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How do you test for asthma in a child


Childhood asthma - Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis

Asthma can be hard to diagnose. Your child's doctor will consider the symptoms and their frequency and your child's medical history. Your child might need tests to rule out other conditions and to identify the most likely cause of the symptoms.

A number of childhood conditions can have symptoms similar to those caused by asthma. To complicate the issue further, these conditions also commonly occur with asthma. So your child's doctor will have to determine whether your child's symptoms are caused by asthma, a condition other than asthma, or both asthma and another condition.

Conditions that can cause asthma-like symptoms include:

  • Rhinitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Airway abnormalities
  • Dysfunctional breathing
  • Respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

The following are tests your child might need.

  • Lung function tests (spirometry). Doctors diagnose asthma with the same tests used to identify the disease in adults. Spirometry measures how much air your child can exhale and how quickly. Your child might have lung function tests at rest, after exercising and after taking asthma medication.

    Another lung function test is brochoprovocation. Using spirometry, this test measures how your lungs react to certain provocations, such as exercise or exposure to cold air.

  • Exhaled nitric oxide test. If the diagnosis of asthma is uncertain after lung function tests, your doctor might recommend measuring the level of nitric oxide in an exhaled sample of your child's breath. Nitric oxide testing can also help determine whether steroid medications might be helpful for your child's asthma.

The asthma tests used, however, aren't accurate before 5 years of age. For younger children, your doctor will rely on information you and your child provide about symptoms. Sometimes a diagnosis can't be made until later, after months or even years of observing symptoms.

Allergy tests for allergic asthma

If your child seems to have asthma that's triggered by allergies, the doctor might recommend allergy skin testing. During a skin test, the skin is pricked with extracts of common allergy-causing substances, such as animal dander, mold or dust mites, and observed for signs of an allergic reaction.

Treatment

Initial treatment depends on the severity of your child's asthma. The goal of asthma treatment is to keep symptoms under control, meaning that your child has:

  • Minimal or no symptoms
  • Few or no asthma flare-ups
  • No limitations on physical activities or exercise
  • Minimal use of quick-relief (rescue) inhalers, such as albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others)
  • Few or no side effects from medications

Treating asthma involves both preventing symptoms and treating an asthma attack in progress. The right medication for your child depends on a number of things, including age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what seems to work best to keep his or her asthma under control.

For children younger than age 3 who have mild symptoms of asthma, the doctor might use a wait-and-see approach. This is because the long-term effects of asthma medication on infants and young children aren't clear.

However, if an infant or toddler has frequent or severe wheezing episodes, a medication might be prescribed to see if it improves symptoms.

Long-term control medications

Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the inflammation in your child's airways that leads to symptoms. In most cases, these medications need to be taken daily.

Types of long-term control medications include:

  • Inhaled corticosteroids. These medications include fluticasone (Flovent Diskus, Flovent HFA), budesonide (Pulmicort Flexhaler), mometasone (Asmanex HFA), ciclesonide (Alvesco), beclomethasone (Qvar Redihaler) and others. Your child might need to use these medications for several days to weeks before getting the full benefit.

    Long-term use of these medications has been associated with slightly slowed growth in children, but the effect is minor. In most cases, the benefits of good asthma control outweigh the risks of possible side effects.

  • Leukotriene modifiers. These oral medications include montelukast (Singulair), zafirlukast (Accolate) and zileuton (Zyflo). They help prevent asthma symptoms for up to 24 hours.

  • Combination inhalers. These medications contain an inhaled corticosteroid plus a long-acting beta agonist (LABA). They include fluticasone and salmeterol (Advair Diskus, Advair HFA), budesonide and formoterol (Symbicort), fluticasone and vilanterol (Breo Ellipta), and mometasone and formoterol (Dulera).

    In some situations, long-acting beta agonists have been linked to severe asthma attacks. For this reason, LABA medications should always be given to a child with an inhaler that also contains a corticosteroid. These combination inhalers should be used only for asthma that's not well-controlled by other medications.

  • Theophylline. This is a daily pill that helps keep the airways open. Theophylline (Theo-24) relaxes the muscles around the airways to make breathing easier. It's mostly used with inhaled steroids. If you take this drug, you'll need to have your blood checked regularly.
  • Immunomodulatory agents. Mepolizumab (Nucala), dupilumab (Dupixent) and benralizumab (Fasenra) might be appropriate for children over the age of 12 who have severe eosinophilic asthma. Omalizumab (Xolair) can be considered for children age 6 or older who have moderate to severe allergic asthma.

Quick-relief medications

Quick-relief medications quickly open swollen airways. Also called rescue medications, quick-relief medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack — or before exercise if your child's doctor recommends it.

Types of quick-relief medications include:

  • Short-acting beta agonists. These inhaled bronchodilator medications can rapidly ease symptoms during an asthma attack. They include albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others) and levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA). These medications act within minutes, and effects last several hours.
  • Oral and intravenous corticosteroids. These medications relieve airway inflammation caused by severe asthma. Examples include prednisone and methylprednisolone. They can cause serious side effects when used long term, so they're only used to treat severe asthma symptoms on a short-term basis.

Treatment for allergy-induced asthma

If your child's asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies, your child might benefit from allergy treatment, such as the following, as well:

  • Omalizumab (Xolair). This medication is for people who have allergies and severe asthma. It reduces the immune system's reaction to allergy-causing substances, such as pollen, dust mites and pet dander. Xolair is delivered by injection every two to four weeks.
  • Allergy medications. These include oral and nasal spray antihistamines and decongestants as well as corticosteroid, cromolyn and ipratropium nasal sprays.
  • Allergy shots (immunotherapy). Immunotherapy injections are generally given once a week for a few months, then once a month for a period of three to five years. Over time, they gradually reduce your child's immune system reaction to specific allergens.

Don't rely only on quick-relief medications

Long-term asthma control medications such as inhaled corticosteroids are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medications keep asthma under control and make it less likely that your child will have an asthma attack.

If your child does have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief (rescue) inhaler can ease symptoms right away. But if long-term control medications are working properly, your child shouldn't need to use a quick-relief inhaler very often.

Keep a record of how many puffs your child uses each week. If he or she frequently needs to use a quick-relief inhaler, take your child to see the doctor. You probably need to adjust the long-term control medication.

Inhaled medication devices

Inhaled short- and long-term control medications are used by inhaling a measured dose of medication.

  • Older children and teens might use a small, hand-held device called a pressurized metered dose inhaler or an inhaler that releases a fine powder.
  • Infants and toddlers need to use a face mask attached to a metered dose inhaler or a nebulizer to get the correct amount of medication.
  • Babies need to a use a device that turns liquid medication into fine droplets (nebulizer). Your baby wears a face mask and breathes normally while the nebulizer delivers the correct dose of medication.

Asthma action plan

Work with your child's doctor to create a written asthma action plan. This can be an important part of treatment, especially if your child has severe asthma. An asthma action plan can help you and your child:

  • Recognize when you need to adjust long-term control medications
  • Determine how well treatment is working
  • Identify the signs of an asthma attack and know what to do when one occurs
  • Know when to call a doctor or seek emergency help

Children who have enough coordination and understanding might use a hand-held device to measure how well they can breathe (peak flow meter). A written asthma action plan can help you and your child remember what to do when peak flow measurements reach a certain level.

The action plan might use peak flow measurements and symptoms to categorize your child's asthma into zones, such as the green zone, yellow zone and red zone. These zones correspond to well-controlled symptoms, somewhat-controlled symptoms and poorly controlled symptoms. This makes tracking your child's asthma easier.

Your child's symptoms and triggers are likely to change over time. You'll need to observe symptoms and work with the doctor to adjust medications as needed.

If your child's symptoms are completely controlled for a time, your child's doctor might recommend lowering doses or stopping asthma medications (step-down treatment). If your child's asthma isn't as well-controlled, the doctor might want to increase, change or add medications (step-up treatment).

More Information

  • Asthma in children under 5
  • Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11

Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic

Clinical trials

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Taking steps to reduce your child's exposure to asthma triggers will lessen the possibility of asthma attacks. Steps to help avoid triggers vary depending on what triggers your child's asthma. Here are some things that may help:

  • Maintain low humidity at home. If you live in a damp climate, talk to your child's doctor about using a device to keep the air drier (dehumidifier).
  • Keep indoor air clean. Have a heating and air conditioning professional check your air conditioning system every year. Change the filters in your furnace and air conditioner according to the manufacturer's instructions. Also consider installing a small-particle filter in your ventilation system.
  • Reduce pet dander. If your child is allergic to dander, it's best to avoid pets with fur or feathers. If you have pets, regularly bathing or grooming your pets also might reduce the amount of dander. Keep pets out of your child's room.
  • Use your air conditioner. Air conditioning helps reduce the amount of airborne pollen from trees, grasses and weeds that finds its way indoors. Air conditioning also lowers indoor humidity and can reduce your child's exposure to dust mites. If you don't have air conditioning, try to keep your windows closed during pollen season.
  • Keep dust to a minimum. Reduce dust that can aggravate nighttime symptoms by replacing certain items in your bedroom. For example, encase pillows, mattresses and box springs in dustproof covers. Consider removing carpeting and installing hard flooring, particularly in your child's bedroom. Use washable curtains and blinds.
  • Clean regularly. Clean your home at least once a week to remove dust and allergens.
  • Reduce your child's exposure to cold air. If your child's asthma is worsened by cold, dry air, wearing a face mask outside can help.

More Information

  • Asthma and hard flooring

Alternative medicine

While some alternative remedies are used for asthma, in most cases more research is needed to see how well they work and to determine possible side effects. Alternative treatments to consider include:

  • Breathing techniques. These include structured breathing programs, such as the Buteyko breathing technique, the Papworth method and yoga breathing exercises (pranayama).
  • Relaxation techniques. Techniques such as meditation, biofeedback, hypnosis and progressive muscle relaxation might help with asthma by reducing tension and stress.

  • Herbal remedies and supplements. A few herbal remedies have been tried for asthma, including black seed, fish oil and magnesium. However, further studies are needed to assess their benefit and safety.

    Herbs and supplements can have side effects and can interact with other medications your child is taking. Talk to your child's doctor before trying any herbs or supplements.

Coping and support

It can be stressful to help your child manage asthma. Keep these tips in mind to make life as normal as possible:

  • Make treatment a regular part of life. If your child has to take daily medication, don't make a big deal out of it — it should be as routine as eating breakfast or brushing teeth.

  • Use a written asthma action plan. Work with your child's doctor to develop your child's action plan, and give a copy to all of your child's caregivers, such as child care providers, teachers, coaches and the parents of your child's friends.

    Following a written plan can help you and your child identify symptoms early, providing important information on how to treat your child's asthma from day to day and how to deal with an asthma attack.

  • Be encouraging. Focus attention on what your child can do, not on limitations. Involve teachers, school nurses, coaches, relatives and friends in helping your child manage asthma.

    Encourage normal play and activity. Don't limit your child's activities out of fear of an asthma attack — work with your child's doctor to control exercise-induced symptoms.

  • Be calm and in control. Don't get rattled if asthma symptoms worsen. Focus on your child's asthma action plan, and involve your child in each step so that he or she understands what's happening.
  • Talk to other parents of children with asthma. Chat rooms and message boards on the internet or a local support group can connect you with parents facing similar challenges.
  • Help your child connect with others who have asthma. Send your child to "asthma camp" or find other organized activities for children with asthma. This can help your child feel less isolated and gain a better understanding of asthma and its treatment.

Preparing for your appointment

You're likely to start by taking your child to your family doctor or your child's pediatrician. However, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to an allergist, lung doctor (pulmonologist) or other specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your child's appointment.

