How to identify adhd in a child

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Symptoms

Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be categorised into 2 types of behavioural problems:

inattentiveness (difficulty concentrating and focusing)
hyperactivity and impulsiveness

Many people with ADHD have problems that fall into both these categories, but this is not always the case.

For example, around 2 to 3 in 10 people with the condition have problems with concentrating and focusing, but not with hyperactivity or impulsiveness.

This form of ADHD is also known as attention deficit disorder (ADD). ADD can sometimes go unnoticed because the symptoms may be less obvious.

ADHD is more often diagnosed in boys than girls. Girls are more likely to have symptoms of inattentiveness only, and are less likely to show disruptive behaviour that makes ADHD symptoms more obvious. This means girls who have ADHD may not always be diagnosed.

Symptoms in children and teenagers

The symptoms of ADHD in children and teenagers are well defined, and they're usually noticeable before the age of 6. They occur in more than 1 situation, such as at home and at school.

Children may have symptoms of both inattentiveness and hyperactivity and impulsiveness, or they may have symptoms of just 1 of these types of behaviour.

Inattentiveness (difficulty concentrating and focusing)

The main signs of inattentiveness are:

having a short attention span and being easily distracted
making careless mistakes – for example, in schoolwork
appearing forgetful or losing things
being unable to stick to tasks that are tedious or time-consuming
appearing to be unable to listen to or carry out instructions
constantly changing activity or task
having difficulty organising tasks

Hyperactivity and impulsiveness

The main signs of hyperactivity and impulsiveness are:

being unable to sit still, especially in calm or quiet surroundings
constantly fidgeting
being unable to concentrate on tasks
excessive physical movement
excessive talking
being unable to wait their turn
acting without thinking
interrupting conversations
little or no sense of danger

These symptoms can cause significant problems in a child's life, such as underachievement at school, poor social interaction with other children and adults, and problems with discipline.

Related conditions in children and teenagers with ADHD

Although not always the case, some children may also have signs of other problems or conditions alongside ADHD, such as:

anxiety disorder – which causes your child to worry and be nervous much of the time; it may also cause physical symptoms, such as a rapid heartbeat, sweating and dizziness
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) – this is defined by negative and disruptive behaviour, particularly towards authority figures, such as parents and teachers
conduct disorder – this often involves a tendency towards highly antisocial behaviour, such as stealing, fighting, vandalism and harming people or animals
depression
sleep problems – finding it difficult to get to sleep at night, and having irregular sleeping patterns
autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) – this affects social interaction, communication, interests and behaviour
dyspraxia – a condition that affects physical co-ordination
epilepsy – a condition that affects the brain and causes repeated fits or seizures
Tourette's syndrome – a condition of the nervous system, characterised by a combination of involuntary noises and movements (tics)
learning difficulties – such as dyslexia

Symptoms in adults

In adults, the symptoms of ADHD are more difficult to define. This is largely due to a lack of research into adults with ADHD.

As ADHD is a developmental disorder, it's believed it cannot develop in adults without it first appearing during childhood. But symptoms of ADHD in children and teenagers often continue into adulthood.

The way in which inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness affect adults can be very different from the way they affect children.

For example, hyperactivity tends to decrease in adults, while inattentiveness tends to remain as the pressures of adult life increase.

Adult symptoms of ADHD also tend to be far more subtle than childhood symptoms.

Some specialists have suggested the following as a list of symptoms associated with ADHD in adults:

carelessness and lack of attention to detail
continually starting new tasks before finishing old ones
poor organisational skills
inability to focus or prioritise
continually losing or misplacing things
forgetfulness
restlessness and edginess
difficulty keeping quiet, and speaking out of turn
blurting out responses and often interrupting others
mood swings, irritability and a quick temper
inability to deal with stress
extreme impatience
taking risks in activities, often with little or no regard for personal safety or the safety of others – for example, driving dangerously

Related conditions in adults with ADHD

As with ADHD in children and teenagers, ADHD in adults can occur alongside several related problems or conditions.

