How does violence affect child development

Children Exposed to Violence | National Institute of Justice

Exposure to violence, whether directly or as a bystander, can have far-reaching, negative consequences for children.

The goal of our activities related to children exposed to violence is to increase evidence-based knowledge and ultimately inform the development and enhancement of strategies to reduce the impact of violence on children and youth. Our research agenda takes a broad, public health approach to violence and victimization. It emphasizes the significant negative effects of exposure to violence as well as the positive outcomes associated with the disruption of violence.

In addition to funding external research, NIJ:

Conducts intramural research.
Coordinates with other federal agencies.
Forms partnerships with researchers, practitioners, policymakers and advocacy communities.
Participates in expert working groups.
Read meeting notes and presentations from the Children Exposed to Violence Meeting October 20-21, 2015 (pdf, 190 pages)

Why Researching Children’s Exposure to Violence Is Important

Children may experience violence in many settings, including at home, in school, online or in neighborhoods, and in many forms, such as bullying or harassment by peers, domestic violence, child maltreatment and community violence. [1] Exposure to violence can harm a child’s emotional, psychological and even physical development. Children exposed to violence are more likely to have difficulty in school, abuse drugs or alcohol, act aggressively, suffer from depression or other mental health problems and engage in criminal behavior as adults.

Research also shows that disrupting violence is associated with positive outcomes for children and that interventions to improve parent-child relationships can decrease harmful effects and improve a child’s development. NIJ’s research on children exposed to violence informs the development of programs, practices and policies that prevent violence or reduce its impact on children and youth.

NIJ’s Relationship to the Defending Childhood Initiative

The U.S. Department of Justice’s Defending Childhood Initiative aims to prevent children’s exposure to violence, reduce negative outcomes and raise awareness. The department funded eight sites around the country to adopt comprehensive strategies that respond to and prevent children’s exposure to violence. NIJ-supported process and outcome evaluations of six of these sites produced recommendations for sites, funders and technical assistance providers and provided insights into implementing, funding and sustaining programs.

Learn more about the evaluations:

Read a summary and access the final report of the process evaluation, Protect, Heal, Thrive: Lessons Learned From the Defending Childhood Demonstration Program.
Read a summary and access the final report of the outcome evaluation, Outcome Evaluation of the Defending Childhood Demonstration Program.
Read more about the Defending Childhood Initiative.

Childhood Exposure to Violence - HealthyChildren.org

Hardly a day goes by that we do not read or hear about a violent act or tragedy involving children in our community or across the country.

Some tragedies are unintentional and unpredictable, such as traffic accidents or natural disasters. Others are intentional and sometimes premeditated, such as fights, muggings, shootings, murders, and terrorist attacks. Many children and teens are also exposed to violence within their schools and neighborhoods, and even within their own homes.

Problems linked with exposure to violent acts

When children are exposed to a traumatic event, including a violent crime, their response may vary. Some children become fearful. They may prefer to stay at home, and they may have trouble sleeping and concentrating in school. Appetites often change, and children may complain of headaches, stomachaches, and other vague symptoms. Even minor changes in their daily routines can upset them terribly.

The cycle of violence

Some children exposed to violence learn to resolve their own conflicts in a violent manner. Others seem to become desensitized to violence and the pain and distress of others. Some retreat into a shell, avoiding people and the world around them. These children with long-term exposure are at an increased risk for:

Behavioral, psychological, and physical problems
Academic failure
Alcohol and substance use
Delinquent acts
Adult criminality

When these children repeat the violence they have experienced, they perpetuate a cycle of violence that can continue throughout future generations.

Post-traumatic stress disorder in children & teens

Children who are exposed to violence on a regular basis often experience many of the same symptoms and lasting effects as children who are victims of violence themselves, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These kids can feel emotional and physical "aftershocks" for months or even years. They can relive the event again and again in their minds, and be less able to function normally in their day-to-day lives. Some may become more aggressive, violent, and self-destructive.

