Nt scan report

NT Scan: What You’ll Find Out

If you recently found out you’re pregnant, you’ll have several doctor appointments and screenings from now until the birth of your baby. Prenatal screenings can identify problems with your health, such as anemia or gestational diabetes. Screenings also can monitor your baby-to-be’s health, and help identify chromosomal abnormalities.

Pregnancy screenings take place during the first, second, and third trimesters. The first trimester screening is a type of prenatal testing that provides your doctor with early information about your baby’s health — namely your baby’s risk for chromosome abnormalities.

A nuchal translucency (NT) scan screens your baby for these abnormalities. This test is typically scheduled between weeks 11 and 13 of pregnancy.

An NT scan is a common screening test that occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. This test measures the size of the clear tissue, called the nuchal translucency, at the back of your baby’s neck.

It’s not unusual for a fetus to have fluid or clear space at the back of their neck. But too much clear space can indicate Down syndrome, or might show another chromosome abnormality like Patau syndrome or Edwards syndrome.

Our body cells have many parts, including a nucleus. The nucleus holds our genetic material. In most cases, the nucleus has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which are equally inherited from both parents.

Individuals born with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome, which can’t be cured, causes developmental delays and distinct physical characteristics.

These include:

a small stature
eyes with an upward slant
low muscle tone

This condition affects 1 in every 700 babies born in the United States. It’s one of the most common genetic conditions.

Patau syndrome and Edwards syndrome are rare and often fatal chromosome abnormalities. Unfortunately, most babies born with these abnormalities die within the first year of life.

The clear space in the back of a developing baby’s neck can disappear by week 15, so an NT scan should be completed in the first trimester.

This test can also include blood work to measure your levels of plasma protein and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a maternal hormone. Abnormal levels of either may indicate a chromosome problem.

During the screening, your doctor or a technician will take an abdominal ultrasound. You could alternatively have a transvaginal test, where an ultrasound probe is inserted through your vagina.

An ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create an image from inside your body. From this image, your doctor or technician measures the translucency, or clear space, at the back of your baby’s neck. They can then enter your age or date of birth in a computer program to calculate the risk of your baby having an abnormality.

An NT scan cannot diagnose Down syndrome or any other chromosome abnormality. The test only predicts the risk. Talk to your doctor about available blood tests. They also can help assess your baby’s risk.

As with any prediction, the accuracy rate varies. If you combine an NT scan with blood testing, the screening is about 85 percent accurate for predicting the risk of Down syndrome. If you don’t combine blood testing with the scan, the accuracy rate drops to 75 percent.

No special preparation is required for an NT scan. In most cases, testing is completed in about 30 minutes. During the scan, you’ll lie down on an exam table as the technician moves an ultrasound wand over your stomach.

The ultrasound pictures may be easier to read if you have a full bladder, so your doctor may recommend drinking water about one hour before your appointment. The ultrasound tech needs access to your lower abdomen, so make sure you wear comfortable clothing that makes it accessible.

Results from the scan may be available on the same day of testing, and your doctor may discuss the findings with you before you leave. It’s important to remember that receiving an abnormal result from an NT scan doesn’t necessarily mean that your baby has a chromosome problem. Similarly, normal test results can’t guarantee that your baby won’t be born with Down syndrome.

This test isn’t perfect. There’s a 5 percent false-positive rate. In other words, 5 percent of women tested receive positive results, but the baby is fine. After a positive result, your doctor may suggest another blood test called prenatal cell-free DNA screening. This test examines fetal DNA in your bloodstream to assess your baby’s risk for Down syndrome and other chromosome abnormalities.

It can be frightening to receive inconclusive or positive results from an NT scan. Keep in mind that an NT scan can only predict your baby’s risk: It doesn’t offer a definitive answer about chromosomal abnormalities. An NT scan is a screening test, not a diagnostic test.

There are differences between screening and diagnostic testing. The purpose of a screening test is to identify risk factors for a particular disease or condition. Diagnostic testing, on the other hand, confirms the presence of a disease or condition.

To diagnosis a chromosome abnormality, ask your doctor about diagnostic testing. Options include an amniocentesis, which is when a needle is inserted through your stomach into the amniotic sac to retrieve a fluid sample. Amniotic fluid contains cells that provide genetic information about your baby.

Another option is chorionic villus sampling. A sample of your placental tissue is removed and tested for chromosome abnormalities and genetic problems. There’s a small risk of miscarriage with both tests.

An NT scan is a safe, noninvasive test that doesn’t cause any harm to you or your baby. Keep in mind that this first trimester screening is recommended, but it’s optional. Some women skip this particular test because they don’t want to know their risk. Talk to your doctor if you experience anxiety, or are worried about how the results might affect you.

NT Scan During Pregnancy: What Your Results Mean

Written by Cheryl Whitten

What Is an NT Scan for Down Syndrome?

An NT scan, or nuchal translucency scan, is a non-invasive ultrasound screening for Down syndrome and other genetic conditions during pregnancy. It’s usually done between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy.

Some people also have blood tests done at the same time that look for certain hormones and proteins, including:

Free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, or b-hCG
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, or PAPP-A
Alpha-fetoprotein, or AFP

All pregnant people have these hormones and proteins, but the levels can be higher or lower than average when the baby has Down syndrome or other disorders. These screenings together are called the combined or integrated first-trimester screening.

What Does an NT Scan Check For?

All unborn babies have a skin fold, called a nuchal fold, at the back of the neck that holds fluid. Babies with certain genetic conditions have more fluid than normal, and the nuchal fold is thicker.