One of the most common is depression. Other conditions that adults may have alongside ADHD include:

personality disorders – conditions in which an individual differs significantly from the average person in terms of how they think, perceive, feel or relate to others
bipolar disorder – a condition affecting your mood, which can swing from one extreme to another
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) – a condition that causes obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviour

The behavioural problems associated with ADHD can also cause problems such as difficulties with relationships and social interaction.

Page last reviewed: 24 December 2021
Next review due: 24 December 2024

The Signs of ADHD in Children and Adults

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect your ability to function in many different aspects of your life, such as at school, at work, and even at home.

Although ADHD can cause visible challenges in everyday life, the symptoms in children and adults vary and are sometimes difficult to recognize.

ADHD is generally diagnosed in children by the time they’re teenagers, with the average age for moderate ADHD diagnosis being 7 years old. Adults with ADHD may have exhibited elaborate symptoms early in life that were overlooked, leading to a late diagnosis later in life.

Below, we’ll discuss some of the common signs and symptoms of ADHD in children and adults, as well as tips for living with ADHD and where to find support.

ADHD primarily causes symptoms related to inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a combination of both.

With ADHD, someone may experience difficulties paying attention and staying organized, excess fidgeting or restlessness, and trouble with self-control or impulsive behaviors.

In children or toddlers with ADHD, this can lead to symptoms at home, in day care, or at school, such as:

trouble focusing on activities and becoming easily distracted
low attention span while playing or doing schoolwork
fidgeting, squirming, or otherwise having trouble sitting still
constantly needing movement or frequently running around
engaging in activities loudly or disruptively
excess talking and interrupting other people

Symptoms of ADHD in teenagers

As children with ADHD get older, the symptoms they experience may change. In some cases, certain symptoms seen in childhood may become less problematic in adolescence, while new symptoms can arise amidst the changing responsibilities that accompany growing older.

In adolescents and teenagers with ADHD, other symptoms that may appear can include:

difficulty focusing on schoolwork or other work
frequently making mistakes while doing work
trouble finishing tasks, especially schoolwork or chores
trouble with task organization and time management
frequently forgetting things or losing personal items
frequently avoiding mentally taxing tasks
experiencing increased frustration and emotional sensitivity
trouble navigating social and familial relationships
increased conflict with parents due to ADHD symptoms affecting the home life

It’s important to understand that while these symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity can sometimes cause adolescents and teenagers with this condition to appear “immature,” they are simply a part of ADHD and have nothing to do with a child’s maturity level.

Although most people with ADHD receive a diagnosis during childhood, sometimes the signs and symptoms of this condition are overlooked or misinterpreted.

But as long as the symptoms of ADHD have been present for that individual before 12 years of age, they can still receive a diagnosis in adulthood.

In adults, the symptoms of ADHD can appear different than those in adolescence or childhood due to the different responsibilities someone may have in adulthood. According to the literature, adults tend to experience:

difficulties at college or work
trouble passing classes or completing work
issues with self-esteem and overall mental well-being
substance misuse issues, especially with alcohol
relationship challenges with partners, family, or co-workers
frequent accidents or injuries

While ADHD affects people of all ages and genders, research suggests that ADHD is roughly four times as prevalent in males as it is in females.

The differences in ADHD between sex and genders are not just refined to the prevalence. In fact, ADHD can present differently in women than in men, which can further contribute to the reduced rate of diagnosis in women and girls.

A recent article published in BMC Psychiatry reviewed the research on different symptoms, co-occurring conditions, and the level of functioning in females who have ADHD.

According to the research, females often experience a mix of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, many of which are less severe than their male counterparts, especially in the hyperactive-impulsive category.

Other notable differences in ADHD presentation in women and girls are:

more severe difficulties with mood changes and emotional regulation
a higher likelihood of severe social problems, especially with bullying
an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy due to an increased number of sexual partners
more severe challenges in the areas of academics and self-esteem
increased behaviors used to compensate for difficulties at home, school, or work

In addition, ADHD symptoms seem to become more severe with age and during periods of transition, such as puberty and adulthood.