In the aftermath: how to help your family

If your children have been exposed to violent acts, think about how they AND your entire family have been affected. Are your family members now interacting with one another and with the outside world differently? Have your routines and activities changed?

Encourage your children to discuss the violence. Allow them to express what they are feeling, including fear, anxiety, or anger. Listen as they talk about it, again and again if necessary. See Parenting After Trauma: Understanding Your Child's Needs for more information.

Finding outside support

Children who have been exposed to or have witnessed a violent occurrence will need a great deal of support and often will need counseling in order to handle their feelings. Your pediatrician can help you and your family find an experienced mental health professional who can help your children and your family with the aftermath of a violent experience.

Restoring a sense of "normal"

In the weeks and months after a violent or traumatic event, do everything you can to make sure that your children feel secure, and that a sense of normality returns to their life.

Be very available if needed and ensure that they are adequately supervised and protected throughout the day and night.
Discuss any potentially dangerous situations that might exist and how to avoid them in the future.
Encourage them to express their fears. Reassure them they are safe by letting them know the steps that have been taken to ensure their protection.

A message on virtual violence

The major setting for violence in America is the home. Television programs, video and computer games, Internet content, and movies frequently show graphic acts of violence. When children view this content, it can affect them just as much as if a "real life" experience.

By the time children reach middle school, they may have watched as many as 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of virtual violence through the media. 

Remember…

Children's exposure to violence is an issue that touches everyone—an American tragedy that scars children and threatens the safety of communities. All children require love, nurturing, and support to thrive and break the cycle of violence that affects them.

More information

Talking to Children About Tragedies and Other News Events
How Children of Different Ages Respond to Disasters
How to Support Your Child's Resilience in a Time of Crisis
How to Talk to Your Children after an Act of Terrorism

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

Child abuse

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Child abuse

WHO/S. Becker

\r\n

Magnitude of the problem

\r\n

\r\nChild maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. Although studies have recently been carried out in some low- and middle-income countries, much data is still lacking.

\r\n

\r\nChild maltreatment is a complex and difficult issue to study. Available estimates vary widely depending on the country and the research method used. Grades depend on the following aspects:

\r\n

applicable definitions of child abuse;\t
type of child abuse being studied;
statistical coverage and quality of official statistics;
coverage and quality of surveys that require reports from victims themselves, parents or caregivers.

\r\n

\r\nHowever, international studies show that one quarter of all adults were physically abused as children, and that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 13 men were sexually abused as children. abuse. In addition, many children are victims of emotional (psychological) abuse and neglect. nine0285

\r\n

\r\nAn estimated 41,000 murders of children under the age of 15 occur each year. This figure underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of child abuse deaths are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns, drowning, and other causes.

\r\n

\r\nIn armed conflict and refugee camps, girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence, exploitation and abuse by the military, security forces, other members of their communities, humanitarian workers and others. nine0285

\r\n

Consequences of child abuse

\r\n

\r\nChild abuse hurts children and families and can have long-term consequences. Abuse leads to stress, which is associated with impaired early brain development. Extreme stress can disrupt the development of the nervous and immune systems. As a result, in adulthood, people who were abused as children are at increased risk of behavioral and physical and mental health problems, such as:

\r\n

committing or being a victim of violence;\t
depression;
smoking;
obesity;\r\n
high risk sexual behavior;
unplanned pregnancy;
Harmful use of alcohol and drugs.

\r\n

\r\nAs a result of these behavioral and mental health consequences, abuse can lead to heart disease, cancer, suicide, and sexually transmitted infections. nine0285

\r\n

\r\nIn addition to the health and societal impacts, child abuse also has economic impacts, including hospitalization costs, mental health care, child care, and long-term health costs.

