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Home » Misc » What are congenital disorders

What are congenital disorders


What is a congenital disorder?

What is a congenital disorder? | Pregnancy Birth and Baby beginning of content

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What is a congenital disorder?

A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be inherited or caused by environmental factors. Their impact on a child’s health and development isn’t always severe, and sometimes it can be quite mild. However, a child with a congenital disorder may experience a disability or health problems throughout life.

It’s natural to be concerned about congenital disorders if you’re pregnant or planning a pregnancy, especially if your family has a history of a particular disorder. It’s possible to test for some, but not all disorders during pregnancy, and there are also things you can do to reduce the chances of your baby being born with a congenital disorder.

What are the most common congenital disorders?

Some common congenital disorders are:

  • cleft lip and cleft palate — usually diagnosed during routine scans in pregnancy
  • congenital heart disease ­— including a hole in the heart, a valve problem or a problem with the blood vessels. These are usually diagnosed during routine scans in pregnancy or during newborn screening.
  • cerebral palsy — usually diagnosed in the first few years of life
  • Fragile X syndrome — may be diagnosed through genetic testing during pregnancy or in the first few years of life
  • Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) — usually diagnosed through genetic during pregnancy
  • spina bifida — usually diagnosed during routine scans in pregnancy
  • cystic fibrosis — usually diagnosed during newborn screening

What tests for congenital disorders are available in pregnancy?

Testing for some congenital disorders, such as Down syndrome, can be performed using a blood test from 10 weeks of pregnancy onwards. Although many parents choose to have tests during pregnancy, it is not compulsory. Some parents choose not to have tests.

Screening tests are designed to identify babies who may be at increased risk of a congenital disorder. If a screening test does not rule out your baby having a congenital disorder, the next step is to have a diagnostic test.

Diagnostic tests, such as ultrasound scans, blood tests and sometimes urine tests, aim to identify babies who have a congenital disorder and to find out what that disorder is.

However, it is not possible to test for all congenital disorders during pregnancy, and testing is not perfect.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Chorionic villus sampling, or CVS, is usually performed between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy if screening tests show your baby may have a congenital disorder. CVS can be used to diagnose babies with Down syndrome or other genetic conditions. You would be given a local anaesthetic and a doctor would use a needle to collect a small sample of cells from your placenta, which is then sent for testing.

Amniocentesis

This test is done after 15 weeks of pregnancy and may be done instead of, or as well as CVS. It can provide a definite answer as to whether your baby has Down syndrome or another congenital disorder.

Amniocentesis involves taking a small amount of fluid from around your baby, using a needle and after a local anaesthetic, which is then sent for testing.

There is a very small risk of miscarriage with both CVS and amniocentesis.

Can congenital disorders be prevented?

If you have a personal or family history of certain congenital disorders, you can have genetic tests before you become pregnant. You may wish to meet with a genetic counsellor to discuss your family history, the likelihood your baby will have any congenital disorders, and possibly to arrange to have genetic testing.

If you are having in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment, your embryo can be tested at 2 to 4 days old, before it is implanted into your uterus.

Other things you can do to try to prevent congenital disorders include:

  • eating a healthy diet with enough vitamins and minerals, in particular folic acid, during the reproductive years
  • taking folic acid supplements before you become pregnant and for the first trimester of pregnancy
  • avoiding alcohol, smoking and other drugs because these can harm the fetus
  • controlling diabetes and gestational diabetes
  • avoiding exposure to chemicals in your environment, such as pesticides or lead
  • being vaccinated, especially against rubella

Newborn testing and assessment

A paediatrician and other health professionals examine your baby in the first few days of life to check for hearing problems, heart conditions, and blood, metabolism and hormone disorders. This is called newborn screening. Early detection of such problems can often prevent them from becoming more serious physical, intellectual, visual or hearing disabilities.

Sources:
Raising Children Network (Tests in pregnancy), Raising Children Network (Newborn screening), Raising Children Network (Antenatal tests: chromosomal abnormalities and other conditions), Raising Children Network (Congenital heart disease), World Health Organization (Congenital anomalies), The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Cleft lip and palate), Cerebral Palsy Alliance (Signs and symptoms of Cerebral Palsy), Fragile X Association of Australia (Testing and screening for Fragile X), NSW Health Centre for Genetics Education (Screening tests during pregnancy), Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Spina bifida)

Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.