Hormonal changes, such as those that occur with menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can also cause an increase or worsening of ADHD symptoms.

ADHD in the transgender community

Most of the sources used in this article do not delineate between (and sometimes conflate) sex and gender and can be assumed to have primarily cisgender participants.

While research on ADHD within the transgender community is new, recent surveys state that transgender individuals are “significantly more likely” to report an ADHD diagnosis.

One study in Australia reports that ADHD is four times more common among transgender people than the cisgender population.

At the time of publication, no research could be found that discussed the breakdown of symptoms between trans men, trans women, and gender nonconforming people. Intersex people were also not represented.

When we look at the presentation of ADHD symptoms, age seems to be the biggest factor for differences in symptoms between individuals. However, ethnic and cultural differences can also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

According to research, differences in beliefs, values, and even medical approaches can impact the way that certain behaviors — many of which are the direct result of ADHD — are viewed.

In fact, various studies have shown that children who belong to marginalized ethnic groups are less likely to receive the correct diagnosis and treatment they need for their ADHD.

Other cultural factors that can influence the perception, diagnosis, and treatment of ADHD include:

lack of knowledge about the condition
fear of the stigma surrounding the condition
lack of trust in the medical system
reduced ability to recognize when symptoms are problematic
differences in the way certain behaviors are viewed between genders
language barriers for non-native English speakers
no access or limited access to insurance or healthcare services
lack of healthcare professionals who are culturally competent

All of these factors can play a role in the way that ADHD symptoms are viewed and can lead to barriers in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in historically marginalized communities.

Without treatment, ADHD can make it difficult to function at your best in your home life, at work or school, or even within your relationships.

If you believe that you, your child, or someone close to you is displaying signs of ADHD, reach out to a doctor or psychologist to ask about a potential diagnosis and start on the path to treatment.

If you’ve received an ADHD diagnosis, you might find the following treatment options can reduce symptoms and help you function better in your everyday life:

Therapy. Behavioral therapy is one of the most beneficial types of therapy for ADHD, especially for children and adolescents, because it helps identify the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are having the most impact.
- In younger children with ADHD, behavioral therapies that focus on parent training, classroom management, and peer interventions are most effective.
- In adolescents and adults, a type of behavioral therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can also be helpful.
Medication. Medications can be used alone or in conjunction with behavioral therapy to reduce the symptoms of ADHD in both children and adults.
- According to research, psychostimulants — which are medications that increase the activity of the central nervous system — are the first-line medication for ADHD.
- Other nonstimulant medication options for ADHD can include certain high blood pressure medications, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers.
Lifestyle changes. Lifestyle changes for ADHD involve strategies that can help you work through the inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that the condition causes. Here are some helpful ways to create structure for yourself if you have ADHD:
- Fine tune your study skills.
- Create organizational techniques.
- Implement time management strategies.

Getting support

It can feel overwhelming to receive a diagnosis of ADHD, but the most important thing to remember is that you’re not alone. If you’re looking for more support after your diagnosis, here are a few resources to get you started:

Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). CHADD is an organization that focuses on providing information about ADHD, as well as resources related to support and advocacy for people with ADHD.
ADHD Foundation. The ADHD Foundation is a U.K.-based organization that provides education and resources for people living with ADHD, while also providing information for caretakers and professionals who care for individuals with ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA). The ADDA is another organization that provides resources for people with ADHD, including a list of virtual support programs for different groups, such as People of Color, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and more.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that causes a person to experience inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a mixture of both.

In children, ADHD symptoms can sometimes be misunderstood by parents and caretakers, while untreated ADHD in adults can cause symptoms that significantly interfere with daily functioning.

With the right diagnosis and treatment, you can learn to manage the symptoms of ADHD and improve your overall quality of life.