\r\n

Risk factors

\r\n

\r\nRisk factors for child abuse have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural settings, but they give a general idea when trying to understand the causes of child abuse. nine0285

\r\n

Child

\r\n

\r\nIt is important to emphasize that children are victims and should never be blamed for abuse. Some individual characteristics of a child may increase the likelihood of abuse:

\r\n

child under 4 years of age or adolescent;\r\n
unwanted or not living up to parental expectations child;
a child who has special needs, who cries constantly, or who has abnormal physical features. nine0005 \r\n

\r\n

Parents or caregivers

\r\n

\r\nSome characteristics of parents or caregivers may increase the risk of child abuse. Among them are the following:

\r\n

difficulties associated with the newborn;\r\n
leaving the child unattended;
childhood abuse;
ignorance of child development or unrealistic expectations; nine0005 \r\n
harmful use of alcohol or drugs, including during pregnancy;
involvement in criminal activity; experiencing financial difficulties friends and peers may increase the risk of child abuse, for example:

\r\n
- problems in the field of physical or mental health or development of any family member;\r\n
- discord in the family or violence between other family members;
- isolation from the community or lack of a supportive circle;
- lack of support in raising a child from other family members.
\r\n

Community and social factors

\r\n

\r\nA number of characteristics of individual communities and communities can increase the risk of child abuse. They include:

\r\n
- gender and social inequality;
- lack of adequate housing or family support services and institutions;
- high rates of unemployment and poverty;
- easy access to alcohol and drugs;
- inadequate policies and programs to prevent child abuse, child pornography, child prostitution and child labor;\r\n
- social and cultural norms that support or glorify violence against others, favor the use of corporal punishment, require rigid gender roles, or diminish the status of the child in parent-child relationships;
- social, economic, health and educational policies that lead to poor living standards or socioeconomic inequality or instability.
\r\n

Prevention

\r\n

\r\nChild maltreatment prevention requires a multisectoral approach. Effective programs are those that support parents and instill positive parenting skills. These include:

\r\n
- nurse home visits to parents and children for support, education and information;\r\n
- parent education, usually in groups, to improve skills raising children, increasing knowledge about child development and encouraging strategies for positively dealing with children; and
- multi-component activities, usually including parent support and education, early childhood education and childcare.
\r\n

\r\nOther prevention programs are also promising in some respects.

\r\n
- Abuse Head Injury Prevention Programs (also called Shaken Baby Syndrome and Inflicted Traumatic Brain Injury). These are usually hospital-level programs targeting young parents prior to their discharge, educating them about the dangers of shaken baby syndrome and recommending interventions for inconsolably crying babies. nine0005 \r\n
- Child sexual abuse prevention programs. They are usually held in schools and teach children about the following areas:
\r\n

\r\nSuch programs are effective in enhancing protective factors against child sexual abuse (for example, knowledge about sexual abuse and protective behaviors), but data on whether such programs contribute to the reduction of other types of violence are not available.

\r\n

\r\nThe earlier in a child's life such activities are carried out, the more beneficial they are for the child (e. g. cognitive development, behavioral and social competence, educational training) and society (e.g. reduced delinquency) and crimes). nine0285
\r\n

\r\nIn addition, early recognition of cases, combined with ongoing care for child victims of abuse and their families, can help reduce re-abuse and its consequences.

\r\n

\r\nFor maximum impact, prevention and care interventions are recommended by WHO as part of a four-pronged public health approach:

\r\n
- identifying the problem;\r\n
- identifying causes and risk factors;
- development and testing of measures aimed at minimizing risk factors;
- disseminate information on the effectiveness of interventions and scale up proven effective interventions.\r\n
\r\n

WHO activities

\r\n

\r\nWHO in collaboration with a number of partners in the following areas:

