How do you sign your rights over for a child

Can You Stop Child Support by Signing Away Your Parental Rights?

August 5, 2020

Child Support, Legal Blog

When you have a child, you have a right to be part of your child’s life. But as a mother or father, you also have certain obligations. This means a lot of things for different families, but it generally means providing financial support.

North Carolina recognizes there are times when people are not capable of being stable parents. In these situations, your parental rights may be voluntarily or involuntarily terminated by the court. For example, if you sign away your parental rights, you no longer have any rights to your child. It also includes removing child support obligations.

If you have questions about terminating parental rights in North Carolina, do not hesitate to contact an experienced child custody and support attorney at Breeden Law Office.

With over 20 years experience and local offices in Raleigh, Garner, Angier, and Smithfield, attorney Jonathan Breeden has helped countless individuals successfully resolve child support and parental rights issues.

Call (919) 205-5254 today or contact us online to schedule a consultation.

Terminating Parental Rights In NC

For your parental rights to be terminated, there must be clear and convincing evidence to do so, and that termination is in your child’s best interests.

Grounds for termination of parental rights include:

Child abuse or neglect by the parent
Willful abandonment of the child
Failure to pay child support for more than one year
Placement of the child in the custody of social services for at least six months, during which time the parent willfully fails to pay child support
The parent’s inability to care for a child due to incapacity
Failure for a father to provide for or acknowledge a child born outside of a marriage
A parent’s danger to a child by committing certain felonies, including sex offenses and homicide
The parent relinquished a child to social services for adoption

The court must also review whether termination of your parental rights is in the child’s best interests. For instance, if the termination is to enable another adult to adopt the child, then the court often finds it is in the child’s best interests. But, if you are found to be a physical danger or harmful to the child’s well-being, the court is more likely to terminate your rights.

Signing Away Parental Rights Requires Judicial Consent

For parental rights to be terminated, a judge must approve. This is not something you or another parent can do without involving the courts.

You may file a petition asking the judge to terminate your child’s other parent’s rights. The other parent can file a petition to ask for your rights to be terminated. Social services, a licensed child placement agency, your child’s guardian, a guardian ad litem, or a potential adoptive parent can file a petition to terminate your parental rights. However, you cannot file a petition for the court to terminate your own rights.

Also, termination is not something you can do to avoid your responsibilities. You may not voluntarily terminate your parental rights for any reason, particularly to avoid paying child support.

Termination of Parental Rights Ends Child Support Obligation

In North Carolina, terminating parental rights completely end all legal relationships between a parent and child. As a parent, you will no longer be able to contact your child. You cannot call, email, or visit. You do not get to see your child on their birthday or holidays.

Termination also ends your legal responsibilities to take care of your child. Any child support obligation is lifted, and it is as if you and the child are strangers.

Do You Have Questions About Terminating Parental Rights?

At Breeden Law Office, we understand there are times when it’s necessary to severe a relationship between a parent and child. We can explain all your options, including a possible child support modification and when it’s best to terminate parental rights.

To schedule an initial evaluation, contact us today at (919) 661-4970.

Termination of Parental Rights in Florida

Courts and legislatures across the country recognize that parents play an extremely important role in the life of their children. Children who grow up without the presence of

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one or both parents may require therapy or other interventions in order to overcome the pain and trauma of growing up with one or both parents absent from the home. Recognizing this, state laws (including Florida’s statutes) make it difficult for an adult’s parental rights to be terminated. This does not mean that parental rights are guaranteed, however. In certain cases, courts can terminate a person’s parental rights. The circumstances under which this can occur – and the procedures the court must follow when doing so – are explained and set forth in Florida statutes.

What Are Parental Rights?

When a couple has a child, those parents have certain “rights” as parents of that child.

These rights include the right to spend time with the child, make decisions affecting the welfare of the child (such as what medical treatment the child should receive, where the child should be sent to school, etc.), and who has access to the child. Both the natural mother of the child – who is easy to identify and is the individual who gave birth to the child – as well as the biological father of the child (who can be more difficult to determine in some cases) are able to exercise these parental rights. While courts generally defer to parents and allow parents to exercise their rights, courts do have authority to intervene and limit or terminate parental rights.

On What Grounds May Parental Rights Be Terminated?