How to recognize ADHD in a child and help him

November 23, 2019LikbezAdvice

This disorder is often confused with ordinary bad manners. Nevertheless, we are talking about a serious diagnosis.

What is ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurological behavioral disorder that the affected person cannot control (this is important). It has three key manifestations. Or, in some cases, their combination:

Carelessness. It is difficult for a child to concentrate on a task. He lacks the persistence to continue what he started for more than a couple of minutes. And these problems are not related to the fact that he "does not obey" or does not understand the question.
Hyperactivity. The child cannot sit still, including in situations where calm and silence are required. He jumps, twists, taps his foot, asks a million questions, scratches, giggles, or is just plain nervous.
Impulsivity. This means that children do what they want, instantly, without thinking about the consequences. For example, another child takes their car in the sandbox - they beat the offender. It is necessary to the carousel - they run towards it, pushing the rest with their shoulders. I wonder what the appearance of others is connected with - they directly and loudly ask: “Why is this old aunt so fat?”

Most often, ADHD is associated only with hyperactivity. But this is a mistake. The child can be reserved and balanced phlegmatic. Just extremely careless.

For a doctor to make a diagnosis, it is enough that one or two of the manifestations of the disease indicated above are observed. In this case, ADHD is divided into types: predominantly inattentive and predominantly hyperactive-impulsive. But in most children, all three problems are present in a complex - this type of ADHD is called combined.

How to recognize ADHD

If you think that almost all children exhibit this behavior from time to time, you don't. Almost everyone at some point in their lives may behave like someone with ADHD. That is why there is an opinion that this disorder does not exist - they say, these are inventions designed to hide poor upbringing or, let's say, a low level of intelligence.

But despite the controversy, ADHD is quite an official medical diagnosis. The International Classification of Diseases ICD-11 refers it to neurodevelopmental disorders - diseases in which the psyche fails and produces a pathological reaction to sensory information coming from outside.

And there are quite clear diagnostic criteria that help recognize ADHD.

1. Age

Symptoms of ADHD most often first appear between the ages of 3 and 6, but most cases are diagnosed between 6 and 12 years of age.

If you suspect ADHD in a teenager, but you are not sure if he had the same problems in preschool age, most likely it is some other disorder. Or just behavior problems that don't have neurological implications.

2. Symptoms that last at least 6 months

Diagnosis requires long-term observation of the child's behavior, at least six months. And not only in the family or familiar environment, but also in kindergarten or school.

A pediatrician, neurologist, psychologist, psychiatrist should talk in detail with the parents and the child himself. And also, ideally, interview other people working with him - educators or teachers. Only this allows you to put together a whole picture.

3. Symptoms that recur both at home and in kindergarten or school

A child with ADHD cannot control their behavior. Therefore, the symptoms will be the same - in the familiar environment, in the kindergarten or school.

If your child seems to be unable to sit still even for a second, blows up the house and exhausts you with endless questions, but behaves normally in kindergarten, this is not about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

4. Symptoms that reduce the quality of life

You can be diagnosed if you notice at least a few of the following symptoms every day.

In case of inattentive ADHD, the child:

Not able to keep attention on one thing for a long time (at least 5 minutes).
Easily distracted, instantly forgetting what he was doing just now.
Regularly makes elementary mistakes: in the example “1 + 2”, he can forget that the first digit was a unit, and output the answer 4. Or, when reading, skip a line and not even notice it.
Often, being distracted, he cannot perform a simple task that other children can easily cope with.
Regularly does not hear the speech of a parent, educator or teacher addressed to him, because his thoughts are somewhere far away.
Cannot keep things in order, even when this is specially emphasized to his attention.
Loses things endlessly - mittens, pencils, books, wallets, keys.
When going somewhere, he “digs” all the time – he cannot quickly put together the necessary accessories, even if there are very few of them.

