How do you know if your sperm is fertile
The 7-Step Checklist to Healthy, Fertile Sperm
Overview
Fertility challenges can be tough. On top of the emotions and impact on your relationship, sperm health has historically been tied to the concept of male virility, or “manliness.” Even though that isn’t the case, it can make sperm health a difficult subject to bring up. But being proactive about your sperm health is more important than ever. A 2017 analysis of nearly 43,000 men found that worldwide sperm counts declined significantly from 1973 to 2011. Sex, fertility, and pregnancy is a tricky process, dependent on many factors. Taking measures for healthy sperm is just one small but positive step toward growing your family. Here are some changes you can start implementing right away to keep your sperm strong and your sex drive on full speed.
Why healthy sperm matters
Infertility isn’t just a woman’s problem: One-third of the time, a male factor is identified as the cause of infertility, notes the U. S. National Library of Medicine. Clearly, having healthy sperm is important. But sperm health goes beyond just conceiving. Sperm quality also plays a role in the health of the overall pregnancy and possibly the baby. In studies on mice, stress and obesity in male mice modified the genes carried in their sperm. It made their mice babies more likely to be overweight and stressed. Still, more human studies are needed to examine this possible link.
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Now, let’s define the elements of healthy sperm:
- Quantity (volume). A healthy sperm count is about 15 million or more for every milliliter (mL) of semen. The more you have, the more likely one of them will make it through the female reproductive system to an egg.
- Movement (motility). Not every sperm moves effectively or even at all, but this is normal. Only about 40 percent or more of them need to be movin’ and groovin’ for you to be fertile.
- Shape (morphology).
Healthy sperm have rounded heads and long, strong tails. Shapely sperm are more likely to make it to an egg.
You have control over several things that shape how healthy your sperm is. Here’s what you can do to make those sperm work for you both now and later.
Start boosting your sperm count now
1. Eat well
You are what you eat — and so are your sperm. There are both good nutrients and bad nutrients to consider in keeping sperm healthy. People eating a “Western” diet — consisting of processed meats, grains, dairy, sweets, snacks, and pizza — are especially affected when it comes to sperm motility in comparison to those who eat a diet higher in chicken, fish, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Go light on the processed stuff and eat more lean meats and whole foods. Try some of these foods and vitamins for a sperm boost:
- Vitamin B-12. This potent vitamin is found in meat, fish, and dairy. It has all sorts of positive effects throughout your body.
Among other things, vitamin B-12 protects your sperm from inflammation and oxidative stress caused by harmful free radicals in your body. - Vitamin C. Eating more oranges, berries, potatoes, tomatoes, and spinach can all contribute to a higher sperm count. In some cases, it can even double it after a couple months.
- Nuts. Nuts have long been associated with benefitting sexual health, and the evidence keeps piling on. A 2018 study of 119 men found that a diet high in almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts over a 14-week period increased sperm count by up to 16 percent.
- Lycopene. Lycopene gives foods like tomatoes and watermelons their rich red color. It can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in your body, too. ROS can damage DNA and hurt sperm. Taking 4 to 8 milligrams (mg) of lycopene a day was found to improve sperm count and motility.
2. Exercise regularly, but don’t overdo it
Even light exercise can increase sperm quantity, movement, and shape.
A 2005 study found that the combination of low activity and high body mass index (BMI) contributed directly to poor semen quality. Being overweight or obese can affect testosterone levels, too, which can lower your sex drive. Exercise and weight loss can boost your sperm count and quality in mere weeks. Try going on a 20-minute walk, doing some pushups, or finishing some yardwork. The extra hormones, endorphins, and blood flow can also boost your sex drive. So get moving, but don’t get too crazy. Intense physical activity, especially cycling, jogging, and mountain climbing, are linked to decreased semen quality. This may be due from injury from bicycle seats or scrotum movement or hormone changes from stress. One 2003 study found male rats exposed to high altitudes had lower sperm count, too.
3. Boxers or briefs?
Let’s get right to the point: Your underwear is probably fine, no matter your preference. A 2016 study found pretty much no difference in underwear type and sperm count.
But then, a titillating 2018 study found that men who wore boxers had 17 percent more sperm than men who wore briefs. But don’t go throwing out all your undies just yet. Researchers from the 2018 study warned that results aren’t entirely conclusive because they didn’t measure other factors that affect sperm count, such as type of pants or underwear material. And they also suggest that your body may compensate for the extra heat on your testicles from briefs by releasing more sperm-producing follicle-stimulating hormone. So really, it’s up to you. The evidence only points a little bit more toward boxers as conducive to higher sperm count.