There are several situations in which parental rights can be terminated. These situations are described by statute and include:

When a written surrender has been executed by the parent. This typically occurs when placing a child for adoption. The written surrender is a form completed by the parent and executed in front of two witnesses and a notary public. The written surrender is a parent’s way of voluntarily giving up whatever parental rights he or she may have. It is important that a parent carefully consider whether to sign a written surrender because once it is signed, it cannot be withdrawn unless the parent shows that he or she signed it under fraud or duress (that is, someone tricked or threatened the parent into signing the surrender).

When a parent has abandoned the child. Abandonment has a legal definition and occurs when the parent has made no real effort to establish a positive parent-child relationship with the child and/or has failed to make any substantial contribution to providing for the child’s needs. A parent who drops off his or her child at a relative’s home and then vanishes can be found to have abandoned the child if a sufficient period of time has passed. In addition, a parent who cannot be located for 60 or more days can have his or her parental rights terminated by the court.

When a parent threatens the well–being of the child. In this case, the threat does not have to necessarily affect the child’s physical health – any action or inaction that threatens the physical, mental, or emotional health of the child can be considered. Generally, though, the action needs to be so serious that it convinces a court that the parent poses a continuing threat to the child’s welfare.

For example, suppose that Daniel has a minor child. When Daniel exercises parenting time with his child, he routinely drinks and drives while the child is with him in the car. A court can consider Daniel’s actions to be a course of action that threatens the child’s well-being. Daniel’s parental rights may very well be terminated by this course of conduct.

When a parent is incarcerated. If a parent is presently incarcerated, a court can determine that terminating the parental rights is appropriate. This is likely to occur if the parent will remain incarcerated for a significant portion of the child’s life, has committed certain violent or sexual-related offenses, or has established a pattern of behavior that shows the parent will likely continue to be incarcerated throughout the child’s life.

As an example, suppose that Cindy has a minor child who is five years old. Cindy has been sentenced for a serious crime and has received a minimum sentence of fifteen years. A court can find that Cindy will be absent for a significant portion of the child’s childhood (in fact, all of the child’s childhood) and can terminate her parental rights. Even if Cindy is only sentenced to a short period of incarceration, if this is Cindy’s fifth or sixth time being incarcerated in as many years, a court can find that Cindy is not likely to be present for much of the child’s life and terminate her rights.

When a child has been adjudicated as dependent. If a child is an adjudicated dependent and the parents have not complied with the case plan for a period of time, a court can terminate a parent’s rights. A court can find that there is evidence of continuing abuse, that a parent has not made significant progress on the case plan for 12 out of the last 22 months, or that clear and convincing evidence demonstrates that the parent will not be able to substantially comply with the case plan.

When there has been egregious conduct. Egregious conduct – like abandonment, neglect, abuse or other deplorable, flagrant, or outrageous conduct – that either was committed by the parent or that occurred and the parent did not take action to protect the child can be the basis for a petition to terminate parental rights. The “egregious conduct” does not necessarily need to be committed against the child but can occur to a sibling of the child.

When a parent has had other children either placed outside the home or had rights involuntarily terminated. If the parent has had other children involuntarily removed from the home or had his or her parental rights terminated as to other children, the court may terminate a parent’s rights.

Where parental rights are to be terminated because of a pending adoption, the court can terminate a parent’s rights where:

The parent has consented to the adoption and corresponding termination of his or her rights. Much like a surrender, the consent must be signed without fraud or duress and must be signed in the presence of two witnesses and a notary.

The legal father has executed an affidavit stating that he is not the father of the child.

The parent has failed to respond to a notice of adoption or appear in court.

The parent has abandoned the child. If a parent has abandoned the child (as described above), parental rights can be terminated in order to permit an adoption.

The parent is declared to be incapacitated by a court. This will usually occur if the parent is in a coma or otherwise unable to care for him- or herself.

Procedure for Terminating Parental Rights

In order to afford parents every opportunity to preserve their parental rights, Florida law requires certain procedures be followed.