What you can do

Make a list of:

  • Your child's symptoms, how severe they are and when they occur. Note when symptoms bother your child most — for example, if symptoms tend to get worse at certain times of the day; during certain seasons; when your child is exposed to cold air, pollen or other triggers; or when he or she is playing hard or participating in sports.
  • Key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes your child has had.
  • All medications, vitamins and supplements your child takes, including doses.
  • Write down questions to ask the doctor.

For asthma or asthma-like symptoms, questions to ask your doctor include:

  • Is asthma the most likely cause of my child's breathing problems?
  • What else could be causing my child's symptoms?
  • What tests does my child need?
  • Is my child's condition likely temporary or chronic?
  • What treatment do you suggest?
  • My child has these other health conditions. How can we best manage them together?
  • Are there restrictions my child needs to follow?
  • Should my child see a specialist?
  • Are there brochures or other printed materials I can have? What websites do you recommend?

Don't hesitate to ask other questions.

What to expect from your child's doctor

The doctor is likely to ask questions, including:

  • When did you notice your child's symptoms?
  • Does your child have difficulty breathing most of the time or only at certain times or in certain situations?
  • Does your child have allergies such as hay fever?
  • What, if anything, appears to worsen your child's symptoms?
  • What, if anything, seems to improve your child's symptoms?
  • Do allergies or asthma run in your child's family?

By Mayo Clinic Staff

Diagnosing Asthma in Children - HealthyChildren.org

​By: Harvey Leo, MD, FAAP, FAAAAI

Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in children. It affects more than 6 million U.S. children and leads to over 13 million missed days of school each year. Yet as common as it is, asthma can be challenging to diagnose in children. There is no one-size-fits-all set of symptoms. A solid, ongoing relationship with your child's health provider can help identify asthma risks and the best treatment for your child. ​

Questions to ask

Pediatricians have many tools to help identify and support a child who might have asthma. The most important tool of all is the child's medical history. Depending on their age, some children will not have wheezing during an asthma flare, but rather a chronic cough that lasts for days or appears during illness or activity. Here are some key questions your child's doctor will need to know:

  1. How often does your child cough or wheeze during the week?

  2. Do these symptoms affect their daily activity?

  3. Does your child's coughing or wheezing wake them up at night?

  4. What medicines have your tried and have they helped, including nutritional supplements or homeopathic therapies?

  5. Does anyone in the family have a history of asthma, environmental allergies, or other respiratory conditions?​

Asthma tests

If a child is old enough, usually over age 7 years, your health care provider may request an asthma test. One of the most common ones uses spiromety to check lung function. For this test, the child breathes into a device that will show whether your child has some airway blockage.

Another test developed over the past decade checks how much nitric oxide your child exhales. This measures how much inflammation there is in the airway. Pediatric specialty centers may also offer more complex lung function testing, imaging tests and techniques such as methacholine provocative challenges, which gauges how "reactive" a child's lungs are. These tests may be used for the diagnosis and follow-up management of asthma. Additional resources such as home respiratory monitors and medication reminder phone apps can also be help manage a child's asthma.​

Conditions that can look like ​asthma

Keep in mind, there are many other conditions that can look like or worsen asthma in children. Some of these include seasonal allergies, acid reflux, viral or bacterial infections, conditions related to a child's anatomy, and cardiovascular issues. ​

Remember


There are many tools that can help diagnose asthma, and treatment and medi​ca​tions that can help a child with asthma thrive. If you think your child may have asthma, talk with your pediatrician. ​

More information​


  • What Is An Asthma Action Plan?
  • 9 Asthma Triggers​ and What to Do About Them
  • Allergies & Asthma
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Asthma

​​​About Dr. Leo


Harvey Leo, MD, FAAP, FAAAAI, who practices in Michigan, is a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology.

​

Last Updated
3/15/2021
Source
American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology (Copyright © 2021)

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

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Symptoms and treatment of bronchial asthma in children According to some reports, almost 10-15% of children from all over the world suffer from this disease today.

