnancy and its disorders. In: Rifai N, ed. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018:chap 69.
Last reviewed on: 12/3/2020
Reviewed by: LaQuita Martinez, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory Johns Creek Hospital, Alpharetta, GA.
Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Editorial update 03/11/2022.
HCG rate during pregnancy. Table of hCG values by week. Elevated HCG. Low HCG. HCG in ectopic pregnancy. hCG during IVF (hCG after replanting, hCG at 14 dpo).
hCG or beta-hCG or total hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone produced during pregnancy. HCG is formed by the placenta, which nourishes the fetus after fertilization and implantation (attachment to the wall of the uterus).
- What is hCG (= beta-hCG)
- When to donate blood for hCG
- HCG norm. Deciphering the analysis of hCG. HCG level during pregnancy
- Normal HCG doubling time
- HCG norms by week. HCG table
- Low hCG. What does hCG below normal mean?
- Negative hCG or hCG indicative of non-pregnancy with missed period
- hCG and biochemical pregnancy
- hCG and ectopic pregnancy
- Increased hCG.
What can hCG levels above normal mean? nine0006 - HCG and multiple pregnancy. hcg and twins.
- Blister drift
- HCG test after embryo transfer. HCG in IVF
- hCG and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- Elevated hCG levels in non-pregnant women and men
- How does hCG change after miscarriage, abortion, childbirth?
- What medications affect hCG levels?
What is hCG (= beta-hCG)
HCG or beta-hCG or total hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone produced during pregnancy. HCG is formed by the placenta, which nourishes the fetus after fertilization and implantation (attachment to the wall of the uterus). HCG is measured in mIU/mL (mile international units per milliliter).
HCG partially crosses the placental barrier. The level of hCG in newborns is approximately 1/400 of the level in maternal blood. And it is approximately 10-50 mIU / ml at birth. The half-life is 2-3 days. Thus, at 3 months of life, the level in newborns corresponds to the norm of hCG for an adult.
nine0003
When to donate blood for hCG
An increase in hCG in the blood can be detected a few days before the expected menstruation. The optimal time for a blood test to determine hCG is after a missed period.
A single determination of hCG cannot be used to diagnose miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.
HCG norm. Deciphering the analysis of hCG. HCG level during pregnancy
An hCG level of less than 5 mIU / ml indicates the absence of pregnancy or that the test was taken too early. The level of hCG is above 25 mIU / ml - about the presence of pregnancy. nine0003
On average, a doubling of hCG levels occurs every 36-72 hours. The level of hCG reaches its peak at 9-11 weeks of gestation (from the date of the last menstrual period) and then decreases until the 15th week of pregnancy, remaining unchanged during the remainder of the pregnancy. In 85% of cases, the level of hCG in the early stages doubles every 48-72 hours.
As pregnancy progresses, the doubling time for hCG levels increases to 96 hours.
Normal HCG doubling time
HCG level Doubling time
1200 mIU/ml 48-72 hours
1200 – 6000 mIU/ml 72-96 hours
More than 6000 mIU/ml More than 96 hours
hcg calculator
At what hCG value should an ultrasound be done?
After reaching an hCG level of 1000 - 2000 mIU / ml, a fetal egg can be visualized by ultrasound. Since the level of hCG has a large variability, and the date of conception can be erroneous, the gestational age is determined by ultrasound or IVF data, but not by hCG. nine0069 A single determination of hCG is not enough, since it is important to evaluate the growth dynamics of the hormone every 48-72 hours.
HCG norms by week. HCG table
| Indicator (p.m. - from the date of the last menstruation) | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|
| Non-pregnant women | 0 | 5. 3 nine0096 |
| Pregnancy 3 - 4 weeks | 16 | 156 |
| Pregnancy 4 - 5 weeks | 101 | 4870 |
| Pregnancy 5 - 6 weeks | 1110 | 31500 |
| Pregnancy 6 - 7 weeks nine0096 | 2560 | 82300 |
| Pregnancy 7 - 8 weeks | 23100 | 151000 |
| Pregnancy 8 - 9 weeks | 27300 | 233000 |
| Pregnancy 9 - 13 weeks | 20900 | 291000 |
| Pregnancy 13 - 18 weeks | 6140 | 103000 |
| Pregnancy 18 - 23 weeks | 4720 | 80100 |
| Pregnancy 23 - 41 weeks | 2700 | nine0095 78100
These ranges are provided as a guide and should not be used to interpret a particular hCG assay.
Low hCG. What does hCG below normal mean?