With hyperactive-impulsive ADHD child:

Cannot sit still for more than a few minutes. In the literal sense: fidgeting, wriggling, twisting with brushes and knocking with his feet.
Often forgets and jumps out of place in situations where it is impossible to do this, for example, in a lesson.
Shows aimless motor activity: jumping, waving his arms, climbing or running somewhere.
Does not know how to play quietly and thoughtfully, for example, to assemble a construction kit on his own.
Cannot wait in line. So, the teacher's question can be answered by interrupting the classmate to whom this question was addressed.
He can be very talkative and often quite tactless.
Seems to lack a sense of danger that could threaten his life.

With combined ADHD, the symptoms may be combined. And in any type, they obviously interfere with the child. For example, due to restlessness or lack of concentration, he cannot learn a lesson or complete an assignment. And because of tactlessness or slowness, it causes irritation in others.

Why ADHD is dangerous

Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity can persist into adulthood. This often leads to serious psychosocial problems:

poor academic performance and, as a result, the inability to get a good education;
lack of friends and support;
ridicule and related mental trauma;
low self-esteem;
failure to make and keep plans;
optional, which has a bad effect on career and relationships within the team;
frequent mood swings;
vehemence, inclination to commit rash acts;
persistently high levels of stress, which can lead to the development of other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety or depression;
inability to build long-term relationships, including family ones;
alcohol and drug abuse;
problems with paying debts and the law.

Conclusion: if the diagnosis of ADHD is made, the disease must be corrected.

How to treat ADHD

Good news first.

Between 30% and 70% of children diagnosed with the syndrome "outgrow" it with age.

In other children, the disorder remains for life. It is not always possible to cure it completely. However, there are quite effective methods of correction that can reduce symptoms.

1. Psychotherapy

In particular, we are talking about behavioral therapy. A qualified psychotherapist will help the child cope with emotions and disappointments, teach social skills in a playful way, for example, wait in line and share, and will not let self-esteem sink.

2. Work in the family

Family relationships are a key part of successful correction. It is extremely important for parents to do everything so as not to increase the already high level of stress in the child.

Do not scold him for inattention, slowness or restlessness: children with ADHD are objectively unable to cope with this. Your task is to be supportive, to show the child that he is loved no matter what. You may also need psychotherapy, which will teach you to control your own emotions and tell you where to draw the psychological resource necessary for communication.

Here's what mom and dad can do:

Organize your child's home life. Try to follow a strict daily regimen with clearly defined times for getting up, having breakfast, getting ready for the garden or school, bathing, going to bed. It is also worth making a schedule that will remind the child what he should do during the day. Be sure to place your schedule sheet somewhere visible, such as a magnet on the refrigerator door.
Adjust diet. Diet research has yielded mixed results. But still, there is reason to believe that certain foods can help the brain cope with the disorder. Add high protein foods to your daily diet - meat, eggs, beans, nuts. Try to replace fast carbohydrates like sweets and cakes with slow ones like fruits, whole grain bread. An important nuance: before changing the diet, you should consult on this topic with the pediatrician observing the child.
Limit time for watching TV and playing with gadgets. No more than 2 hours a day!
Be consistent in your actions. Children with ADHD need clear and predictable rules to follow.

3. Drug therapy

The most commonly used in the correction of ADHD are nootropics (substances that improve brain function) and psychostimulants (help control behavior). Which drug is needed in your case, only the doctor can decide.

One must be prepared for the fact that the chosen medicine may not be effective, and then a change in the drug will be required.

In addition, any side effects that occur, including loss of appetite or trouble sleeping, should be reported to the physician. This is also an indication for looking for another remedy.

Where ADHD comes from

The exact cause of the development of the disorder has not been established. But it is known that an excess of sugar or excessive TV viewing does not cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. An unbalanced diet or obsession with gadgets can make ADHD difficult to manage. But they are not able to provoke its development.

Scientists have only been able to identify a number of factors that seem to play a role in causing ADHD.

1. Heredity

The syndrome runs in families, which makes it possible to associate it with genetics. It has been found that if one parent had ADHD, the child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. If the family already has an older brother or sister with the syndrome, the risks of the younger one are 30%.

