The child sat in the mother's stomach for nine months, swam in the water and received oxygen through the placenta. As soon as the baby was born, his world immediately became different: instead of water around him, air, the ambient temperature dropped from 36.6-37 ° C to 22-25 ° C, plus gravity, sounds, smells, bright light. And now you have to breathe (lungs) yourself, eat differently, and then also remove metabolic products. And just like that, it is not easy for a newborn to immediately switch from one lifestyle to another, it takes time. That is why, from the point of view of physiology, in the first month of life, “something happens all the time” with children, and much more often and brighter than in later life. These are the transitory (transitional, boundary) states. All of them surprise and even frighten young parents, especially since transition states appear and disappear very quickly. But for newborns, they are completely natural. What moms and dads see most often are transitional states of skin, stool, weight, plus or minus a couple more conditions. nine0003

How the skin changes

The child was born, and we see that he is all sort of bluish-purple, and then his skin color immediately turns red. On the second day after birth, the baby "blushes" the brightest. Doctors call this redness "erythema simple" and it appears due to the fact that the skin adapts to a new environment. Then the child's skin turns pale and by the end of the first week of life it becomes the pale pink color we are used to.

But that is not all. On the third or fifth day of life, the baby's skin may begin to peel off, especially on the abdomen and chest. What's this? Does the child lack vitamins, something with nutrition, is the air too dry in the house? No, this is also a transitional state - physiological peeling, and it is also associated with the fact that the skin is adapting to a new life. The skin flakes for about a week, and then everything goes away. You don't need to do anything with it. Of course, you can treat the skin with various softening lotions and creams, but there will be no significant effect from them. Very soon, the baby's skin will become smooth and soft on its own. nine0003

Most of all, parents are afraid of a rash on the baby's skin, which does not often, but sometimes still appears in the first week of life. This is the so-called toxic erythema - spots with grayish-yellow seals in the center. The rash is most often located on the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs around the joints, on the chest. Less often, such spots can be on the whole body (except for the palms, feet and mucous membranes). “Maybe it’s chickenpox, rubella, or some other disease?” parents are afraid. No, this is a kind of reaction of the skin of a newly born baby to its environment, especially to hypothermia, overheating, contact with clothes, food. Within one to three days, new spots may appear, but more often two or three days after the onset, they all disappear without a trace. At the same time, the child’s well-being is not disturbed, the body temperature is normal and he does not need any medication. The only thing is that you need to take care of the bubbles on the skin: for example, gently blot them after bathing. And you also need to make sure that the bubbles do not rub and they do not burst (otherwise an infection may join them). nine0003

Physiological jaundice

The changes that are visible on the skin do not end there. Very often (in 60-70% of children) on the second or third day of life, the skin turns yellow, the maximum of yellowness occurs on the third or fourth day, and by the end of the first week it disappears. This is how physiological jaundice of a newborn is manifested - a condition in which the amount of bile pigment, bilirubin, increases in a child. In some children, jaundice is similar to a light tan (parents may not notice it), while in others, the skin will turn bright yellow. Very quickly, the level of bilirubin returns to normal and the skin color becomes normal again. If jaundice is mild and passes quickly, then no additional treatment is needed. But if jaundice does not disappear or the skin color is intense yellow, you should consult a doctor. nine0003

Weight loss

Do you think the baby will immediately be born well-fed, with folds and cute roundness? No, right after birth, this is still far away. In the first days of life, an already not too well-fed newborn will lose even more weight. Such weight loss is a natural process, the so-called physiological weight loss. Weight decreases because immediately after birth, the baby loses part of the water through the skin, its umbilical cord dries out, meconium (the first feces) and urine are excreted, and also because the baby still eats a small amount of milk. Maximum weight loss usually occurs by the third or fifth day and is normally no more than 6-8% of birth weight. At this time, mother and baby are usually discharged from the hospital, but there is no need to worry. By the seventh or tenth day of life, a healthy baby will restore its previous parameters. nine0003

chair changes

On the first or second day, all newborns pass the original stool (meconium): it is thick, viscous and dark green in color. Time passes, the baby begins to receive colostrum, and on the third or fourth day of life, a transitional stool appears. Now areas of dark green color alternate with greenish and yellow ones, and some lumps, mucus are also visible in the stool. It all looks like some kind of intestinal disorder, but it's not. It's just that the gastrointestinal tract is moving to a new job, now it's ready to digest food. By the end of the first week of life, the stool in most children is yellow, similar to gruel, and it will continue to be so. nine0003