- Not pregnant
- Error in calculating the gestational age
- Pregnancy arrest or miscarriage, biochemical pregnancy
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Threat of spontaneous abortion
Negative hCG or hCG indicative of non-pregnancy with missed period
It is necessary to repeat the analysis for hCG in 1-2 days, perhaps the pregnancy came later than expected. If the level of hCG does not rise, it is necessary to look for other reasons for the delay in menstruation.
hCG and biochemical pregnancy
The so-called "biochemical pregnancy" is a condition in which an increase in hCG above normal was detected, but the pregnancy did not continue to develop. The level of hCG in this case rises slightly, and then in a short time decreases to zero values. nine0003
HCG and ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the fertilized egg is outside the uterine cavity.
With an ectopic pregnancy, there may be pain in the lower abdomen, spotting. The level of hCG during an ectopic (ectopic) pregnancy may not increase as quickly and not as significantly as with a normally developing uterine pregnancy. However, the low level of hCG does not allow such a conclusion to be made unambiguously. Starting with an hCG level of 1000 mIU / ml, a fetal egg can be detected in the uterine cavity. With an hCG level of 2000 mIU / ml and the absence of a fetal egg in the uterine cavity during ultrasound, the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy is significant. nine0003
Increased hCG. What can hCG levels above normal mean?
- Error in calculating the gestational age
- Blister drift
- Multiple pregnancy
- Complications of pregnancy (preeclampsia)
- Maternal diabetes mellitus
- Taking synthetic progestogens
- Risk of fetal malformations
HCG and multiple pregnancy. hcg and twins.
nine0042 The level of hCG in a multiple pregnancy is higher than in a single pregnancy, but the rate of increase in hCG is the same in both cases.
Blister
Vesicular drift is a rare complication of pregnancy in which the level of hCG will be significantly increased, on average 2 times higher than the average value for a given period. For example, the possible level of hCG with cystic mole for 36 days from the first day of the last menstruation can reach 200,000 mIU / ml, while with a normally developing pregnancy, hCG will be from 1,200 to 36,000 mIU / ml. nine0003
HCG test after embryo transfer. HCG in IVF
An hCG test is performed approximately 2 weeks after embryo transfer (12-14 days after transfer (dpp)). Usually the level of hCG at 14 dpo is more than 100 mIU / ml.
If the hCG level is less than 25 mIU / ml, pregnancy has not occurred. If the hCG level is more than 25, the test is repeated after 2 days, with the development of pregnancy, its level should increase.
The hCG level will double approximately every 48 hours until 21 days after infusion. nine0003
Higher hCG values (300-400 mIU / ml) are more likely to indicate multiple pregnancy.
hCG and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
In patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, hCG levels should be interpreted with caution. These patients may develop edema, which leads to thickening of the blood, which can lead to a false increase in the level of hCG, and when the blood composition is normal, to a false absence of an increase in the level of hCG. nine0003
HCG in later pregnancy
The test for hCG is also included in the prenatal screening of the second trimester - an analysis that allows you to assess the risk of developing fetal defects.
Elevated hCG levels in non-pregnant women and men
Outside of pregnancy, hCG can be produced by the cells of some tumors (seminoma, testicular teratoma, neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract (including pancreas, liver, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer).
nine0003
With successful treatment of an hCG-producing tumor, the hCG level should decrease to normal.
How does hCG change after miscarriage, abortion, childbirth?
In most cases, the level of hCG decreases. The half-life of hCG is 24-36 hours. The speed of reaching zero hCG values depends on what exactly happened: spontaneous miscarriage, abortion, childbirth, curettage) and how high the hCG level was at the time of pregnancy loss. Doctors recommend continuing to assess hCG levels until levels are below 5 mIU/mL. If the hCG level remains high, you should consult a doctor. nine0003
What drugs affect hCG levels?
The level of hCG is affected by drugs that contain hCG (Pregnil, Horagon).
-
ToRCH infections and pregnancy
What are ToRCH infections, what are the dangers of these infections during pregnancy, how and when is the examination performed, how to interpret the results. Perinatal infections account for approximately 2-3% of all congenital fetal anomalies.
nine0005 -
Online hCG calculator during pregnancy
The hCG calculator is used to calculate the increase in hCG (the difference between two tests taken at different times).
The increase in hCG is important for assessing the development of pregnancy. Normally, in the early stages of pregnancy, hCG increases by about 2 times every two days. As the hormone levels increase, the rate of increase decreases. nine0003
-
False positive pregnancy test or why hCG is positive but not pregnant?
When can a pregnancy test be positive?
-
The norm of a complete blood count during pregnancy. Hemoglobin, platelets, hematocrit, erythrocytes and leukocytes during pregnancy. Clinical blood test during pregnancy.