Last reviewed: June 2021


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    Average treatment time (number of days): 10
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    Q25.6 Stenosis of the pulmonary artery
    Q25.7 Other congenital malformations of pulmonary artery

    Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of December 29,
    2012 No. 1655n "On approval of the standard for specialized medical care at
    congenital aortic valve stenosis"

    (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 22, 2013, No. 27845)

    Age category: adults, children
    Gender: any
    Phase: any
    Stage: any
    Complications: regardless of complications
    Type of medical care: specialized medical care
    Conditions for the provision of medical care: inpatient
    Form of medical care: planned
    Average treatment time (number of days): 10
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    Q23.0 Congenital aortic valve stenosis

    Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of December 29,
    2012 No. 1656n "On approval of the standard for specialized medical care at
    congenital anomalies (malformations) of the cardiac septum"

    (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on February 13, 2013, No. 27060)

    Age category: adults, children
    Gender: any
    Phase: any
    Stage: any
    Complications: regardless of complications
    Type of medical care: specialized medical care
    Conditions for the provision of medical care: inpatient
    Form of medical care: planned
    Average treatment time (number of days): 10
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    Q21.0 Ventricular septal defect
    Q21.1 Atrial septal defect
    Q21.2 Atrioventricular septal defect
    Q21.4 Septal defect between aorta and pulmonary artery

    Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of December 29,
    2012 No. 1657n "On approval of the standard for specialized medical care at
    other congenital anomalies (malformations) of the cardiac septum"

    (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 7, 2013, No. 27559)

    Age category: adults, children
    Gender: any
    Phase: any
    Stage: any
    Complications: regardless of complications
    Type of medical care: specialized medical care
    Conditions for the provision of medical care: inpatient
    Form of medical care: planned
    Average treatment time (number of days): 15
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    Q21. 8 Other congenital malformations of cardiac septum

    Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of December 29,
    2012 No. 1659n "On approval of the standard for specialized medical care for children with stunted growth"

    (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on February 26, 2013, No. 27351)

    Age category: children
    Gender: any
    Phase: chronic
    Stage: any
    Complications: regardless of complications
    Type of medical care: specialized medical care
    Conditions for the provision of medical care: inpatient; day hospital
    Form of medical care: planned
    Average treatment time (number of days): 14,
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    E34.3 Short stature [dwarfism], not elsewhere classified
    Q96 Turner syndrome
    Q87.1 Congenital malformation syndromes presenting predominantly with dwarfism
    Q96. 0 Karyotype 45,X
    Q96.1 Karyotype 46,X iso (Xq)
    Q96.2 46,X karyotype with abnormal sex chromosome except iso (Xq)
    Q96.3 Mosaic 45,X/46,XX or XY
    Q96.4 Mosaicism 45,X/other cell line(s) with abnormal sex chromosome
    Q96.8 Other variants of Turner syndrome
    Q96.9 Turner syndrome, unspecified
    Q77.8 Other osteochondrodysplasia with growth defects of tubular bones and vertebral column
    Q77.9 Osteochondrodysplasia with growth defects of tubular bones and spinal column
    unspecified

    Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 29December
    2012 No. 1697n "On approval of the standard for specialized medical care for children with tuberous sclerosis"

    (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 25, 2013, No. 27862)

    Age category: children
    Gender: any
    Phase: any
    Stage: any
    Complications: no complications
    Type of medical care: specialized medical care
    Conditions for the provision of medical care: inpatient
    Form of medical care: planned
    Average treatment time (number of days): 21
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    Q85. 1 Tuberous sclerosis

    Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of December 29,
    2012 No. 1700n "On approval of the standard for primary health care at
    glaucoma"

    (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 5, 2013, No. 27485)

    Age category: adults
    Gender: any
    Phase: with normal; moderately elevated or high intraocular pressure
    Stage: initial; developed; far gone; terminal
    Complications: regardless of complications
    Type of care: primary health care
    Conditions for the provision of medical care: outpatient
    Form of medical care: planned
    Average treatment time (number of days): 7
    ICD code X
    Nosological units
    H40.0 Suspected glaucoma
    H40.1 Primary open-angle glaucoma
    H40.2 Primary angle-closure glaucoma
    H40.3 Glaucoma, secondary, post-traumatic
    H40.4 Glaucoma secondary to inflammatory disease of the eye
    H40. 5 Glaucoma secondary to other diseases of the eye
    H40.6 Glaucoma, secondary, drug-induced
    H40.8 Other glaucoma
    H40.9 Glaucoma, unspecified
    H42.0 Glaucoma in diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders
    substances
    Q15.0 Congenital glaucoma

    Categories: order; standards; ICD X.