Warm-cold

A typical fear of all grandmothers is that the child is freezing! Yes, indeed, in newborns, the body temperature regulation processes are still imperfect, so babies easily cool down, but they also overheat just as easily. For example, if a newborn is dressed too warmly or placed next to a heating battery, he will quickly overheat, even if this is the usual temperature in the room. At the same time, the child easily loses heat when he is undressed for a long time or he lies in wet clothes. Therefore, in the room where there is a newborn, the air temperature should be adequate - 20-22 ° C. And if she rises higher, and the child is warmly dressed, then this will also not be good. nine0003

Sometimes, very rarely (in 1% of newborns), body temperature on the third or fifth day may temporarily rise to 38–39 °C. There are no other symptoms of the disease, the body temperature quickly returns to normal, but the parents have time to get scared. It’s difficult to figure out what it is - temporary hyperthermia or still a disease - it’s difficult, so it’s better to call a doctor.

Hormonal crisis

An uncommon occurrence, but it also occurs occasionally. In some children, on the third or fourth day of life, the mammary glands become engorged (in both girls and boys). They increase as much as possible by the seventh or eighth day, and liquid discharge may even appear from them. Some girls have very little bloody discharge from the vagina for a very short time. This is the so-called hormonal crisis - it occurs due to the action of maternal hormones - estrogens (they penetrate through the placenta during childbirth). At the peak of estrogen action, the signs of a hormonal crisis are maximum, then the hormones are removed from the body and the symptoms gradually disappear. Therefore, you don’t need to apply a cabbage leaf to your chest, make compresses with camphor or something else: everything will pass by itself. nine0003

Usually, all these transitional states are pronounced in the first week of life, less often, but it happens that they drag on for up to three to four weeks. One more thing - it is not necessary that the child will show all transitional states, but almost everyone has physiological weight loss and transitional stools. And many of the transitional states are completely invisible to parents, but they also exist, they can simply be identified only by laboratory methods.

So we are not in a hurry to be frightened, noticing that the child’s skin suddenly began to peel off or he turned slightly yellow. We remember that he must adapt to a new life, that in the first time after birth, the baby has the right to some changes. Especially if, with all this, the baby is cheerful, calm and eats well. Well, if you are still somehow anxious, ask your pediatrician questions. He will definitely be able to put everything in its place. nine0003

Inset

The maximum weight loss in a newborn usually occurs by the third or fifth day and normally amounts to no more than 6-8% of body weight at birth.

From the point of view of physiology, in the first month of life, “something happens all the time” with children, and much more often and brighter than in later life. These are the transitory (transitional, boundary) states.

In infants, the body temperature regulation processes are still imperfect, so they easily become overcooled and overheated. In this regard, in the room where there is a newborn, the air temperature should be about - 20–22 ° C. nine0003

Physiological jaundice of the newborn:

• occurs on the 2-3rd day of the baby's life, reaches a maximum on the 4-5th day, and disappears by the 10th day;
• the general condition of the child does not suffer;
• the level of bilirubin in the blood does not exceed 180 µmol/l.

Make an appointment

to the doctor - Babin Evgeny Aleksandrovich

Clinic "Mother and Child" KuntsevoClinic "Mother and Child" South-West

Pediatric surgeryChildren Medical examinationSupervision of children at homeSupervision of children with special needs

By clicking on the send button, I consent to the processing of personal data

Attention! Prices for services in different clinics may vary. To clarify the current cost, select a clinic

Clinical Hospital MD GROUPClinical Hospital Lapino-1 "Mother and Child"Children's Clinic KG "Lapino" on New Riga (branch)Clinic "Mother and Child" KuntsevoClinic "Mother and Child" SavelovskayaClinic "Mother and Child" South-WestClinic "Mother and Child" » Novogireevo

All directions

01.

Kinesiotherapy for children

02.

Specialist consultations (adults)

03.

Specialist consultations (children)

04.

Massage/manipulation for children

05.

Therapeutic research

Nothing found

The administration of the clinic takes all measures to timely update the price list posted on the website, however, in order to avoid possible misunderstandings, we advise you to clarify the cost of services and the timing of the tests by calling

Perinatal Center of the Republic of Tyva - Peculiarities of newborns

Anatomical and physiological features of newborns. Transitional states of newborns.

