Pet in pregnancy

Preeclampsia - Symptoms and causes

Overview

Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. With preeclampsia, you might have high blood pressure, high levels of protein in urine that indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.

Left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — complications for both the mother and baby.

Early delivery of the baby is often recommended. The timing of delivery depends on how severe the preeclampsia is and how many weeks pregnant you are. Before delivery, preeclampsia treatment includes careful monitoring and medications to lower blood pressure and manage complications.

Preeclampsia may develop after delivery of a baby, a condition known as postpartum preeclampsia.

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Symptoms

The defining feature of preeclampsia is high blood pressure, proteinuria, or other signs of damage to the kidneys or other organs. You may have no noticeable symptoms. The first signs of preeclampsia are often detected during routine prenatal visits with a health care provider.

Along with high blood pressure, preeclampsia signs and symptoms may include:

Excess protein in urine (proteinuria) or other signs of kidney problems
Decreased levels of platelets in blood (thrombocytopenia)
Increased liver enzymes that indicate liver problems
Severe headaches
Changes in vision, including temporary loss of vision, blurred vision or light sensitivity
Shortness of breath, caused by fluid in the lungs
Pain in the upper belly, usually under the ribs on the right side
Nausea or vomiting

Weight gain and swelling (edema) are typical during healthy pregnancies. However, sudden weight gain or a sudden appearance of edema — particularly in your face and hands — may be a sign of preeclampsia.

When to see a doctor

Make sure you attend your prenatal visits so that your health care provider can monitor your blood pressure. Contact your provider immediately or go to an emergency room if you have severe headaches, blurred vision or other visual disturbances, severe belly pain, or severe shortness of breath.

Because headaches, nausea, and aches and pains are common pregnancy complaints, it's difficult to know when new symptoms are simply part of being pregnant and when they may indicate a serious problem — especially if it's your first pregnancy. If you're concerned about your symptoms, contact your doctor.

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Causes

The exact cause of preeclampsia likely involves several factors. Experts believe it begins in the placenta — the organ that nourishes the fetus throughout pregnancy. Early in a pregnancy, new blood vessels develop and evolve to supply oxygen and nutrients to the placenta.

In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop or work properly. Problems with how well blood circulates in the placenta may lead to the irregular regulation of blood pressure in the mother.

Other high blood pressure disorders during pregnancy

Preeclampsia is one high blood pressure (hypertension) disorder that can occur during pregnancy. Other disorders can happen, too:

Gestational hypertension is high blood pressure that begins after 20 weeks without problems in the kidneys or other organs. Some women with gestational hypertension may develop preeclampsia.
Chronic hypertension is high blood pressure that was present before pregnancy or that occurs before 20 weeks of pregnancy. High blood pressure that continues more than three months after a pregnancy also is called chronic hypertension.
Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia occurs in women diagnosed with chronic high blood pressure before pregnancy, who then develop worsening high blood pressure and protein in the urine or other health complications during pregnancy.

Risk factors

Conditions that are linked to a higher risk of preeclampsia include:

Preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy
Being pregnant with more than one baby
Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension)
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes before pregnancy
Kidney disease
Autoimmune disorders
Use of in vitro fertilization

Conditions that are associated with a moderate risk of developing preeclampsia include:

First pregnancy with current partner
Obesity
Family history of preeclampsia
Maternal age of 35 or older
Complications in a previous pregnancy
More than 10 years since previous pregnancy

Other risk factors

Several studies have shown a greater risk of preeclampsia among Black women compared with other women. There's also some evidence of an increased risk among indigenous women in North America.

A growing body of evidence suggests that these differences in risk may not necessarily be based on biology. A greater risk may be related to inequities in access to prenatal care and health care in general, as well as social inequities and chronic stressors that affect health and well-being.

Lower income also is associated with a greater risk of preeclampsia likely because of access to health care and social factors affecting health.

For the purposes of making decisions about prevention strategies, a Black woman or a woman with a low income has a moderately increased risk of developing preeclampsia.

Complications

Complications of preeclampsia may include:

Fetal growth restriction. Preeclampsia affects the arteries carrying blood to the placenta. If the placenta doesn't get enough blood, the baby may receive inadequate blood and oxygen and fewer nutrients. This can lead to slow growth known as fetal growth restriction.
Preterm birth. Preeclampsia may lead to an unplanned preterm birth — delivery before 37 weeks. Also, planned preterm birth is a primary treatment for preeclampsia. A baby born prematurely has increased risk of breathing and feeding difficulties, vision or hearing problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Treatments before preterm delivery may decrease some risks.
Placental abruption. Preeclampsia increases your risk of placental abruption. With this condition, the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. Severe abruption can cause heavy bleeding, which can be life-threatening for both the mother and baby.
HELLP syndrome. HELLP stands for hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. This severe form of preeclampsia affects several organ systems. HELLP syndrome is life-threatening to the mother and baby, and it may cause lifelong health problems for the mother.