    Malformations

    Malformations
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        • Malformations

        \n

          \n
        • development and strengthening of registration and surveillance systems;
        • \n
        • learning and capacity building;
        • \n
        • strengthening research and scientific work in the field of etiology, diagnosis and prevention;
        • \n
        • strengthening international cooperation.
        • \n

        \n

        Definition

        \n

        \nCongenital malformations are also referred to as congenital malformations, congenital disorders, or congenital deformities. Congenital malformations can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities (eg, metabolic disorders) that appear in utero and may be identified before birth, during birth, or later in life.

        \n

        Causes and risk factors

        \n

        \nApproximately 50% of all malformations cannot be attributed to any specific cause, but some causes or risk factors are known.

        \n

        Socio-economic factors

        \n

        \nAlthough low income may be an indirect determinant, malformations are more likely to occur in families and countries with insufficient resources. It is estimated that approximately 94% of severe malformations occur in middle- and low-income countries, where women often do not have access to sufficient and good enough food and may be exposed to some agent or factor, such as infection or alcohol, that provokes or enhances deviations from the norm in prenatal development. Moreover, motherhood in adulthood increases the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, including Down's syndrome, while motherhood at a young age increases the risk of certain congenital malformations.

        \n

        Genetic factors

        \n

        \nIncest (consanguinity) increases the incidence of rare genetic birth defects and almost doubles the risk of neonatal and infant mortality, mental retardation and severe birth defects in children born to first cousins . Some ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi Jews and Finns, have a relatively high prevalence of rare genetic mutations that lead to an increased risk of malformations.\n

        \n

        Infections

        \n

        \nMaternal infections such as syphilis or measles are a common cause of birth defects in low- and middle-income countries.

        \n

        Maternal nutrition

        \n

        \nDeficiencies in iodine, folate, obesity, or conditions such as diabetes mellitus are associated with some malformations. For example, folic acid deficiency increases the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect. In addition, increased intake of vitamin A may affect the normal development of the embryo or fetus.

        \n

        Environmental factors

        \n

        \nMaternal exposure to certain pesticides and other chemicals, as well as certain drugs, alcohol, tobacco, psychoactive substances, or radiation during pregnancy may increase the risk of developing the fetus or a newborn baby with birth defects. Working or living near or close to landfills, smelters, or mines can also be a risk factor, especially if the mother is exposed to other environmental risk factors or malnutrition.

        \n

        Prevention

        \n

        \nPregnancy and conception preventive health care and prenatal care can reduce the incidence of some birth defects. Primary prevention of malformations includes the following measures:

        \n

          \n
        • Improving the nutrition of women during the reproductive period by ensuring adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, especially folic acid, as a result of daily oral supplementation or fortification of staple foods, such as wheat or corn flour.
        • \n
        • Supervise that a pregnant woman does not consume or consume in a limited amount unhealthy foods, especially alcohol.
        • \n
        • Prevention of diabetes in pregnancy and during pregnancy through counseling, weight management, proper nutrition and, if necessary, insulin administration.
        • \n
        • Prevention of exposure to environmental hazardous substances (eg, heavy metals, pesticides, certain drugs) during pregnancy.
        • \n
        • Ensuring that any exposure of a pregnant woman to drugs or medical exposure (such as x-rays) is justified and based on a careful analysis of the health risks and benefits.
        • \n
        • Increase vaccination coverage for women and children, especially against rubella virus. This disease can be prevented by vaccinating children. Rubella vaccine may also be given at least one month before pregnancy to women who did not receive the vaccine or who did not have rubella in childhood.
        • \n
        • Increase vaccination coverage for women and children, especially against rubella virus. This disease can be prevented by vaccinating children. Rubella vaccine may also be given to women who are not immune to the disease at least one month before pregnancy.
        • \n
        • Scaling up and intensifying training for health professionals and other staff involved in strengthening malformation prevention.
        • \n

        \n

        Identification

        \n

        \nPre-conception (pre-conception) and near conception (per-conception) health care includes basic reproductive health care as well as medical genetic screening and counseling. Screening can be carried out during the three periods listed below.