\r\n
- provides evidence-based technical and normative guidance on child maltreatment prevention;\r\n
- calls for greater international support for child maltreatment prevention evidence-based children and investment in this area;
- provides technical support for evidence-based child abuse prevention programs in certain low- and middle-income countries. nine0005 \r\n
","datePublished":"2022-09-19T19:00:00.0000000+00:00","image":"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default- source/imported/children-running-jpg.jpg?sfvrsn=50512cc9_2","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"World Health Organization: WHO","logo":{"@ type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.who.int/Images/SchemaOrg/schemaOrgLogo.jpg","width":250,"height":60}},"dateModified":" 2022-09-19T19:00:00.0000000+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment","@context ":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article"}; nine0285
Key facts
- One in 5 women and 1 in 13 men report being sexually abused as children.
- The consequences of child maltreatment include lifelong physical and mental health damage, and its social and professional consequences can ultimately slow down the economic and social development of a country.
- Child maltreatment can be prevented - this requires a multisectoral approach. nine0005
- Effective prevention programs can support parents and teach them positive parenting skills.
- Continued care for children and families can help reduce the risk of re-abuse and minimize its consequences.
Child abuse is the mistreatment and neglect of children under the age of 18. It covers all types of physical and/or emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, neglect and commercial or other exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the health, survival, development or dignity of the child in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. . Intimate partner violence is also sometimes considered a form of child abuse. nine0285
Magnitude of the problem

Child abuse is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences. Although studies have recently been carried out in some low- and middle-income countries, much data is still lacking.

Child abuse is a complex and difficult issue to study. Available estimates vary widely depending on the country and the research method used. Grades depend on the following aspects:
- applicable definitions of child abuse;
- type of child abuse being studied;
- coverage and quality of official statistics;
- coverage and quality of surveys that require reports from victims themselves, parents or caregivers.
However, international studies show that one quarter of all adults were physically abused as children, and that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 13 men were sexually abused as children. In addition, many children are victims of emotional (psychological) abuse and neglect. nine0285
An estimated 41,000 murders of children under the age of 15 occur each year. This figure underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of child abuse deaths are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns, drowning, and other causes.

In armed conflict and refugee camps, girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence, exploitation and abuse by the military, security forces, other members of their communities, humanitarian workers and others. nine0285
Consequences of abuse

Child abuse causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Abuse leads to stress, which is associated with impaired early brain development. Extreme stress can disrupt the development of the nervous and immune systems. As a result, in adulthood, people who were abused as children are at increased risk of behavioral and physical and mental health problems, such as:
- committing violence or becoming a victim of violence;
- depression;
- smoking;
- obesity;
- high risk sexual behavior;
- unplanned pregnancy;
- harmful use of alcohol and drugs.
As a result of these behavioral and mental health consequences, abuse can lead to heart disease, cancer, suicide, and sexually transmitted infections. nine0285
In addition to health and societal impacts, child maltreatment also has economic impacts, including the cost of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child care, and long-term health costs.

Risk factors

Risk factors for child abuse have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural settings, but they give a general idea when trying to understand the causes of child abuse. nine0285
Child

It is important to emphasize that children are victims and should never be blamed for abuse. Certain individual characteristics of a child may increase the likelihood of abuse:
- child under 4 years of age or adolescent;
- an unwanted child or a child that does not live up to the expectations of the parents;
- a child with special needs, constant crying or abnormal physical features.
Parents or caregivers

Certain characteristics of parents or caregivers may increase the risk of child abuse. Among them are the following:
- difficulties associated with the newborn;
- leaving a child unattended;
- childhood abuse;
- ignorance of child development or unrealistic expectations;
- harmful use of alcohol or drugs, including during pregnancy; nine0005
- involvement in criminal activity;
- experiencing financial difficulties.
Relationships

A number of factors in family relationships or between sexual partners, friends and peers can increase the risk of child abuse, for example:
- a family member's physical or mental health or developmental problems;
- discord in the family or violence between other family members; nine0005
- isolation in the community or lack of a support circle;
- lack of support in raising a child from other family members.
Community and social factors

A number of characteristics of individual communities and communities can increase the risk of child abuse. They include:
- gender and social inequality;
- Lack of adequate housing or family support services and institutions; nine0005
- high levels of unemployment and poverty;
- easy access to alcohol and drugs;
- inadequate policies and programs to prevent child abuse, child pornography, child prostitution and child labor;
- social and cultural norms that support or glorify violence against others, favor the use of corporal punishment, require rigid gender roles, or degrade the status of the child in parent-child relationships; nine0005
- social, economic, health and educational policies that lead to poor living standards or socioeconomic inequality or instability.
Prophylaxis