This is quite a significant number. In order to take the necessary measures in time, every mother should know what kind of pathology it is, what symptoms it has, and how asthma is treated in a child. We propose to discuss all these issues in this article.

Asthma in children: what is it?

Asthma affects the child's airways. For the most part, this condition is not associated with infectious processes.

A characteristic feature is bronchospasm. The lumen of the bronchi narrows. As a result of this change, wheezing appears wheezing, shortness of breath, choking cough.

The main cause of an asthma attack in a child is usually associated with an allergic reaction to one or another irritant.

In most children (about 80%), this disease first manifests itself in preschool age.

Causes of asthma in children

The main cause of asthma symptoms in children is allergies. Types of irritants:

  1. Food allergens - provoke the development of asthma in 4-6% of cases. Children who are at greater risk are switched to mixtures early, cannot tolerate meat products, etc.
  2. Inhalant allergens - this category includes irritants that enter the body through breathing. What it could be: plant pollen, animal hair, dust mites, mold fungi, etc.

Allergies are not the only cause of asthma. Sometimes this pathology is a consequence of exposure on the children's body of various infections. For example: staphylococcus, influenza, SARS, etc.

Some babies may develop this disease while taking certain types of medicines (antibiotics, vitamin complexes, etc.).

In addition to the above, several risk factors can be mentioned: genetic predisposition, living in an area with poor ecology, being overweight (it has been established that children with obesity are at risk of developing asthma increases to 52%).

Characteristic symptoms

Asthma occurs in the form of periodic exacerbations of the condition. And first there are harbingers, then begins attack, and then comes the post-attack and interictal periods.

It is important to note that the diagnosis of this disease in children has certain difficulties. The fact is that up to 5 years the bronchi are not yet fully developed and have a narrow lumen. For this reason, an attack can proceed without pronounced symptoms. In this case, only swelling of the mucous membrane occurs and sputum is released.

It is not uncommon for the development of such a disease to be confused with ordinary bronchitis or SARS. Outcome – treatment of asthma in children begin long after the onset of the first symptoms.

In order not to miss the beginning of the development of this dangerous condition, be sure to pay attention to the following: symptoms:

  • dry cough without visible signs of a cold. At the same time, it occurs paroxysmal, more often in the morning or at night,
  • a whistle is clearly audible in the breath,
  • the child often complains that he has pressure in his chest,
  • cough occurs only when certain activities are performed (for example, after the baby pet a cat or dog),
  • the condition worsens with the arrival of spring and the beginning of the flowering period.

Monitor your child closely. When at least one of the listed seizures occurs, you should visit a pediatric allergist-immunologist.

How does an asthma attack progress in a child?

It all starts with the appearance of the harbingers of an approaching asthmatic attack. During this period, the child may become restless, there is a sleep disturbance, a headache may develop. Sometimes the skin and eyes start to itch, stuffy nose, dry cough.

The period of precursors can last several minutes, a couple of hours, and sometimes even days.

The next stage is an asthma attack. It is difficult to confuse it with something else, since it has vivid symptoms, namely:

  • child feels short of breath due to chest pressure,
  • severe dyspnea develops,
  • wheezing, sometimes wheezing can be heard,
  • the child becomes frightened and begins to actively gasp for air,
  • skin becomes pale, cold sweat breaks out,
  • dry cough with weak sputum,
  • there is an increase in blood pressure,
  • tachycardia.

If the attack lasts more than 6 hours, then we are talking about the development of status asthmaticus in the baby.

At the end of the attack, sputum with a thick consistency begins to actively depart. This makes breathing much easier. The child becomes drowsy and lethargic, experiences general weakness of the body. From the side of the cardiovascular system a response comes in the form of bradycardia, a decrease in pressure.

In terms of the severity of the course, children's bronchial asthma is divided into 3 types: mild (attacks are rare, not more than 1 time per month), medium (attacks can occur 3-4 times a month), severe (attacks also occur 3-4 times a month, while the function of external respiration falls below 60% of normal).