The process of terminating parental rights begins with the filing of a petition. The petition can be filed by any number of individuals or entities. For instance, a child’s guardian ad litem can file a motion, as can a person who has physical custody of the child. The petition must contain certain facts, including the basis or reason why termination of parental rights is sought. Where the termination of parental rights is sought in connection with an adoption, the petition must set forth facts showing that either the parent’s consent to the adoption was obtained or that the parent’s consent does not need to be obtained.

The court will hold a hearing on the petition. The purpose of the hearing is to allow the court to receive evidence and testimony in support of the allegations contained in the petition. In cases of a petition brought by the child’s guardian ad litem (in a dependency proceeding), the court is guided ultimately by what is in the manifest best interests of the child. Where termination of parental rights is sought in connection with an adoption, the court must make written findings and find by clear and convincing evidence that it is appropriate that the parent’s rights should be terminated.

Help for Struggling Parents

Having one’s parental rights terminated is a serious action that in most cases is permanent and irrevocable. In other words, once a court terminates a parent’s rights, it is very difficult – and in most cases impossible – for that parent to obtain those rights back. It is extremely important that a parent who is either asked to sign a consent or surrender fully understand the document before he or she signs. Once a consent or surrender is signed and properly executed, a parent who wishes to “undo” such a document must produce evidence that his or her signature was obtained through fraud or deceit.

The courts generally want parental rights to remain intact; therefore, a parent who feels his or her parental rights are in jeopardy should reach out immediately for help. If a child has been adjudicated as a dependent, there are typically social services available that can assist parents in preserving their parental rights. If the other parent is seeking to terminate a parent’s rights in order to permit an adoption (such as a step-parent adoption), there are steps that a competent family lawyer can take to preserve the parent’s rights.

In any case where a parent’s rights are at risk, it is important that the parent whose rights are threatened take immediate action. The longer one waits, the more difficult it becomes to protect that parent’s rights.

Conclusion

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The parents of a minor child – that is, the natural mother and the biological or legal father – have certain “parental rights” under the law. These rights include the right to spend time with the child, develop a parent-child relationship, and making decisions that affect the health, well-being, and development of the minor child. Florida, like most other states, generally prefers that parents’ parental rights remain intact throughout a minor’s childhood. But a parent’s parental rights are not completely immune: in some cases, a court can and will terminate a parent’s parental rights. Whether a court does so is always a fact-intensive question and requires the court to consider what is in the child’s best interest.

Parental rights can be terminated in connection with a dependency proceeding or in connection with an adoption proceeding. In either case, the individual or entity seeking the termination of a parent’s rights must file a petition with the court that sets forth the reasons why parental rights should be terminated. Parental rights can be terminated by the parent executing a specific document in front of witnesses and a notary. Rights can also be terminated where the parent is a danger to the child, where the parent will not be present for the majority of the child’s life due to the parent’s incarceration, and where a parent is found to have abandoned the child.

Parents who believe their rights may be in jeopardy or who have been asked to surrender their rights are strongly encouraged to seek the assistance of an experienced family law attorney or (in the case of a dependency proceeding) to speak with any state agencies involved in the proceedings. The sooner a parent seeks help and takes action, the greater the likelihood that that parent’s rights will not be terminated.

Even if a parent’s rights have been terminated, there is a small chance that such an action can be undone. A court’s ability to restore parental rights once they have been terminated is very narrow, so it is best to consult with the experienced team at Ayo and Iken to make sure the proper procedure is followed and to ensure that the necessary facts are brought to the court’s attention.

how to get permission, what checks guardianship, prices for notary services, possible problems

We bought a house with an area of 30 m² with mother capital. It has five shares: three for children and two for parents.

Six months ago, we moved with our younger children to another region and have already registered in a new place. And the eldest, already adult, daughter remained to live in our former house.

We would like to leave the house of our adult daughter, but for this we need to move the shares of the younger children from the house to another apartment. Can this be done and what will guardianship say?

Julia Knats

lawyer

Author profile

Alena, it is possible to withdraw children's shares, but difficulties may arise in the process. I think the best option is this: first you sign an exchange agreement and allocate shares in the apartment to the younger children instead of their shares in the house. And after that, give the eldest daughter a part of the house, in which there are no longer any shares of younger children.

I'll tell you how to do it, how much you have to pay and how to solve problems, if any.