Hematological changes during pregnancy. Translation of materials from UpTodate.com
A normal pregnancy is characterized by significant changes in almost all organs and systems to adapt to the requirements of the fetoplacental complex, including changes in blood tests during pregnancy. -
Risk assessment of pregnancy complications using prenatal screening
Prenatal screening data allow assessing not only the risks of congenital pathology, but also the risk of other pregnancy complications: intrauterine fetal death, late toxicosis, intrauterine hypoxia, etc.
-
Parvovirus B19 and parvovirus infection: what you need to know when planning and getting pregnant.
What is a parvovirus infection, how is the virus transmitted, who can get sick, what is the danger of the virus during pregnancy, what tests are taken for diagnosis.
-
Pregnancy planning
Obstetrics differs from other specialties in that during the physiological course of pregnancy and childbirth, in principle, it is not part of medicine (the science of treating diseases), but is part of hygiene (the science of maintaining health).
Examination during pregnancy planning. nine0003 -
Prenatal screening of the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy ("double", "triple" and "quadruple" tests)
Prenatal screening are tests conducted on pregnant women to identify risk groups for pregnancy complications.
-
Testosterone during pregnancy. Androgens: their formation and metabolism during normal pregnancy. Hyperandrogenism during pregnancy. "Male" hormones during pregnancy. nine0003
Testosterone and other androgens levels change during pregnancy. The change in these levels depends, among other things, on the sex of the fetus.
Pregnancy tests in the CIR Laboratories
In our laboratory, you can undergo a complete examination at the onset of pregnancy, take tests at any time, and in our clinics you can conclude an agreement on pregnancy management.
All articles of the section
Library
- Pregnancy (11)
- Hormones (11)
- Reproductive Disorders (7)
- Allergy (1)
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) (1) nine0006
- Infertility (3)
- Genetics (4)
- Blood clotting. Hemostasis (7)
- Infections.
Microflora. (fourteen) - Laboratory diagnostics (6)
- Man's health. Spermatology (7)
- Metabolic disorders (7)
- Liver diseases (1) nine0006
- Oncology (6)
- Examination programs (7)
- Dictionary (34)
-
"Frozen" pregnancy: genetic analysis after miscarriage, abortion, curettage. Cytogenetic study of abortion. Abortus karyotype
Genetic analysis of abortive material involves analysis of the abortus karyotype to identify chromosomal abnormalities as one of the main causes of pregnancy termination in the 1st trimester. For the study, the material collected in a sterile container with saline is required. There are several methods for analyzing the abortus karyotype. nine0409
-
"Laboratories TsIR" received excellent results of federal quality control of laboratory tests in the section "Oncomarkers".
"Laboratories TsIR" received excellent results of federal quality control of laboratory tests in the section "Oncomarkers".
-
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
Modern classification of the family Chlamydiaceae (chlamydia, chlamydophila)
nine0005 -
F2 Thr165Met. Prothrombin gene (F2 gene).
Recently, some doctors began to prescribe an analysis for the not fully understood mutation of the prothrombin F2 Thr165Met gene to identify the risk of thrombophilia. Is it really associated with the risk of thrombophilia? No. The association with thrombophilia is not fully understood. The association of polymorphism with the occurrence of other diseases has been proven. nine0409
-
HLA typing
HLA typing of spouses (spousal histocompatibility)
HLA antigens (human leucocyte antigens) of tissue compatibility (synonym: MHC - major histocompatibility complex - major histocompatibility complex) -
Human papillomavirus, HPV, human papillomavirus, HPV
PVI (papillomavirus infection) is an infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV, HPV - human papillomavirus).
Refers to the number of sexually transmitted infections. Infection is possible through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral sex), direct skin contact with the affected organs. Children can become infected from an infected mother transplacentally or during childbirth (perinatal route of infection). Damage to trophoblast cells can lead to spontaneous abortion. Transmission of the virus from mother to fetus may result in the development of papillomatosis of the larynx in the child. nine0003 -
MAR test, spermogram, male health, infertility, ASAT (antisperm antibodies)
MAR test (mar test) determines the percentage of spermatozoa associated with antibodies of the IgG and IgA classes (direct MAR test) and the titer of antisperm antibodies (ASAT) in biological fluids (sperm plasma, cervical mucus, blood plasma) (indirect MAR test). The test is an internationally recognized standard for diagnosing ASAT.
- nine0002 Mycoplasma pneumoniae (mycoplasma pneumoniae)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the causative agent of human pneumonia, acute respiratory infections (ARI), upper respiratory diseases (pharyngitis, bronchitis), as well as some non-respiratory diseases.
Chlamydohpila pneumoniae (chlamydophila pneumonia), formerly Chlamydia pneumoniae
A common causative agent of respiratory tract infections (pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis and pneumonia). Antibody tests are used to diagnose Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in long-term respiratory tract infections.