2. Preterm birth

ADHD is often diagnosed in babies born prematurely or with low birth weight (less than 2,500 g).

3. Bad habits of the mother during pregnancy

The risk of ADHD in a child is increased if the mother smoked, used alcohol or drugs while carrying the fetus.

4. Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain

For example, during falls. The frontal lobe is responsible for controlling emotions and behavior.

5. Exposure to toxins in infancy

Talking about lead or pesticides. The poisoning caused by them can also provoke the development of ADHD.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. How to Recognize ADHD President-Med

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain condition that alters the ability to concentrate. It is more common in school-age children. The term refers to a number of behavioral disorders: inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity. ADHD may be part of a symptom complex that includes other neurobiological disorders, such as learning difficulties. ADHD is a chronic disorder, that is, it affects the individual throughout life. About 30% of children either outgrow or adapt to the condition in later life.

Signs and Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Researchers support the idea of two distinct characteristics of ADHD: inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. The child usually has the following symptoms:

Inattention:

difficulty concentrating;
incoherent thoughts;
problems focusing and maintaining attention;
problems with the perception of what was heard;
difficulty planning, organizing and completing tasks on time;
problems learning new skills;
poor self-regulation of behavior, i. e., difficulty in controlling and changing behavior depending on the situation.

Hyperactivity:

restlessness, fussiness, inability to sit still: the child literally wriggles in a chair, shakes his leg, wanders around the room, “dances”, touches / sorts through objects;
abrupt transition from one occupation to another;
attempts to do everything at the same time, that is, to do more than one thing at once.

Impulsivity:

inability to think before acting;
impatience: gives an answer before the end of the question, finishes the sentence for someone, interrupts, because he does not know how to wait in line in a conversation.

ADHD also causes other behavioral problems:

60% of children report defiant behavior. The child goes to confrontation, "shows" character, refuses to fulfill the requests of adults, deliberately annoys them;
25% of children have conduct disorder. A child can lie, steal, deliberately spoil things;
30% of children have specific learning difficulties, such as dyslexia;
about 33% of children suffer from clinical depression;
30% have anxiety disorders.

Doctors of the field

Causes of ADHD

Biological factors:

Genetics in interaction with the environment can determine the child's temperament.
Brain problems as a result of birth trauma and/or pathology of pregnancy.
Exposure to nicotine and alcohol during pregnancy.
Postpartum traumatic brain injury or infections affecting the nervous system.

Environmental factors:

Stressful situation in the family.
Difficulties in learning.

Risk factors include:

Fragile X syndrome.
Fetal alcohol syndrome.
G6PD deficiency.
Phenylketonuria.
Thyroid hormone resistance.
Chronic diseases: epilepsy, asthma, pathologies of the liver, kidneys.
Medicines taken by the child.
Mental problems.

Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD requires referral to qualified medical professionals: child or adolescent psychiatrist, pediatrician, pediatric neurologist. It is often appropriate to consult other specialists: a psychologist, a speech therapist.

In addition to pharmaco-, vitamin- and psychotherapy, doctors use the biofeedback method, prescribe a hypoallergenic diet, which has proven itself in the correction of ADHD.

Adequate pharmacotherapy (strictly prescribed) contributes to the stabilization of behavior, improvement of academic performance and partial leveling of ADHD.

Important: It is not possible to self-diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Only a doctor, excluding other conditions, will make a diagnosis and prescribe therapy.

ADHD requires differential diagnosis, because similar symptoms are given by:

epilepsy;
hearing problems;
obsessive-compulsive disorder;
Tourette's syndrome;
autism;
Asperger's syndrome.

Many children are overly active, easily distracted, and have some difficulty concentrating. This behavior, seen in a relatively mild form, should not be considered a disorder (ADHD).

For diagnosis and detailed advice on the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, please contact the pediatricians of the medical centers "President-Med"

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