Signs and symptoms include nausea and vomiting, headache, upper right belly pain, and a general feeling of illness or being unwell. Sometimes, it develops suddenly, even before high blood pressure is detected. It also may develop without any symptoms.
Eclampsia. Eclampsia is the onset of seizures or coma with signs or symptoms of preeclampsia. It is very difficult to predict whether a patient with preeclampsia will develop eclampsia. Eclampsia can happen without any previously observed signs or symptoms of preeclampsia.

Signs and symptoms that may appear before seizures include severe headaches, vision problems, mental confusion or altered behaviors. But, there are often no symptoms or warning signs. Eclampsia may occur before, during or after delivery.
Other organ damage. Preeclampsia may result in damage to the kidneys, liver, lung, heart, or eyes, and may cause a stroke or other brain injury. The amount of injury to other organs depends on how severe the preeclampsia is.
Cardiovascular disease. Having preeclampsia may increase your risk of future heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. The risk is even greater if you've had preeclampsia more than once or you've had a preterm delivery.

Prevention

Medication

The best clinical evidence for prevention of preeclampsia is the use of low-dose aspirin. Your primary care provider may recommend taking an 81-milligram aspirin tablet daily after 12 weeks of pregnancy if you have one high-risk factor for preeclampsia or more than one moderate-risk factor.

It's important that you talk with your provider before taking any medications, vitamins or supplements to make sure it's safe for you.

Lifestyle and healthy choices

Before you become pregnant, especially if you've had preeclampsia before, it's a good idea to be as healthy as you can be. Talk to your provider about managing any conditions that increase the risk of preeclampsia.

By Mayo Clinic Staff

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Pre-eclampsia - NHS

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects some pregnant women, usually during the second half of pregnancy (from 20 weeks) or soon after their baby is delivered.

Symptoms of pre-eclampsia

Early signs of pre-eclampsia include having high blood pressure (hypertension) and protein in your urine (proteinuria).

It's unlikely that you'll notice these signs, but they should be picked up during your routine antenatal appointments.

In some cases, further symptoms can develop, including:

severe headache
vision problems, such as blurring or flashing
pain just below the ribs
vomiting
sudden swelling of the face, hands or feet

If you notice any symptoms of pre-eclampsia, seek medical advice immediately by calling your midwife, GP surgery or NHS 111.

Although many cases are mild, the condition can lead to serious complications for both mother and baby if it's not monitored and treated.

The earlier pre-eclampsia is diagnosed and monitored, the better the outlook for mother and baby.

Video: what is pre-eclampsia and what are the warning signs?

In this video, a midwife explains the warning signs of pre-eclampsia.

Media last reviewed: 1 September 2020
Media review due: 1 September 2023

Who's affected?

There are a number of things that can increase your chances of developing pre-eclampsia, such as:

having diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease before you were pregnant
having an autoimmune condition, such as lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome
having high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy

Other things that can slightly increase your chances of developing pre-eclampsia include:

a family history of pre-eclampsia
being 40 years old or more
it's more than 10 years since your last pregnancy
expecting multiple babies (twins or triplets)
having a body mass index (BMI) of 35 or more

If you have 2 or more of these together, your chances are higher.

If you're thought to be at a high risk of developing pre-eclampsia, you may be advised to take a 75 to 150mg daily dose of aspirin from the 12th week of pregnancy until your baby is born.

What causes pre-eclampsia?

Although the exact cause of pre-eclampsia is not known, it's thought to occur when there's a problem with the placenta, the organ that links the baby's blood supply to the mother's.

Treating pre-eclampsia

If you're diagnosed with pre-eclampsia, you should be referred for an assessment by a specialist, usually in hospital.

While in hospital, you'll be monitored closely to determine how severe the condition is and whether a hospital stay is needed.

The only way to cure pre-eclampsia is to deliver the baby, so you'll usually be monitored regularly until it's possible for your baby to be delivered.

This will normally be at around 37 to 38 weeks of pregnancy, but it may be earlier in more severe cases.

At this point, labour may be started artificially (induced) or you may have a caesarean section.

You'll be offered medicine to lower your blood pressure while you wait for your baby to be delivered.

Complications

Although most cases of pre-eclampsia cause no problems and improve soon after the baby is delivered, there's a risk of serious complications that can affect both the mother and her baby.