A multisectoral approach is needed to prevent child maltreatment. Effective programs are those that support parents and instill positive parenting skills. These include:
- home visits by nurses to parents and children for support, education and information; nine0005
- Parent education, usually in groups, to improve child-rearing skills, increase knowledge of child development, and encourage positive child-care strategies; and
- multi-component activities, usually including parent support and education, early childhood education and childcare.
Other prevention programs are also promising in some respects.
- Abuse head injury prevention programs (also called shaken baby syndrome and traumatic brain injury). These are usually hospital-level programs targeting young parents prior to their discharge, educating them about the dangers of shaken baby syndrome and recommending interventions for inconsolably crying babies. nine0005
- Child sexual abuse prevention programs. They are usually held in schools and educate children in the following areas:
Such programs are effective in increasing protective factors against child sexual abuse (eg, knowledge about sexual abuse and protective behaviours), but there is no data on whether such programs reduce other types of violence. nine0285
The earlier in a child's life such interventions are, the more beneficial they are for the child (eg cognitive development, behavioral and social competence, educational training) and society (eg reduction in delinquency and crime).

In addition, early recognition of cases, combined with continued care for child victims of violence and families, can help reduce re-abuse and its consequences. nine0285
For maximum impact, prevention and care interventions are recommended by WHO as part of a four-step public health approach:
- problem definition;
- determination of causes and risk factors;
- development and testing of measures aimed at minimizing risk factors;
- disseminate information on the effectiveness of interventions and scale up proven effective interventions. nine0005
WHO activities

WHO is collaborating with a number of partners in the following areas:
- provides evidence-based technical and normative guidance on child maltreatment prevention;
- calls for increased international support for and investment in evidence-based child abuse prevention;
- provides technical support for evidence-based child abuse prevention programs in selected low- and middle-income countries. nine0005
Psychological child abuse | State Institution "Lyakhovichi Territorial Center for Social Services to the Population"

People express negative emotions in relation to other persons in different ways. Someone simply speaks badly about some person behind his back, and someone chooses a harsher and more unpleasant method of influence - psychological violence. Statistics show that the victim most often is not an adult, but a child. Minors are subjected to psychological violence in schools, on the street, at home. This is a very serious problem, because because of it, children's emotional behavior and development are disturbed. They have fears. nine0285
What is psychological abuse?

Psychological violence is also called emotional. This term refers to the periodic or constant insult of the child with some unpleasant words, the humiliation of his human dignity, the utterance of threats. Often, parents have formed the desired image of children. To achieve it, mothers and fathers present their children with such requirements that they are not able to fulfill due to age opportunities. This also applies to psychological abuse. nine0285
Negative attitude towards a child has very serious consequences. He ceases to be happy. He begins to suffer from his own feelings. The child withdraws into himself, loses confidence in the people around him. In the future, all this leads to problems in building relationships. Another negative consequence is low self-esteem. For example, peers at school may call a child scary, stupid. With such thoughts about himself, he grows in the future.

Problem classification into forms

What can be considered psychological abuse of a child? Experts identify several forms of this problem. Here are the main ones:
1. Degradation. With this form, children or adults influence a particular child with rude words, curses, name-calling, ridicule in front of other people.
2. Ignore. This form of violence is most often observed on the part of adults - parents. They do not pay attention to their child, they are not interested in his successes and achievements. He does not feel affection, care, love. Naturally, such an attitude depresses the child. nine0005
3. Repulsion. This feature of behavior is manifested by the fact that parents push their child away, constantly drive him away, that is, they make it clear that they do not need him.
4. Terrorization. In this form of abuse, the child is constantly threatened by something. They threaten him, make demands that are impossible at this age stage.
In various books on education, articles on psychological abuse of children, special attention is paid to isolation. This is another form of the problem. Its essence lies in various prohibitions (for example, you can’t communicate with peers, go for a walk with them). Sometimes, during isolation, parents resort to additional physical violence - they lock the child alone in an apartment, room, and sometimes even in a closet, beat him if he violates the prohibitions. nine0285
Signs of psychological abuse