Obtain permission to exchange

Housing that is registered in the name of a child belongs exclusively to him, and not to the whole family. Therefore, parents cannot sell, exchange or donate the children's share at their own discretion. They also cannot rent out the child's property, divide it into shares, or allocate a part of it. Everything requires permission from the guardianship and guardianship authority.

p. 3 art. 60 SK RF

p. 2 art. 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

The guardianship agency usually works under the local administration - in any case, the guardianship contacts will tell you for sure at the reception. Or you can find them on the administration website and call ahead. During the pandemic, some guardianship authorities switched to a remote mode of operation: they consult and accept documents by phone.

The list of documents to be attached to the application will have to be specified in the guardianship. Everywhere has its own rules, but, most likely, the list will be as follows:

Children's birth certificates.
Passports of parents.
Extracts from the USRN for a house and an apartment.
Extract from the house book, form 9 or a single housing document, EZhD, - depends on the region.
Documents with the technical characteristics of real estate: registration certificate, form 7 or EZhD.

Part 3 21 of the Guardianship Act

Guardianship issues permission or denial within 15 days of filing the application. If they refuse, they must motivate in writing. The refusal can be appealed in court within three months.

What to do? 06/10/19

How to allocate shares to children in an apartment if you used maternity capital?

The permit may contain a limited period within which the transaction must be completed, for example, three months. If you don't meet it, you will have to get a new permit. It is issued free of charge.

What guardianship authorities pay attention to

Guardianship authorities will not approve any transaction. They will issue a permit only if the transaction does not violate the rights of the child. For example, children's property will not decrease and its value will not decrease. Parents will have to prove it.

In addition to the area, the guardianship authority will take into account the location of the housing. If instead of housing in Moscow, the child has real estate in the region, guardianship is unlikely to like it.

What to do? 21.07.20

Why may the guardianship authorities not give permission to sell the apartment?

They also look at the cost. If there is a big difference in price, they may demand to allocate more space to the child than he had, or transfer an additional certain amount to a bank account.

The purpose of the transaction also matters. If this is a move, it should be in the interests of not only the parents, but also the child.

The law does not establish specific criteria by which guardianship should be guided. There are only local regulations and recommendations. Even in different cities of the same region, they differ. Try not only to keep the child in the same conditions, but also to provide benefits. Then there will be more chances for approval.

Guidelines on the protection of the personal rights of minors

But guardianship can also be refused in this case, justifying, for example, as follows: if you have already bought a new apartment, then the children will inherit it after their parents. Therefore, before signing documents and registering everything, discuss the nuances of custody transactions.

Since 2016, all transactions involving the disposal of real estate of minors must be notarized. This applies not only to the sale or donation, but also to the exchange. Therefore, when you receive permission for guardianship, you need to contact any notary office.

/guide/notarize/

How to certify a contract with a notary

How much will a notary's services cost? The fee is 0.5% of the contract amount, but not less than 300 and not more than 20,000 R. And the notaries themselves set the fee for services of a legal and technical nature, focusing on regional limits. They can be viewed on the website of the Notary Chamber.

sign. 5 p. 1 art. 333.24 NK RF

On the same day and without additional fee, the notary will transfer all documents to Rosreestr in order to register the transfer of ownership. Since 2019, notaries have been doing this for free. Previously, such a service cost 1000 R. If you wish, you can submit documents yourself, but there is no point in this: there will be no savings and it will take longer.

para. 3 hours 2 tbsp. 22.1, para. 2 tbsp. 55 fundamentals of legislation on notaries

If documents are submitted by a notary, registration will take no more than three days. When the participants in the transaction independently apply to Rosreestr or the MFC, the transaction will be registered up to seven or nine days, respectively.

Art. 16 of the Law "On State Registration of Real Estate"

You will have to pay a state duty for registering the transfer of ownership. It is paid in any case - you submit documents through a notary or in person through the MFC. The amount of the state duty under barter agreements is 2000 R from each owner. Sometimes you can pay less for the transfer of shares, but this depends on the ratio of shares in the transaction.

sub. 22 p. 1 art. 333.33 NK RF

The exchange agreement is usually drawn up by a notary, but you can prepare a draft agreement yourself and bring it to the notary's office. True, the notary will still bill for any corrections as for legal or technical work. So it’s not a fact that you can save money, just waste your time.