        \n

          \n
        • Pre-pregnancy screening is designed to identify people who are at risk of developing certain health conditions or at risk of passing on any health conditions to their children. Screening includes family medical history and vector screening. Screening is especially important in countries where incestuous marriages are common.
        • \n
        • Preconception screening: maternal characteristics may increase risk, and screening results should be used to provide appropriate care based on risk. During this period, screening of young and mature mothers, as well as screening for the use of alcohol, tobacco and other psychoactive substances, can be carried out. Ultrasound can be used to detect Down's syndrome during the first trimester of pregnancy and severe fetal malformations during the second trimester. Additional tests and amniocentesis help detect neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.
        • \n
        • Newborn screening includes a clinical examination, as well as screening for hematological, metabolic, and hormonal disorders. Screening for deafness and heart disease, and early detection of birth defects, can facilitate life-saving treatment and prevent progression of the defect, which could lead to some form of physical, mental, or visual or hearing disability. In some countries, all newborns are screened for thyroid and adrenal abnormalities before being discharged from the maternity ward.
        • \n

        \n

        Treatment and care

        \n

        \nIn countries with adequate health services, structural congenital malformations can be corrected with pediatric surgery and children with functional problems such as thalassemia (inherited by recessive blood disease), sickle cell disorders, and congenital hypothyroidism.

        \n

        WHO activities

        \n

        \nIn 2010, the World Health Assembly published a report on birth defects. The report outlines the main components of establishing national programs for the prevention and care of birth defects before and after birth. The report also recommends priority actions for the international community to help establish and strengthen such national programs.

        \n

        \nThe Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, announced in September 2010 by the United Nations in collaboration with government leaders and other organizations such as WHO and UNICEF, plays a critical role in implementing efficient and cost-effective action to promote newborn and child health.\n

        \n

        \nWHO is also working with the National Center for Birth and Developmental Disorders, part of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other partners to develop a global policy on salt fortification in foods folic acid at the country level. In addition, WHO is working with partners to provide the necessary technical expertise to conduct surveillance of neural tube defects, monitor efforts to fortify foods with folic acid salts, and strengthen laboratory capacity to assess risks for birth defects prevented by folic acid salts.

        \n

        \nThe International Clearing House for Surveillance and Research on Birth Defects is a voluntary, non-profit, international organization in official relations with WHO. This organization collects surveillance data on birth defects and research programs around the world to study and prevent birth defects and mitigate their effects.

        \n

        \nThe WHO Departments of Reproductive Health and Research and Nutrition for Health and Development, in collaboration with the International Clearing House for Surveillance and Research on Birth Defects and the CDC National Center for Birth Defects and Development, organize annual seminars on surveillance and prevention of birth defects and preterm birth. The WHO Department of HIV/AIDS is collaborating with these partners to strengthen surveillance for malformations among women receiving antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy as an integral part of the monitoring and evaluation of national HIV programs.

        \n

        \nThe GAVI Alliance, partnered with WHO, is helping developing countries to increase the control and elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome through immunization.

        \n

        \nWHO is developing normative tools, including guidelines and a global plan of action to strengthen health care and rehabilitation services in support of the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Similarly, WHO is helping countries integrate health care and rehabilitation services into general primary health care, supporting the development of community-based rehabilitation programs and strengthening specialized rehabilitation centers and their links with community-based rehabilitation centers.

        \n

        United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

        \n

        \nThe WHO Department of Public Health and Environment works across a range of activities and develops interventions to address the environmental and social determinants of child development. These include: child-only vulnerability to indoor and outdoor air pollution, water pollution, lack of basic hygiene, toxic compounds, heavy metals, waste components and radiation exposure; mixed impact of factors related to the social environment, professional activities and nutrition, as well as the living conditions of children (home, school).