A newborn child is a human child from the moment of birth to the age of 28 days. A newborn baby born at 37-42 weeks of gestation is considered full-term. Premature - a baby born at a period of less than 37 weeks. A post-term baby is born after 42 weeks of pregnancy. No matter how outwardly a child looks like an adult in the form of the structure of his body and his individual organs, he differs significantly from him in many quantitative and qualitative ways. A newborn child in the habitat is helpless, poorly adapted to the environment, requires comfortable conditions and care. Therefore, the mother is responsible for her child and is obliged to take care of him. If, for any reason, she is unable to care for the child, the child's right to life must be respected. Parenting a child is an art and a 24/7 job. nine0003

Anthropometric indicators of full-term, premature and post-term babies can vary widely. A full-term baby weighs more than 2800 grams. The first weighing of a newborn is carried out within the first hour after birth with an accuracy of 10 g. Height is also measured within the first hour after birth. The average body length of a full-term newborn is 48-53 cm. The head circumference of a full-term baby is 34-36 cm, and the chest circumference is 32-34 cm. Healthy newborns have an Apgar score of 8-10. nine0003

The skin of a newborn baby is delicate, elastic, pink, with remnants of vellus hair. The epidermis (outer layer of the skin) is actually made up of one thin sheet of cells. Its richness in blood vessels and capillaries, the weak development of the sweat glands and the active activity of the sebaceous glands lead to a rapid overheating or hypothermia of the child. A newborn has easily vulnerable, fragile, sensitive skin, which is also important to consider, because. with improper care, diaper rash appears, an infection easily penetrates through the pores and pustules appear. Due to the high lipid content, it is more permeable. On the back of the head, upper eyelids, between the eyebrows, there may be bluish or reddish spots caused by vasodilation (telangiectasia), or petechial hemorrhages. Sometimes there are yellowish-white nodules (milia) on the wings and bridge of the nose. All these phenomena disappear in the first months of life. In the area of ​​​​the sacrum there may also be an accumulation of skin pigment, the so-called. "Mongolian spot". It remains noticeable for a long time, sometimes for a lifetime, but is not a sign of any disorders. The hair of a newborn is up to 2 cm long, the eyebrows and eyelashes are almost invisible, the nails reach the fingertips. And the most developed type of sensations in infants is the sensation of touch (tactile perception). The skin is the baby's favorite sense organ. A huge amount of information is perceived through the skin. Therefore, it is necessary to create a thorough and gentle skin care. nine0003

Basic rules for proper baby skin care. Do not use detergents that have not been specifically approved for use in baby skin care. Minimize exposure to external irritants (urine, faeces, detergent residues, etc.) as much as possible. Maintain natural moisture levels. Avoid rubbing the skin. Limit possible changes in the bacterial flora of the skin. When to bathe a newborn baby? Bathe the child - if he has a normal temperature - not earlier than 6 hours after birth with a body weight of at least 2000 grams and in a satisfactory condition. For bathing, you need a warm room, warm water and bathe quickly. Wipe quickly and thoroughly. Dress and wrap warmly. Further bathing the child is necessary every day. Decide when it is more convenient to bathe the child: in the morning or in the evening. It is better to do this before feeding, so that the child does not spit up, but while he is not yet hungry. It is important that bathing is enjoyable and does not cause discomfort or fear. When starting to bathe, it is necessary to prepare in advance everything that is required so as not to be distracted and not to leave the child during bathing. In any case, if you need to answer the phone, take a towel, never leave the child alone in the bath - wrap him in a towel and take him with you. In order for the water to be softer and less “dry” the skin of the child, it is better to add bathing foam to the water. Use baby soap 2 times a week. From the first days you will need a bath for bathing. When washing girls, wash in front, boys in back. nine0003

The skeletal system of a newborn contains few salts that give it strength. An infant feature is the presence in the skull of non-ossified areas - fontanelles. Large, in the form of a rhombus, located at the junction of the parietal and frontal bones, dimensions 1. 8-2.6 x 2-3 cm. Small, in the form of a triangle, is located at the convergence of the parietal and occipital bones and in most children is closed at birth . Such a soft connection of the bones of the skull is of practical importance when the head passes through the narrow birth canal. Its natural deformation into an elongated "pear" is not terrible and should not cause "panic". The correct outlines are a matter of time. The head looks too large because it is 1-2 cm larger than the circumference of the chest, the arms are much longer than the legs. nine0003

Their increased tone prevails in the muscular system - the arms are bent at the elbows, the legs are pressed to the stomach: the posture is uterine due to the preserved inertia. The neck does not hold the head - her muscles are not strong.