An NT scan measures this fold to check for the risk of genetic conditions like:

Down syndrome. Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder where babies have an extra 21st chromosome. Chromosomes are packages of genes that tell the body how to grow. An extra chromosome changes how the brain and body develop and can cause intellectual and physical disability, birth defects, and health problems.

Trisomy 13 and 18.Trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 happen when babies have an extra copy of either chromosome 13 or chromosome 18, respectively. These genetic disorders cause serious birth defects and intellectual disability, often leading to early death.

Turner syndrome. A baby with Turner syndrome is missing all of or part of the X chromosome. This only affects babies with X chromosomes and can cause growth problems and heart and ovary defects at birth.

Congenital heart disease. Babies with congenital heart disease are born with heart defects that change how blood flows through the heart. Some defects are life-threatening, and some don’t cause any problems.

An NT scan doesn’t diagnose or confirm any of these disorders, though. Instead, it tells you whether your baby has a higher risk of having one of these conditions.

Since an NT scan is an ultrasound, your doctor might also check for other things, including:

How your baby is growing
How many babies you’re carrying
Whether multiple babies share a placenta
Exactly how far along you are in your pregnancy

What Happens at a Nuchal Translucency Scan?

An NT scan is a routine ultrasound. You need to have a full bladder, so the ultrasound technician will ask you to drink 2 to 3 glasses of water an hour before the scan. You can’t urinate before the test, so you might feel full and uncomfortable.

During the test, you'll lay down on a table and the technician will put gel on your lower belly. They'll move a wand across your abdomen and take some pictures. Once they have the pictures, your scan will be done, and you can go back to your regular activities. A radiologist will read the scans and send the results to your doctor.

What Are the Risks of an NT Scan?

There are no known risks for an NT scan. Ultrasounds are safe and non-invasive, and you can’t feel the ultrasound waves. You might feel some pressure as the technician moves the wand around your belly. This is normal and helps get the best view of your baby.

Is an NT Scan Necessary?

NT scans are optional. You have the option of getting this test early in your pregnancy, which will give you results early on. Early results can help you plan for the possibility of caring for a child with disabilities.

You can also decline this test. If you think it would cause too much stress, or if it won’t change how you manage your pregnancy or plan for your child, you might decide against it.

What Do Your NT Scan Results Mean?

The skin fold grows as unborn babies grow, so the test measures the thickness of the skin fold and compares it to babies of the same age in the womb. If the measurement is higher than the average measurement, then the risk for some genetic conditions is higher.

What is the NT scan normal range? At 11 weeks, the skin fold measures up to 2 mm. At 13 weeks and 6 days, it can be up to 2.8 mm. If your baby’s measurements are within this range, they have a low chance of having Down syndrome or other genetic disorders.

What is an abnormal NT scan measurement? An abnormal measurement is when the skin fold measure is larger than the normal range of up to 2 mm at 11 weeks or 2.8 mm at 13 weeks 6 days.

Your doctor will consider the measurements along with your age and your blood tests. While testing only shows the chances of having a condition, an NT scan with bloodwork can correctly predict genetic conditions in 85% of cases. About 5% of test results are false positives, which means they incorrectly suggest a higher chance.

What Happens if an NT Scan Is Abnormal?

If your NT scan has abnormal measurements, your doctor might suggest more testing. These tests can include:

Chorionic villus sampling, where they test a tiny piece of the placenta
Amniocentesis, where they test a small amount of amniotic fluid from your uterus
Prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening, where they take some of your blood and look at your baby’s DNA

These tests do have a risk of causing pregnancy loss, so your doctor will go over the risks and benefits for your situation. If you decide to have the test, your doctor will discuss your results with you and help you understand what they mean.

The Takeaway

An NT scan is a safe and routine — but optional — ultrasound scan that can help predict the chances of your baby having Down syndrome. It’s sometimes done along with bloodwork in your first trimester.

Generating scan reports in Avast Antivirus

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How to scan your VPS/VDS for viruses

servers with viruses, it is important to take care of security in the process of work: do not use public networks, do not follow dubious links, do not open suspicious emails, etc. But anyone can accidentally encounter a malicious file and infect the server without even knowing it. To detect viruses on a VPS, you need to scan your server for malicious content. We recommend doing this on a regular basis.

How the VPS server is scanned for viruses

If your server has a Linux operating system, you can use one of the following programs to scan:

Linux malware detect
Rootkit hunter
ClamAV

For those who work with the Windows operating system, we suggest using a regular antivirus (ESET Online Scanner, Kaspersky Security Scan) or a special program (Microsoft Safety Scanner).

Before cleaning the server from viruses and malware, be sure to back up the data hosted on your VPS server.

Checking a VPS server for viruses using Linux malware detect

Let's talk about the process of checking a VPS for viruses using the Linux malware detect (LMD) program. It is designed to scan the entire system or individual files, it has the following functions:

Search for suspicious scripts,
Quarantine problematic files,
Treat found viruses,
Scan data that has changed within a specified period of time,
Monitor in the specified directory,
Automatically update the program itself.

Before you start scanning, download the program on the official website.

To complete the installation, connect to your VPS server via SSH (for example, using the Putty program).
Run the following commands one by one to unpack the file:

wget http://www.rfxn.com/downloads/maldetect-current.tar.gz

tar -xzf maldetect-current.tar.gz

To start the installation of the program, run the commands:

cd maldetect-*

sh ./install.sh

0016

maldet -b -a /

Depending on how much information is hosted on your VPS server, the scan time is determined. If you want to know if the scan has finished, run the command:

ps aux | grep [m]aldet.

If the output of the command is null or empty, then the scan is complete. to view the results, enter:

maldet -e

In the event that the check continues, the command output will look like this:

After receiving the scan results, you will be able to see the report number and, if necessary, request information on a specific report: