Lysine safe during pregnancy

Lysine Requirements of Healthy Pregnant Women are Higher During Late Stages of Gestation Compared to Early Gestation

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Elsevier Science

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. 2018 Jan 1;148(1):94-99.

doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx034.

Magdalene Payne^{1 2}, Trina Stephens^{1 2}, Kenneth Lim^{1 3}, Ronald O Ball⁴, Paul B Pencharz⁵, Rajavel Elango^{1 2 6}

Affiliations

¹ BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
² Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
³ Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
⁴ Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁵ The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.

PMID: 29378056
DOI: 10. 1093/jn/nxx034

Free article

Magdalene Payne et al. J Nutr. 2018.

Free article

. 2018 Jan 1;148(1):94-99.

doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx034.

Authors

Magdalene Payne^{1 2}, Trina Stephens^{1 2}, Kenneth Lim^{1 3}, Ronald O Ball⁴, Paul B Pencharz⁵, Rajavel Elango^{1 2 6}

Affiliations

¹ BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
² Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
³ Obstetrics and Gynecology, and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
⁴ Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁵ The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.

PMID: 29378056
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx034

Abstract

Background: Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cereal proteins and is found mainly in animal-derived products. Current Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations extrapolate lysine requirements during pregnancy from nonpregnant adult data, and may underestimate true requirements.

Objective: Our objective is to define a quantitative lysine requirement in healthy pregnant women and to determine whether requirements vary between 2 phases of gestation.

Methods: Fourteen pregnant women in early (12-19 wk) and 19 women in late (33-39 wk) gestation were studied using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Individual lysine intakes (6-84 mg · kg-1 · d-1, deficient to excess) were tested on each study day as a crystalline amino acid mixture based on egg protein composition. Isonitrogenous diets maintained protein intake at 1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1 and calorie intake at 1.7 times resting energy expenditure during each study day. Phenylalanine and tyrosine intakes were held constant across all lysine intakes. Breath and urine samples were collected at baseline and isotopic steady state. Lysine requirements were determined by measuring the oxidation of L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine to 13CO2 (F13CO2). Biphase linear regression crossover analysis was used to determine a breakpoint (which represents the estimated average requirement, EAR) in F13CO2.

Results: The EAR for lysine during early gestation was determined to be 36.6 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (R2 = 0.484, upper 95% CI = 46.2 mg · kg-1 · d-1), similar to an earlier adult requirement of 36 mg · kg-1 · d-1. The EAR for lysine during late gestation was determined to be 50.3 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (R2 = 0.664, upper 95% CI = 60.4 mg · kg-1 · d-1), 23% higher than the current pregnancy DRI EAR recommendation of 41 mg · kg-1 · d-1.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that lysine requirements are higher during late gestation compared to early gestation, and that current dietary lysine recommendations during late stages of pregnancy may be underestimated. The results have implications for populations consuming cereal-based diets as their primary source of protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01776931.

Keywords: dietary reference intakes; indicator amino acid oxidation; lysine; pregnancy; requirements.

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Is It Safe to Take Lysine in Pregnancy? (with pictures)

Health

Fact Checked

Madeleine A.

Last Modified Date: February 09, 2023

Information on the safety of lysine in pregnancy is lacking. Lysine, is however, considered safe in the general population, but before considering taking lysine in pregnancy, the woman should speak with her health care provider who can educate her on the risks versus the benefits. Since lysine is not considered a medication, but a dietary supplement, it has not been regulated by the government, and standard dosing regimes have not been well established.

Lysine is an amino acid that may help in the absorption of calcium, which may prove beneficial in the development of bones and teeth of a growing fetus. Women who are pregnant and have been diagnosed with a calcium deficiency might benefit from lysine supplements. As with any dietary supplement, the woman should consult with a doctor before taking lysine. Taking lysine in pregnancy may help lower the risk of a herpes outbreak, and may even help prevent mother-to-baby transmission of genital herpes during childbirth.

Taking lysine in pregnancy can cause side effects in the mother, but it is not known whether those side effects affect the unborn baby. Side effects from taking lysine supplements include diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain. Taking lysine in high dosages can predispose certain people to gallstones. Supplements may also pose the risk of allergic reactions such as abnormal swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, and hives. These side effects require immediate medical evaluation and treatment to avoid potential complications.

Women who are breastfeeding and taking lysine may be exposing their babies to its effects. It is not known how much of the substance passes through the breast milk to the baby, however, before considering taking lysine supplements while breastfeeding, the health care provider needs to be consulted. Although studies have shown that the teeth and bones of the developing fetus may benefit from the mother's intake of lysine, the substance may not be safe for the rest of the body. Too much calcium uptake can cause organ failure and contribute to cardiac abnormalities and arrhythmias.

Forms of lysine include oral and topical blends, and when used in the treatment of genital herpes, lysine can be applied directly to the affected area of the skin. Although lysine has been shown to inhibit the growth and proliferation of the herpes virus, more studies are needed to confirm these findings, as well as the safety of lysine in those who are pregnant.

Uses of Lysine

This article mentioned taking lysine to manage herpes outbreaks and help absorb calcium. But there are a few other reasons someone may be regularly taking lysine.

Cold Sores

Lysine helps to control cold sores and flare-ups related to the herpes virus, but some people struggle with cold sores in general.

Lysine can help to reduce or eliminate cold sores for people that struggle with them outside of the herpes virus, as well as those with herpes.

Lysine blocks Arginine, which is often the cause of cold sores. Blocking this compound means it can prevent cold sores and reduce the duration of their presence.

Anxiety and Stress

There’s evidence that taking lysine can help maintain cortisol levels and block stress receptors in the brain. So people that deal with high stress and anxiety may take lysine to relax their minds and manage their emotions.

Many anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications have similar interactions with stress receptors, but they can come with tough side effects. Because lysine is a supplement and not a drug, people often feel more comfortable taking it than a prescription for their stress and anxiety.

Blood Sugar Control

For people with high blood sugar or diabetes, lysine can be an effective way to manage their glucose levels and keep everything in check.

Daily doses of lysine can slightly decrease serum glucose and increase glucagon and insulin concentrations, helping the body process sugar in the blood and maintain a healthy glucose level.

Osteoporosis

Because lysine is an amino acid that helps the body absorb calcium, it's a common supplement taken by people with osteoporosis.

Most osteoporosis patients are older, over 50 years old, but it is four times more likely to occur in women. So it’s entirely possible that a pregnant woman could take lysine to help with osteoporosis and strengthen bones.

Schizophrenia

While lysine is not recommended as the only supplement to manage symptoms of schizophrenia, studies have shown that this supplement can reduce manic symptoms in conjunction with prescription medications.

Migraines and Headaches

Lysine has analgesic properties that can help people reduce the pain of chronic headaches and migraines. People use lysine to manage head pain but also take it as a daily supplement to prevent migraines and headaches.

Once again, lysine is a great alternative for people that suffer from migraines but don’t want to take intense medications for it. But severe migraine conditions typically need prescriptions to handle.

Menstrual Pain

While this isn’t a reason to use lysine during pregnancy, many people take lysine to help manage period cramps and abdominal pain that occurs during their menstrual cycle.

Alternatives to Lysine

If you decide to avoid lysine for the duration of your pregnancy, there are plenty of supplements you can replace it with.

Calcium
Magnesium
Spirulina
Zinc
Melatonin
Potassium
Soy
Alpha-Linolenic Acid
Flaxseed Oil
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-6 Fatty Acids
5-Hydroxytryptophan
S-Adenosylmethionine
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Docosahexaenoic Acid
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Gamma-Linolenic Acid
Vitamin A
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B9
Vitamin D
Vitamin K

You can eat vitamin-rich foods like spinach or foods with healthy fatty acids like fish. But many supplements, other than lysine, feature these ingredients and are safe and beneficial for the fetus.

The Best Supplements to Take While Pregnant

Prenatal Multivitamin: If you are pregnant, you probably know that you should take prenatal supplements packed with all the vitamins you could ever need to stay healthy and grow a healthy baby. Most prenatal pills have all seven of the vitamins mentioned in the above section.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Eat your fish and take Omega supplements to help your body function. Omega-3 fatty acids help manage blood pressure, improve heart health, and prevent plaque buildup in arteries.

Calcium: Calcium supplements or high-calcium foods like dairy products help strengthen bones, not only in you but in your fetus too.

Probiotics: Probiotics are good bacteria found in yogurts and other foods. They help you maintain healthy gut bacteria and fight off harmful bacteria.

Supplements to Avoid When Pregnant

While lysine is still up for debate, you should avoid the supplements and herbs below while pregnant.

Saw Palmetto
Goldenseal
Ephedra
Dong Quai
Yohimbe
Passion Flower
Pau D’Arco
Black Cohosh
Roman Chamomile
Blue Cohosh
Pennyroyal

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February 14, 2020

The human body is not able to synthesize it on its own, so to maintain good health and well-being, you need to carefully control the use of this amino acid.

There are two optical forms of lysine: D-lysine and L-lysine, it is the latter that can be absorbed by the human body. But, it is worth noting that its absorption is impossible without the participation of vitamins A, C and B1.

The effect of amino acids on the body

L-lysine has a great biological value for every person.

Without this substance, the absorption of calcium and the formation of carnitine and collagen are almost impossible. In addition, lysine is of great importance for the immune system, as it has a beneficial effect on the production of antibodies. Protection against viruses is one of the main functions of the amino acid in question. To date, it is actively used to treat viral herpes. L-lysine effectively copes with the symptoms of the disease, eliminates inflammation, itching and irritation.

This substance is rightfully considered an excellent source of additional energy, as it helps to accelerate the process of splitting fats, which are an effective "fuel" for the body.

In addition, it can help prevent the occurrence of blood clots and cholesterol plaques, which in turn can provoke the development of such diseases as atherosclerosis, and also often cause heart attacks, strokes and angina pectoris.

Lysine will be useful for people who suffer from constant anxiety and stress, as it can reduce feelings of anxiety and reduce the production of cortisol, or, as it is also called, the stress hormone.