Respiratory organs - the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are delicate, contain a large number of blood vessels, therefore, with infections, more often viral, swelling develops quickly, a large amount of mucus is secreted, which greatly complicates breathing. The auditory, or Eustachian, tube is wider and shorter than in older children, which facilitates the penetration of infection and the development of otitis media. The lungs are underdeveloped, breathing is superficial and is mainly carried out by the diaphragm - a muscle located on the border of the chest and abdominal cavities. Therefore, breathing is easily disturbed by the accumulation of gases in the stomach and intestines, constipation, tight swaddling, pushing the diaphragm up. Hence the wish - to follow the regular emptying of the intestines, not to swaddle the child too tight. Tight swaddling should be stopped for several reasons: blocking the movements of the diaphragm reduces ventilation of the lungs, blood circulation in various parts of the body decreases, a thin air gap between the baby’s body and diapers does not allow heat to be retained, restriction of limb movements prevents the development of neuromuscular coordination, tight swaddling with the head makes it difficult to breastfeed, as the baby cannot move his head and open his mouth wide enough to properly attach to the breast, swaddled babies sleep more and ask for the breast less. The peculiarities of breathing is that the newborn breathes often. In a full-term newborn, the respiratory rate during quiet wakefulness is 40-50 per 1 minute. nine0003

Frequency increases even with light load. The cardiovascular system. With the birth of a newborn, changes occur in the circulatory system, at first the functional ones - the umbilical vessels and the vein cease their activity, and then the anatomical ones - the intrauterine blood flow channels are closed. The heart rate is 120-140 beats per minute, while feeding or crying increases to 160 beats or more.

Digestive system: functionally immature, and since newborns have an increased metabolism, it bears a big load - minor errors in the diet of a breastfeeding mother and the child's diet can cause indigestion (dyspepsia). nine0003

The mucous membrane of the mouth is rich in blood vessels, thin, easily vulnerable. The language is big. The baby is usually born without teeth. Sometimes even before birth, 1-2 front teeth erupt. They can interfere with the baby's suckling at the mother's breast and are recommended to be removed by a pediatric dentist.

Muscles blocking the entrance from the esophagus to the stomach are also underdeveloped - this leads to frequent mild regurgitation. To prevent it after feeding, you need to hold the baby for 20 minutes in your arms, vertically, leaning against your chest. At first, the stomach holds about 10 ml of liquid, by the end of the first month its capacity increases to 9 ml.0-100 ml.

The muscles of the intestines are still little trained and the movement of food through it is slowed down. Therefore, newborns are so tormented by accumulations of gases formed during the digestion of milk and bloating - flatulence. Frequent constipation. The original feces in a child (meconium) - a thick mass of olive color, odorless, is excreted in the first 1-3 days. The number of stools up to 6-8 times a day. Meconium is formed from amniotic fluid, mucus, bile, which enter the stomach and intestines of the fetus. During the first 10-20 hours of life, the intestines of the child are almost sterile, then it begins to be populated with the bacterial flora necessary for the digestion of food. Urogenital system. By the time of birth, the kidneys, ureters, and bladder are well formed. However, the severe stress experienced by the child during childbirth disrupts the metabolism for a short time. In areas where urine is formed, uric acid crystals are deposited and kidney function is somewhat reduced for the first few days. The child urinates only 5-6 times a day. From the 2nd week, the metabolism gradually stabilizes, the number of urination increases up to 20-25 times a day. The external genitalia are formed. In boys, the testicles are most often lowered into the scrotum, but if they are in the lower abdomen, they can descend on their own in the first 3 years. In girls, the large labia cover the small ones. nine0003

Hematopoiesis. In newborns, the main focus of hematopoiesis is the red bone marrow of all bones, additional ones are the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. In blood parameters, hemoglobin 180-240 g / l, erythrocytes 4.5-6.0 x 10 ¹² / l, leukocytes 18-21x10 ⁹ / l., with a cross in the leukocyte formula at the age of 4-5 days of life .

Nervous system. Immature. The convolutions of the brain are barely outlined. Stronger developed in those departments where there are vital centers responsible for breathing, heart function, digestion, etc. In infancy, they sleep most of the day up to 16-18 hours a day for 3-4 hours in a row, waking up only from hunger and discomfort. Before feeding, they wake up on their own and usually need to be fed on demand, after about 2-3 hours (this is the time for the digestion of human milk in the stomach). Those children who do not wake up by the time of feeding (every 2-3 hours) need to be awakened and fed. For the growth and development of a child from reflexes, an exciting reflex matters - when something touches the child's lips, he opens his mouth, the tongue goes down and moves forward. Sucking reflex - when something touches the baby's palate, he begins to suck. Swallowing reflex - when the baby's mouth fills with milk, he swallows. Protective reflex - when laid out on the stomach of the child, he turns his head to the side. nine0003