What to do if a child has an attack: first aid

If your child has an asthma attack, the main thing is not to panic. It is necessary to act quickly and coherently.
What to do as first aid:

  1. Immediately put the baby in a chair and tilt his body forward. This will reduce hypoxia.
  2. Open windows to let fresh air into the room. But there is an important nuance here - if the attack is caused allergy to plant pollen, then the supply of oxygen to the room is best ensured by supply ventilation with filters (We will look at this issue in more detail below).
  3. Inhalation with bronchospasmolytics.
  4. A warm bath for feet and hands will help to relieve the condition a little.
  5. If the measures taken do not bring results, and the baby's condition only worsens, do not waste time and immediately call an ambulance.

Remember that with a severe attack of childhood bronchial asthma, urgent hospitalization is indicated.

Diagnosis of childhood bronchial asthma

Before starting asthma treatment in a child, it is necessary to conduct an accurate diagnosis. A specialized doctor can prescribe the following research methods:

  1. Examination using special equipment - this includes spirography, X-ray of the respiratory system, peak flowmetry, bicycle ergometry.
  2. Taking tests for laboratory research - blood, urine, sputum are examined, skin allergy tests are taken. Also during such an examination, general and specific IgE (immunoglobulin E) is determined.

When diagnosing childhood bronchial asthma, it is very important to exclude other serious pathologies of the respiratory system (eg, cystic fibrosis, obstructive bronchitis, etc.). For this reason, the examination of the baby should not be limited to just a trip to an allergist-immunologist. It is also necessary to visit a pediatrician and a pulmonologist.

What can be the treatment?

Treatment of asthma in children involves a comprehensive approach to the problem. It is implemented in the following areas:

  1. Drug therapy - its main task is to reduce the number of exacerbations, as well as relief asthma attacks. The following groups of drugs are usually prescribed: glucocorticoids, bronchodilators, inhalations, combination medicines.
  2. Eliminating all contact with allergens is not an easy, but essential measure. It is important to ensure that the child always breathes clean fresh air, as he is the main friend of asthmatics.
    It is quite possible to create such conditions at home thanks to the supply ventilation from TION. If your child is asthmatic, then be sure to get a breather. This is a unique device that provides fresh, allergen-free air into the room. and other contaminants. It has a powerful filtration system. It provides maximum cleansing air streams.
    If you purchase a breather in the 4S model, then the room air will be cleaned of contaminants in the recirculation mode.
  3. Non-drug therapy - this may include a special diet, physical activity, the implementation of the complex breathing exercises, hardening of the child, folk methods in the form of decoctions and tinctures from medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory effect.

Preventive measures

Immediately after the birth of the baby, measures should be taken to minimize the likelihood of developing bronchial asthma. This is especially true for children at risk.

Prevention against childhood asthma comes down to the following recommendations:

  1. the baby on the mixture provokes the development of food allergies in him, which in turn can cause asthma.
  2. Quit smoking. In the case of cohabitation, the child will inevitably inhale tobacco smoke, Therefore, it is better to get rid of this bad habit.
  3. Minimize the amount of dust in your home. To do this, you should regularly do wet cleaning, wipe the shelves, if possible, take out unnecessary things that accumulate a lot of dust from the house.
  4. Pay attention to the quality of the air in your home. It must be free of allergens, exhaust fumes and other pollution. The easiest way to solve this problem is to purchase a breather. This device will help maintain a healthy microclimate in the house 24/7.
  5. Review your child's daily diet. It is better to reduce the number of allergenic products, and if there is a reaction from the body, then completely eliminate it.
  6. If the child's breathing is whistling or wheezing, a pulmonologist should examine the child. If necessary, he will prescribe appropriate diagnostic methods and draw up a treatment program.
  7. If you have planned repairs in the apartment, then it is better to send the baby to grandparents or relatives. Inhalation of building dust is extremely undesirable for a growing organism.

What's the forecast?

Almost 60-80% of children diagnosed with this pathology remain with it for life. Over time, asthma can worsen or, on the contrary, go into a mild form until it disappears completely.

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