Other positive properties of this amino acid include the following:

• dilates blood vessels and maintains the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system;

• normalizes hormonal levels;

• prevents premature aging;

• reduces the risk of osteoporosis;

• normalizes the balance of good and bad cholesterol;

• accelerates bone tissue regeneration;

• beneficial effect on the endocrine system;

• helps to improve the skin;

• helps reduce hair loss;

• fights chronic fatigue;

• Anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

Also in the course of scientific research it was found that the substance in question is able to prevent the development and alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. According to scientists, such a disease is less common in the number of patients whose diet contains foods with high levels of L-lysine.

Benefits of amino acids for athletes

L lysine has found wide application in professional and amateur sports. Many athletes include special nutritional supplements based on the component in question in their diet, since they can be used to solve many problems that arise during the training process.

The substance helps to quickly restore muscles and ligaments after intense exercise, and also strengthens bone and cartilage tissue, thereby reducing the risk of injury. Moreover, L-Lysine contributes to the active growth of muscle mass and increases strength and endurance.

Another important function is that it significantly enhances the effect of taking arginine and protects muscles from catabolic processes. With it, you can significantly increase the return on training and achieve high results in any sport.

Lysine in food - where it is found

Since the human body cannot synthesize this amino acid on its own, it must be obtained from various foods. It is found in large quantities in foods such as chicken and quail eggs, fish, cow's milk, chicken meat, hard cheese, pork, yogurt, and seafood. In food of plant origin, its concentration is slightly lower, but still it can be obtained from nuts, potatoes, lentils, soybeans.

However, it is worth noting that getting enough nutrients from food alone can be difficult. In this case, it should be taken into account that much depends on the quality and degree of processing of products, for example, the bioavailability of l-lysine is significantly reduced when exposed to high temperatures.

A good solution is to take food supplements, thanks to which you can make up for the lack of this useful element in the body. Particular attention should be paid to such supplements for people who are seriously involved in sports and those who wish to improve their overall health.

Consequences of lack of L-lysine

Lack of this substance is very dangerous, it is associated with the development of various diseases, which are characterized by:

• mood deterioration;
• herpes rashes;
• depression;
• weakening of bone tissue and frequent fractures of limbs;
• headaches;
• hearing loss;
• general weakness;
• the appearance of small blood vessels in the eyes;
• loss of appetite;
• anemia;
• weight loss;
• fragility of hair;
• bacterial infections.

Among other things, the deficiency of the discussed amino acid leads to a significant decrease in working capacity, fatigue, hair loss and muscle weakness.

For example, if we are talking about athletes, then in this case they will need much more time to fully recover between workouts.

Popular supplements from well-known manufacturers

The widest range of nutritional supplements on the market today, which, as mentioned above, are a good solution to fill the lack of lysine.

The most popular products among consumers are:

• Lysine by Scitec Nutrition is a popular product that is designed to maintain a healthy state of the body, subjected to constant physical stress or exposure to harmful environmental factors.

Supports healthy hormone and antibody production and stimulates recovery processes. Differs in good comprehensibility and safe structure. Produced in the form of capsules.

• L-Lysine 1000 Solgar is a dietary supplement from a world renowned American manufacturer that can support optimal calcium absorption, strengthen bones and improve skin condition. In addition, Solgar's El Lysine helps athletes increase their endurance and improve athletic performance.

Available in tablet form. Each tablet contains 1000 mg of l-lysine.

• Lysine 500 Now Foods is a highly effective complex that is used to strengthen the immune system and maintain the smooth functioning of all systems and organs.

The product promotes muscle growth, reduces the possibility of herpes infection and improves brain function. Regular use helps reduce bad cholesterol and strengthen bones. Suitable for people on a vegetarian diet.

Lysine - cosmetic ingredient, description and application

May 21 2020

Name INCI	Lysine
Traditional name	Lysine
Component category	Actives, peptides, amino acids, hair conditioners, antistatic agents, skin conditioners, fragrance
Application	Anti-aging, rejuvenating treatment. Moisturizes and softens the skin
Cosmetic effect	Anti-aging, skin moisturizing
Purpose	Skin rejuvenation, cleansing and softening
Effective for skin or hair types	Aging skin, dry skin
Origin	Synthetic, can be used in natural cosmetics
Hazard	Low
Pregnancy hazard	Safe when used as directed
Allergenicity	Possible individual intolerance

Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. They also help your metabolism and cellular activity. Some of these amino acids provide benefits at the cellular level. Lysine is one of those amino acids. It has been studied for its possible role in the prevention of inflammatory acne.

Acne occurs when a combination of bacteria, oil (sebum) and dead skin cells enter the hair follicles, clogging the pores. Many factors can contribute to acne, but there are also some nutrients that can help manage acne.

Each amino acid has other qualities than a building protein. Lysine, in particular, brings energy to the body, but it also plays an important role in the skin.

• Supports essential functions. Your skin needs lysine-derived proteins for essential functions such as its ability to stretch.

• Creates collagen. One of the proteins that helps produce lysine is collagen, which provides structure to the skin and contributes to its elasticity and firmness.

Lysine can be found in a wide variety of cosmetic products, including antimicrobial creams, antiseptics, and acne treatments.

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