Sense organs. In the first weeks, the olfactory organs almost do not smell, only an extremely loud sound can wake up, only too bright light can disturb. The thoughtless look of the child does not linger on anything, many have physiological strabismus due to weakness of the eye muscles, involuntary movements of the eyeballs - nystagmus. A newborn focuses on an object at a distance of 20-25 cm from the organ of vision. This is exactly the distance between the eyes of the child and the face of the mother during feeding. Up to 2 months, he cries without tears - the lacrimal glands do not produce fluid. So far, only taste sensations, touch and temperature sensitivity help him to know the world. nine0003

Immunity - some factors that play a protective role in the body are produced in utero. Part of the immune substances the child receives from the mother with colostrum, in which their concentration is very high, and with breast milk, where their content is much lower, but in sufficient quantities. But in general, the immune system is imperfect, the child is vulnerable in terms of infection.

Diagnosis and differentiation of physiological adaptation processes with pathological ones is difficult. One must be able to distinguish between physiological adaptation processes, transitional states and pathological processes. nine0003

States and reactions that reflect the process of adaptation (adaptation) to new living conditions are called transitional (borderline, transient, physiological) states of newborns. The period of adaptation to the conditions of extrauterine life lasts about 3 weeks for full-term babies, and 4 weeks for premature babies. Usually physiological for newborns, transitional states under certain conditions, depending on the gestational age at birth, the characteristics of the course of the prenatal period and the birth act, environmental conditions after birth, care, feeding, and the presence of diseases in the child, can take on a pathological character. nine0003

Transient states include initial weight loss. A decrease in body weight not exceeding 6-10% is observed in all newborns. Recovery of body weight occurs by the 6-8th day of life. Weight loss directly depends on the volume of sucked milk, the introduction of liquid, the time of the first attachment of the baby to the breast, on the temperature and humidity of the environment. It is highly desirable for a child to be natural, that is, breastfeeding. And health workers in contact with pregnant and lactating mothers should be supporters of this type of feeding. nine0003

Physiological jaundice in full-term newborns on average appears on the 2nd-3rd day of life, disappears on the 7th-10th day of life. It is observed in 60% of full-term and 805 premature babies. Caused by increased breakdown of newborn erythrocytes. With late feeding and hypothermia, it becomes pathological, requiring treatment (phototherapy).

Transient disturbance of heat balance is also a transitional state of the newborn, although it often occurs with inadequate care. Normal body temperature of a newborn 36.5-37.5 ^º C. Newborns easily overheat and cool down when the temperature regime is violated. A decrease in body temperature to 36 ^º C is defined as cold stress. Severe hypothermia is diagnosed at 35.9-32 ^º C. Severe hypothermia - at a body temperature below 32 ^º C. Transient hyperthermia occurs on the 3rd-5th day and is very rare under optimal conditions for nursing the child. An increase in body temperature is noted, sometimes up to 38 ^º C and above. The child is restless, drinks greedily, dry mucous membranes, great weight loss. The most common cause of hyperthermia is dehydration, water imbalance, overheating (at an air temperature above 24 ^º C in the ward for healthy newborns, the location of the bed near the radiator, in direct sunlight). With proper and free breastfeeding, it is rare. Transient hyperthermia requires intervention - the child is left diaper-free, additional fluids are prescribed, and physical measures of cooling are usually sufficient. In rare cases, antipyretics are used. nine0003

Hormonal crisis after birth occurs in boys and girls. There is engorgement of the mammary glands, in girls there is bloody discharge from the genital slit.

Simple skin erythema is a physiological reddening of the skin observed in the first 1-2 days. Occurs after the removal of the original lubricant, the first bath. Does not require treatment. Toxic erythema - in many newborns, small white papules appear during the 1-3rd day of life, usually disappearing after 2-3 days. With abundant toxic erythema, it is advisable to prescribe antihistamines. nine0003

Rejection of the umbilical cord and epithelialization of the umbilical wound occurs by the end of 3 days. Epithelialization of the umbilical wound ends by the 10-19th day of life. The stump of the umbilical cord is treated with 70% alcohol and 5% potassium permanganate solution 2-3 times a day. The umbilical wound is also either 3% hydrogen peroxide and a 2% solution of brilliant green (brilliant green).

Learn more

• 
  Congestion with pregnancy
• 
  Where is your placenta located
• 
  Pregnancy foods to eat
• 
  How do you calculate child support in nj
• 
  Four months old
• 
  Live birth natural
• 
  Allergy symptoms while pregnant
• 
  Hip dysplasia in newborn baby
• 
  How long should a child sleep with their parents
• 
  Cold while pregnant first trimester
• 
  Why am i getting headaches during pregnancy