If you still decide to write the document yourself, you can refer to samples on the Internet. Check that the contract contains the full passport data of the parties, the characteristics of the objects - address, area of the premises and land, number of floors, cadastral numbers - and their price.

It happens that the guardianship authority asks to submit a draft exchange agreement. This is standard practice. You can agree with a notary: take the draft, show it to guardianship and then return to the notary's office to complete the deal.

Notary expenses will not end there. You also want to donate part of the house to your eldest daughter, and for this transaction you will also need a notary. If all the owners immediately alienated all the shares, then it would be possible to do without it. But, alas, this is not your case.

Part 1.1 Art. 42 of the Law "On State Registration of Real Estate"

You will need to contact the notary's office, pay again for legal and technical services, all fees and wait for registration - and then finally your housing issue can be considered resolved.

It is not possible to issue an exchange and a donation in one contract. They must be different documents. For each transfer of ownership, you will have to pay a state duty, and the notary's office will also take a fee for each contract. But I advise you to discuss both transactions with the notary at once and explain what result you want to achieve. A notary will help keep the number of visits to a minimum.

/guide/guide-daryu-dolyu/

How to issue a donation for a share

When the eldest daughter receives part of the house as a gift, she will not have to pay tax. For real estate donated by a close relative, personal income tax is not charged.

Section 18.1 Art. 217 NK RF

What problems may arise

I see two problems, but both can be solved.

Guardianship may prohibit the exchange of shares and refer that transactions for compensation between children and parents are prohibited. There really is such a provision in the legislation, but if it comes to court, then families almost always win the processes.

p. 3 art. 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Even the Constitutional Court said that guardianship authorities should not arbitrarily prohibit transactions between relatives only on the basis of the provisions of the civil code. It is important that the housing rights of children are protected, and not a formal ban. Therefore, both guardianship and courts, when considering complaints, must evaluate all the circumstances of the case, including the living conditions that children will have after the transaction.

Decree of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated June 8, 2010 No. 13-P

There are many examples when a family achieved an exchange through the court throughout the country. I'll give you a few.

In Adygea, the family wanted to change the children's share in the house to the parent's share in the apartment. Guardianship did not approve the deal, citing family ties. The family did not agree with this decision and went to court. The parents won the case, and the court ordered the guardianship to issue permission.

The officials decided to go further and tried to appeal against the decision of the city court, but nothing came of it. The Supreme Court of the Republic also sided with the family. He said that in this situation, we are not talking about the alienation of children's property, but about the fact that children get housing with better conditions. And as a result of the exchange, the children will move from the village to the city, and the area of housing they will receive will be larger than before. In addition, the apartment has all the amenities, while the house lacks hot water and a toilet. The fact that relatives take part in the exchange does not in any way violate the rights of children.

It happens that the guardianship authority approves the transaction, but Rosreestr refuses to register it with a link to the same article of the civil code. But even here you can defend your position.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a family bought ⅔ shares in an apartment from relatives for a child, and guardianship allowed this transaction. But Rosreestr refused to register it: the purchase was between close relatives. The family went to court and successfully challenged the position of the registrars.

Rosreestr tried to appeal the city court's decision. But the regional court drew attention to the fact that the child in the transaction, on the contrary, has a direct interest: his living conditions are improving. The court did not see any violations of rights due to the relationship of the participants in the transaction and upheld the decision of the city court.

/share-the-property-quest/

Calculator: what shares to allocate to children so that guardianship does not have questions

Why a barter agreement is better than other options

When a family has several apartments, parents can ask guardianship to allow them to sell children's shares under the obligation that they will give the children shares in their other apartment. This is done because of the same paragraph 3 of article 37 of the civil code, which prohibits transactions for compensation between children and parents. It happens that guardianship allows this scheme, but there are also a lot of refusals.

Donation is a gratuitous transaction and cannot be made under a condition. This means that parents should not demand something from their children in return for the donated apartment. In this situation, the refusal will be difficult to appeal, since the courts are mostly on the side of guardianship.

paragraph 1 of Art. 572 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Another option is to obtain consent to the sale of an apartment with children's shares with the obligation that you put the money that the children receive as a result of this transaction into their personal bank account. Or buy new housing with their help and register it for children. Here, guardianship often comes forward - it allows you to buy a new apartment not immediately, but after six months, and even at the construction stage. But this option will not suit you, because you already have an apartment.