        \n

        ","datePublished":"2022-02-28T22:52:00.0000000+00:00","image":"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default -source/imported/preterm-birth-mother-jpg.jpg?sfvrsn=c5c1adf1_0","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"World Health Organization: WHO","logo": {"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.who.int/Images/SchemaOrg/schemaOrgLogo.jpg","width":250,"height":60}},"dateModified ":"2022-02-28T22:52:00.0000000+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/congenital-anomalies", "@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article"};

        Key Facts

        • An estimated 303,000 children die each year from malformations in the first 4 weeks of life.
        • Developmental disabilities can lead to long-term disability, which has a significant impact on individuals, their families, health systems and society.
        • The most severe malformations include heart defects, neural tube defects, and Down's syndrome.
        • Although malformations may be genetic, infectious or environmental in origin, the exact cause is often difficult to establish.
        • Some birth defects can be prevented. The main elements of prevention are, inter alia, vaccination, adequate intake of folic acid or iodine through fortification of staple foods or provision of nutritional supplements, and proper prenatal care.

        Malformations and preterm birth are major causes of childhood death, chronic disease and disability in many countries. In 2010, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution calling on all Member States to promote primary prevention and health promotion for children with developmental disabilities through:

        • development and strengthening of registration and surveillance systems;
        • experience and capacity building;
        • strengthening research and scientific work in the field of etiology, diagnosis and prevention;
        • strengthening international cooperation.

        Definition

        Congenital malformations are also referred to as congenital malformations, congenital disorders or congenital deformities. Congenital malformations can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities (eg, metabolic disorders) that appear in utero and may be identified before birth, during birth, or later in life.

        Causes and risk factors

        Approximately 50% of all malformations cannot be attributed to any specific cause, but some causes or risk factors are known.

        Socio-economic factors

        While low income may be an indirect determinant, malformations are more likely to occur in under-resourced families and countries. It is estimated that approximately 94% of severe malformations occur in middle- and low-income countries, where women often do not have access to sufficient and good enough food and may be exposed to some agent or factor, such as infection or alcohol, that provokes or enhances deviations from the norm in prenatal development. Moreover, motherhood in adulthood increases the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, including Down's syndrome, while motherhood at a young age increases the risk of certain congenital malformations.

        Genetic factors

        Incest (consanguinity) increases the prevalence of rare genetic birth defects and almost doubles the risk of neonatal and infant mortality, mental retardation and severe birth defects in children born to first cousins. Some ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi Jews and Finns, have a relatively high prevalence of rare genetic mutations that lead to an increased risk of malformations.

        Infections

        Maternal infections such as syphilis or measles are a common cause of birth defects in low- and middle-income countries.

        Maternal nutrition

        Deficiency of iodine, folic acid salts, obesity, or conditions such as diabetes mellitus are associated with some malformations. For example, folic acid deficiency increases the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect. In addition, increased intake of vitamin A may affect the normal development of the embryo or fetus.

        Environmental factors

        Maternal exposure to certain pesticides and other chemicals, as well as certain drugs, alcohol, tobacco, psychoactive substances, or radiation during pregnancy may increase the risk of birth defects in the fetus or newborn. Working or living near or close to landfills, smelters, or mines can also be a risk factor, especially if the mother is exposed to other environmental risk factors or malnutrition.

        Prevention

        Preventive health care during pregnancy and conception, as well as antenatal care, reduce the incidence of some birth defects. Primary prevention of malformations includes the following measures:

        • Improving the nutrition of women during the reproductive period by ensuring adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, especially folic acid, through daily oral supplementation or fortification of staple foods such as wheat or corn flour .
        • Supervise that a pregnant woman does not consume or consume in a limited amount unhealthy foods, especially alcohol.
        • Prevention of diabetes in pregnancy and during pregnancy through counseling, weight management, proper nutrition and, if necessary, insulin administration.
        • Prevention during pregnancy of exposure to hazardous environmental substances (eg, heavy metals, pesticides, certain drugs).
        • Ensuring that any exposure of a pregnant woman to drugs or medical exposure (eg X-rays) is justified and based on a careful analysis of the health risks and benefits.
        • Increase vaccination coverage for women and children, especially against rubella virus. This disease can be prevented by vaccinating children. Rubella vaccine may also be given at least one month before pregnancy to women who did not receive the vaccine or who did not have rubella in childhood.
        • Increase vaccination coverage for women and children, especially against rubella virus. This disease can be prevented by vaccinating children. Rubella vaccine may also be given to women who are not immune to the disease at least one month before pregnancy.
        • Scaling up and strengthening training for health professionals and other staff involved in strengthening malformation prevention.