There's a risk that the mother will develop fits called "eclampsia". These fits can be life threatening for the mother and baby, but they're rare.

Page last reviewed: 28 September 2021
Next review due: 28 September 2024

Pets during pregnancy: the pros and cons | Mamovediya

Many women, when they find out that they are pregnant, the first thing they start to think about is the danger of having their beloved pets around them.

Of course, many people are worried that contact with animals can have a bad effect on pregnancy, and accordingly, the first thing that worries is where and to whom to give the pet, how to part with it.

By the way, many young families, on the contrary, specifically have pets in order to take care of a small animal or a feather, to undergo mini-preparation for an unborn child, to try to take care of someone before deciding to have a child. nine0003

Of course, if you make the tough decision that your beloved pet must leave your family, then the question is removed. But if there is no desire to leave, then a woman who is pregnant should be extremely careful to be with her beloved pet, because they also get sick, like people, and can infect their owners, and for a pregnant woman, contact can be fraught with dangerous consequences.

The most popular pets are of course cats and dogs.

Dogs

As you know, a dog is man's best friend. If you have this pet, the main thing is get all necessary vaccinations , including against rabies. Rabies is a terrible viral infection, so it is important that the dog is vaccinated before pregnancy to avoid the possibility of infection. If the dog does get sick, the person is given injections, before it was 40 injections in the stomach, now it is much less, but the whole problem is that there is no information about how these injections affect the body of the unborn child.

A dog is an animal that constantly needs to be walked, and where, if not on the street, you can catch this or that disease, or bring fleas into the house. nine0003

Another very common disease is helminths (worms). A dog can bring worms from the street, or by eating raw meat and fish. Symptoms may include allergies, low fever, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, and headaches.

There is no direct danger to the fetus, since they do not pass the placental barrier, but the general deterioration in the health of the pregnant woman herself can lead to impaired function of the placenta, lead to premature birth or even termination of pregnancy. nine0003

Cats

Looking at these cute, affectionate, purring animals, it's hard to think that they can cause harm, but unfortunately, it is cats that can bring a pregnant woman such a disease as - toxoplasmosis . In a non-pregnant woman, this disease usually occurs in a latent form, sometimes even imperceptibly. Sometimes the disease can pass like a cold, in the form of a runny nose or a mild fever. If you get sick with this disease once, then you don’t get sick with toxoplasmosis a second time, immunity is formed. nine0015 It is desirable before pregnancy to be tested for the presence of antibodies , this will mean that the woman has already had toxoplasmosis, and in this case there will be no threat to the baby in the womb. If antibodies are not detected, you need to beware of other people's cats, and be sure to show your cat to the veterinarian.

Toxoplasmosis is dangerous for a pregnant woman from the first day of pregnancy. In the first trimester, when all organs are formed in the baby, it is very dangerous to get toxoplasmosis, but in the first trimester it is slightly less likely to get sick, because the placenta has a higher barrier, with each trimester the barrier becomes weaker, and in the third trimester the threat that the parasites will pass the placental barrier very high. nine0015 Children who have been infected in utero may experience blindness, deafness, developmental delay, and may be affected by the nervous system.

Birds, fish, exotic animals, reptiles

Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease. This infection can be transmitted through products such as: eggs, fish, poultry .

But, there are a number of pets that are also carriers of salmonellosis, these are aquarium fish, parrots, canaries, turtles, lizards, snakes, iguanas . Identifying this infection is difficult because the pet will not show any symptoms as such, the infection will simply be spread through its droppings, given that these bacteria multiply easily at room temperature.

Salmonellosis does not pose a direct threat to the baby, but the infection affects the general condition of the pregnant woman herself, which can negatively affect both the health of the child and the course of pregnancy in general, since it is not known how the mother will tolerate this disease.

Salmonellosis symptoms are: diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, chills .

It is important, in order to avoid salmonellosis, to try not to contact with pets, and if there was contact, carefully clean your hands, be careful when cooking with fish, poultry and eggs.

General recommendations

Of course, it is hard to give up your beloved pet when you are already so attached to him, he is a member of the family, and has been living for several years. The decision to isolate a pet or not should be made by each person independently after weighing all the pros and cons. nine0003

But, if a pet still lives in a family where a baby is due soon, it is important to follow a few hygiene rules for the expectant mother and the future baby.

Cleaning trays, cages, aviaries.

This function must either be transferred to other family members, or if this is not possible, it is important to do the cleaning only with rubber gloves.

Vaccinations.

Pets must have all the necessary vaccinations and be examined by a veterinarian. nine0003

Hand washing

Hands should be thoroughly cleaned before eating.