How to transfer children's shares from one housing to another

Contact the guardianship authorities and offer them an exchange agreement. This is the best option, because paid transactions between close people are prohibited, and donations cannot be made under a condition.

Submit documents to the guardianship authorities and wait for permission. If conditions for children improve as a result of the deal, there is a greater chance that the guardianship will miss the deal.

You can draw up an exchange agreement yourself, but you still have to certify it with a notary. The notary will submit the documents for registration with Rosreestr himself.

/guide/rebenok-sobstvennik/

How to sell an apartment owned by a minor

What to do?

Details: Updated: September 18, 2019

The rights of children are no less important and obligatory than the rights of adults, since children need special protection from the state and the international community.

It is most difficult for children to protect their rights themselves, therefore, in international practice, much attention is paid to legislation dedicated to the protection of their basic individual rights.

"The children of the world are innocent, vulnerable and dependent," says the World Declaration for the Survival, Protection and Development of Children.

In accordance with this provision, the international community for the protection of the rights of the child has adopted important documents designed to ensure the protection of the rights of the child throughout the world:

1924 - The "Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child" is adopted within the framework of the League of Nations
1948 - The UN General Assembly adopted the "Declaration of Human Rights", which declared that children have a special right to protection and assistance
1959 - Declaration of the Rights of the Child
1989 - "Convention on the Rights of the Child"
1990 - World Declaration for the Survival, Protection and Development of Children

The fundamental international document in the protection of children is the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The term "child" is defined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child as "a person under the age of eighteen".

"Convention on the Rights of the Child" is a legal document of high international standard and great pedagogical value. It proclaims the child a full-fledged and full-fledged personality, an independent subject of law and calls to build the relationship between an adult and a child on moral and legal norms, which are based on genuine humanism, democracy, respect and respect for the personality of the child, his opinions and views.

Some articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child:

Article 6.1. Children have an inalienable right to life.
Article 8. Children have the right to preserve their individuality.
Article 9 Children have the right to be brought up in a family environment or to be in the care of those who will provide them with the best possible care.
Articles 12, 13, 15. Children have the right to express their opinions and to come together for the purpose of expressing their views.
Article 19. Children have the right to safe living conditions, the right to be protected from all forms of physical and mental violence, insult or abuse.
Article 23.1. Children with disabilities have the right to a full and dignified life in conditions that provide them with dignity, promote self-confidence and facilitate their active participation in society.
Article 23.2. Children with disabilities have the right to special care and education.
Article 24.1. Children have the right to medical care.
Article 24.2. Children have the right to adequate food and sufficient clean water.
Article 27.1. Children have the right to a standard of living necessary for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.
Articles 28, 29. Children have the right to education as an opportunity to attend an educational institution designed to prepare the child for a conscious life in a free society.
Article 30. Children have the right to speak their native language, profess their religion, observe the rites of their culture.
Article 31 Children have the right to rest and leisure, the right to participate in games and recreational activities appropriate to their age, and to freely participate in cultural life and the arts.
Article 32. Children shall not be used as cheap labor.

The protection of children in the Russian Federation is subject to the main provisions developed by the United Nations.

The rights of the child in modern Russia are regulated by legislative documents:

Family Code of the Russian Federation;
Constitution of the Russian Federation;
Legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens;
Law on Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation;
Federal Law on Education;
Law on additional guarantees for the protection of orphans and children left without parents;
Law on social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation.

According to the Family Code of the Russian Federation, children are all persons under 18 years of age. Chapter 11 of the Family Code gives children the following basic rights:

the right to live and be brought up in a family;
the right to protection of legal rights and interests;
the right to communicate with parents and relatives;
the right to a given name, patronymic and surname;
the right to express opinion;
property rights, including the rights of the owner.

The obligations of children in the family are not defined by law. They are established only by the norms of morality, the law cannot force a child to perform any duties in the family. The protection of children's rights in Russia today is organized by the Commissioners for Children's Rights. The Commissioners for Children's Rights solve problems that arise due to cases of domestic violence, juvenile delinquency, drug addiction, homelessness and other non-children's problems.