When a child becomes a victim of psychological abuse, this can be guessed from certain behavioral patterns. The following signs are observed:

the child develops anxiety, excessive anxiety;

appetite is disturbed;

the state seems depressed;

self-esteem decreases;

minor avoids peers, adults,

tends to retire; sometimes, due to psychological abuse, a child develops such a character trait as aggressiveness; nine0285
sleep is disturbed due to negative emotions;

the child begins to pay less attention to studies, gets bad grades at school;

constant threats, insults, bullying by peers or adults lead to suicide attempts.

As early as childhood, psychological abuse causes health problems. Physical and mental development is delayed, enuresis, nervous tics, and obesity occur. Emotional abuse affects the brain. This ultimately causes a predisposition to various diseases:

to coronary heart disease;

chronic fatigue syndrome;

oncological diseases, etc.

Domestic violence and advice to parents

Psychological violence in the family against a child occurs for various reasons.

Firstly, parents may simply not love their child. It's terrifying. This reason simply does not fit in the head. How can you not love your own child, because he is the future of parents. Abusive moms and dads need to be talked to. Relatives also need help. If the parents do not come to their senses, then it is best for the child to live, for example, with his grandmother. nine0285
Another common reason is demands on the child. It is important to remember that you cannot force another person to do something. Requirements that are impossible to fulfill or that the child does not like can suppress the will and cause a depressed state.

Commandments of wise parents

There are 4 commandments of wise parents. They can help avoid psychological abuse of a child, because mothers and fathers do not always realize that their upbringing is wrong and leads to negative consequences. nine0285
First of all, never try to make the best out of your child. Not all people are the same. Each person is endowed with certain abilities and capabilities.

Secondly, do not compare your child with other children, do not reproach him for not achieving something, like some of his classmates.

Thirdly, do not threaten the child, do not blackmail him. Otherwise, you will cause him only fear, shame. Your child may think that you just do not love him. nine0285
Fourthly, do not sort things out with a child in front of witnesses, even if he has done something. It is better to discuss the problem at home, find out the reason. When misbehaving, shame the child, but remember that there should be a measure in everything.

Problem at school Absolutely any child can become a victim of school bullying. The likelihood of this is greatly increased if he is calm, not too active and sociable. His offenders can be class leaders, aggressive children who have found a victim for self-affirmation or who always strive to be in the spotlight. nine0285
A child will always tell about psychological abuse if he trusts his parents. With a secretive nature, lack of trust in the family, the opposite situation is observed. The child does not share his experiences and problems with anyone. It is possible to guess that he became a victim of psychological violence at school. The presence of this problem is indicated by the following nuances:

the child does not want to go to school;

he does not talk about his classmates;

his things are sometimes torn or soiled; nine0285
The child returns home after school in a depressed state.

What to do if a child is abused during school

Psychological abuse of children at school is a problem that should be solved by parents together with the class teacher. The teacher, as a rule, is aware of everything that happens in the classroom. You can also talk to the mothers and fathers of the offenders. If a minor has been a victim of abuse for a long time, then the best way out is to change schools or temporarily transfer to home schooling. nine0285
If a child does not want to transfer to another school, then parents should give him some advice on how to deal with ridicule, insults:

who does this;

an effective way to deal with offenders is to show them that their unpleasant words do not hurt or upset at all;

in response to the insults of the offenders, you can simply laugh (if you demonstrate such behavior every time, then after a while, peers will simply become uninteresting in “poisoning” their victim). nine0285
Liability for child abuse in the Republic of Belarus

The legislation of the Republic of Belarus establishes several types of liability for persons who abuse a child.

Administrative responsibility. The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Republic of Belarus provides for liability for failure to perform or improper performance of duties for the maintenance, upbringing, education, protection of the rights and interests of minors - in the form of a warning or the imposition of an administrative fine.
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