        Detection

        Medical care before conception (in the preconception period) and around the time of conception (in the periconceptional period) includes basic reproductive health care, as well as medical genetic screening and counseling. Screening can be carried out during the three periods listed below.

        • Pre-pregnancy screening is designed to identify people who are at risk of developing certain health conditions or passing on any health conditions to their children. Screening includes family medical history and vector screening. Screening is especially important in countries where incestuous marriages are common.
        • Preconception screening: maternal characteristics may increase risk, and screening results should be used to provide appropriate care based on risk. During this period, screening of young and mature mothers, as well as screening for the use of alcohol, tobacco and other psychoactive substances, can be carried out. Ultrasound can be used to detect Down's syndrome during the first trimester of pregnancy and severe fetal malformations during the second trimester. Additional tests and amniocentesis help detect neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.
        • Newborn screening includes a clinical examination and screening for hematological, metabolic, and hormonal disorders. Screening for deafness and heart disease, and early detection of birth defects, can facilitate life-saving treatment and prevent progression of the defect, which could lead to some form of physical, mental, or visual or hearing disability. In some countries, all newborns are screened for thyroid and adrenal abnormalities before being discharged from the maternity ward.

        Treatment and medical care

        In countries with adequate health services, structural birth defects can be corrected with pediatric surgery and timely treatment can be provided for children with functional problems such as thalassemia (a recessive blood disorder), sickle cell disorders, and congenital hypothyroidism.

        WHO activities

        In 2010, the World Health Assembly published a report on birth defects. The report outlines the main components of establishing national programs for the prevention and care of birth defects before and after birth. The report also recommends priority actions for the international community to help establish and strengthen such national programs.

        The Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, launched in September 2010 by the United Nations in collaboration with government leaders and other organizations such as WHO and UNICEF, plays a critical role in achieving effective and cost-effective action to improve newborn health and children.

        WHO is also working with the National Center for Birth and Developmental Disorders, part of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other partners to develop a global policy for folic acid fortification at the country level. In addition, WHO is working with partners to provide the necessary technical expertise to conduct surveillance of neural tube defects, monitor efforts to fortify foods with folic acid salts, and strengthen laboratory capacity to assess risks for birth defects prevented by folic acid salts.

        The International Clearing House for Surveillance and Research on Birth Defects is a voluntary, non-profit international organization in official relations with WHO. This organization collects surveillance data on birth defects and research programs around the world to study and prevent birth defects and mitigate their effects.

        The WHO Departments of Reproductive Health and Research and Nutrition for Health and Development, in collaboration with the International Clearing House for Surveillance and Research on Birth Defects and the CDC National Center for Birth Defects and Development, organize annual workshops on surveillance and prevention of birth defects and premature birth. The WHO Department of HIV/AIDS is collaborating with these partners to strengthen surveillance for malformations among women receiving antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy as an integral part of the monitoring and evaluation of national HIV programs.

        The GAVI Alliance, with WHO among its partners, is helping developing countries to accelerate the control and elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome through immunization.

        WHO is developing normative tools, including guidelines and a global action plan to strengthen health care and rehabilitation services in support of the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Similarly, WHO is helping countries integrate health care and rehabilitation services into general primary health care, supporting the development of community-based rehabilitation programs and strengthening specialized rehabilitation centers and their links with community-based rehabilitation centers.

        UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

        The WHO Department of Public Health and Environment works across a range of activities and develops interventions to address the environmental and social determinants of child development. These include: child-only vulnerability to indoor and outdoor air pollution, water pollution, lack of basic hygiene, toxic compounds, heavy metals, waste components and radiation exposure; mixed impact of factors related to the social environment, professional activities and nutrition, as well as the living conditions of children (home, school).


        Learn more

        • How to raise a child on low income
        • Introducing tummy time
        • Stress in the first trimester
        • Is vitamin c good for early pregnancy
        • Beginning stage of labor
        • How to protect child from cold weather
        • Advice for dads during pregnancy
        • How to deal with a whining child
        • Do you have a period after giving birth
        • Chlamydia women pictures
        • How to get healthy sperm for baby

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