Do not let your pet sleep in the bed
Try not to pick up your pet.

Communication with animals certainly has a positive effect on the emotional state of a pregnant woman. Animals help to endure stress, insomnia.

Of course, you need to weigh everything and it is possible to postpone the desire to have a pet at least until the baby is born, but if the pet is already a member of the family, it is important to follow all the necessary measures so that not a single infection could in any way affect the health of the expectant mother and baby.

Pets during pregnancy - what to expect? | animals During this period, the entire way of life is being revised. Many houses are inhabited by pets, which are undoubtedly irreplaceable members of the family. How to prepare your furry (or not so) friends for the arrival of a new person in your flock? How to make the stay of all the inhabitants of the house safe for each other and for the health of the expectant mother? We'll talk about this in the article. nine0122

First manifestations

Biologists are still debating whether pets feel human pregnancy. The most common opinion is that they still feel: due to hormonal surges, a woman's smell changes.

This is what explains the stories of cat owners that purring creatures show sincere interest in the growing belly of the owner, lie down on it and try to spend as much time as possible around. This is very nice, but there is a completely logical explanation for this. In addition to your natural smell, the blood flow in the abdomen changes, which means the temperature in this part of the body becomes a little higher. It is warm and comfortable for cats to take a position next to him and with you. nine0003

Dogs also react to the smell, feeling the most subtle changes. They are more responsive to gestures and behaviors that also become different. During pregnancy, you not only look different, but due to the restructuring of body volumes, your habitual movements change, the emotional background can be extremely unstable.

Dogs are often more attached to humans than cats. The feeling that a new resident will soon appear in the house can cause jealousy in some of them. It happens that dogs, on the contrary, begin to desperately protect the expectant mother: even from a person who decides to touch your stomach. Try not to forget about your pets: it is important for them. nine0003

Benefits for all

In psychology, there is the concept of "animal therapy" - treatment with animals. Pregnant women are often prone to depression. Of course, horse racing is unlikely to do you any good. But the purring of a cat can be very helpful. After all, this is a real phenomenon: purring, cats produce vibrations from 27 to 44 hertz. The positive effect of it is extremely diverse: from accelerating bone healing to eliminating headaches and stabilizing the general emotional state. nine0003

Dogs are also able to help their owner in pregnancy. After all, you still need to go out with your furry friend. This is extremely useful for pregnant women: the blood is saturated with oxygen, which means that the cardiovascular system is strengthened not only for the mother, but also for the baby.

A pleasant bonus is that pets help to gain immunity to many infections that may lie in wait for a child in the outside world.

Precautions

Animals, including domestic ones, are carriers of various infections that are not always dangerous for an adult, but can be fatal for a baby. In particular, such diseases include toxoplasmosis in cats. This does not mean at all that you need to urgently look for where to attach your purring pet. Firstly, if you have been living with a cat for many years, then most likely you already have immunity to this virus and you can pass the protection on to your child. Secondly, toxoplasmosis is a disease of dirty hands and you can catch it, for example, when you carelessly clean the cat's litter box. During pregnancy, it is best to entrust this matter to your husband, relatives or girlfriend. If this is not possible, wear rubber gloves and, preferably, a medical protective mask during the process, and then wash your hands thoroughly. nine0003

Another hazard is salmonellosis. It is more dangerous for lovers of domestic exotic: owners of crocodiles, iguanas, lizards. Even a small turtle can be a carrier of this infection. Here are some animals during pregnancy it is better to refuse, so it is from reptiles. Find new owners for them. The animals themselves will not suffer much from this: they do not have such affection for their owners as cats or dogs.

A few more precautions:

to avoid allergies or infections, have someone else feed the aquarium fish and clean the aquarium;
take the animal to the veterinarian in order to identify toxoplasmosis and other dangerous diseases;
avoid contact with sick animals, avoid contact with dogs and cats that you meet on a walk;
wash your hands thoroughly after handling pets;
do not forget to vaccinate your pet once a year and deworm every three months; nine0072
get tested for antibodies to toxoplasmosis every three months;
Consult an experienced physician if in doubt.

In most cases, an animal is not a hindrance to a child. Cats and dogs were tamed by people several millennia ago, they are in good contact with human cubs. Just in case, you should not leave an already born baby alone with a pet, you should observe the behavior of both. And not because the animal will definitely harm the baby, but because, for example, children from 1 to 3 years old are often careless with four-legged friends, not realizing that they can hurt them, and this often provokes aggression. nine0003

Animals teach all people, especially the little ones, kindness and care for those who cannot protect themselves. Your task is to make the communication of your child and furry friend as pleasant as possible.

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