4. Think before you drink alcohol or caffeine
A 2017 review of studies involving almost 20,000 men suggested that caffeine in soda and soft drinks may damage sperm DNA. This can decrease sperm count. Consuming more than three cups a day of caffeinated drinks — whether coffee, energy drinks, or soda — raises the risk of miscarriage. It didn’t matter whether or not the man or woman was downing cold brews.
Both parents were a factor. That said, the review notes two cups of caffeine a day is completely safe. Go easy on the alcohol as well. A 2014 study found that having five or more units of alcohol per week had lower sperm count and motility. The effects increase the more you drink, too. Five units is equal to about:
- 40 ounces of beer
- 25 ounces of wine
- 7.5 ounces of spirits
Another 2017 review of just over 16,000 men found that alcohol affects how many sperm come out in each ejaculation. You don’t need to go cold turkey on the alcohol. Just keep it to four drinks or less per week.
5. Take a supplement
If you’re trying to boost your sperm quality, you can get several important vitamins and minerals through the foods you eat. You also could consider popping a daily supplement to make conceiving a little easier.
Supplements for sperm health
- vitamin C for sperm count and motility
- vitamin D for a testosterone boost if you have a vitamin D deficiency
- zinc if you have low levels
- Ashwagandha root extract for sperm count and motility
- coenzyme Q10 for semen quality
Keep in mind the U.
S. Food and Drug Administration doesn’t regulate the quality or purity of supplements like they do for drugs. Talk to your doctor about the right dosage for you. They can also make sure the supplement won’t interfere with any medications you’re currently taking.
6. Avoid certain chemicals and products
Hormone-disrupting chemicals could be lurking in your workplace, in the air, and maybe even in your personal care products. They’re chemicals known as reproductive hazards. The Centers for Disease Control keeps a comprehensive list. They can affect every aspect of your sperm: count, volume, motility, and shape. The main ones to avoid include:
- lead: found in pipes, paint, soil, and dust, especially in or near old homes
- styrene and acetone: plastic found in plastic dishes, packaging, insulation, and common construction materials
- mercury vapor: found in industrial aerosols and metal dust
- dibromochloropropane: found in some pesticides and research facilities
Most of these chemicals are found in high concentrations in factories or other heavy industrial workplaces.
But some are right in your home or are ingredients in soaps, bodywashes, and plastic containers. The state of California even passed a law, Proposition 65, requiring manufacturers to warn consumers if any ingredients used in their products have been linked to cancer. Check out the latest list here. What can you do?
- Read the ingredients before you buy any product, consumable or otherwise.
- Replace any products that contain these chemicals with natural products.
- Try to replace your plastic items with alternatives, such as glass, stainless steel, silicone, or even biodegradable plastics.
If you and your partner are moving forward with IVF
If you and your partner are having trouble conceiving after trying lifestyle and medical options, you may choose to move forward with in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF consists of using a sperm sample to fertilize an egg from your partner’s or a donor’s ovaries, which is then implanted back in their uterus.
If all goes well, you’ll soon be a dad. For the highest chance of fertilization while undergoing IVF, try every tip we’ve already discussed here. Aim to make these changes long term, but the 30 days leading up to giving your sperm sample is crucial. In the three to four days before you give your sperm sample, you and your partner can fool around, but don’t ejaculate. Also, try to avoid deep penetration so your partner’s cervix doesn’t become irritated. IVF is a costly endeavor, so you want to give this chance at pregnancy the best chance possible. For more information on lifestyle changes you and your partner can make throughout the IVF cycle, check out our 30-Day IVF Guide.
So, how do I know this is going to work?
Talk to your doctor before making any changes to your diet or lifestyle. It’s important to measure your sperm count before and after these changes so you’ll know if they’re working or not. And remember, make these decisions for yourself and your partner — not because you don’t feel “manly” enough or think your sperm count says something about your sexual prowess.
With these changes, and possibly a little help from technology, you could be on your way to growing your family.
Share on Pinterest
Tim Jewell is a writer, editor, and linguist based in Chino Hills, CA. His work has appeared in publications by many leading health and media companies, including Healthline and The Walt Disney Company.
The 7-Step Checklist to Healthy, Fertile Sperm
Overview
Fertility challenges can be tough. On top of the emotions and impact on your relationship, sperm health has historically been tied to the concept of male virility, or “manliness.” Even though that isn’t the case, it can make sperm health a difficult subject to bring up. But being proactive about your sperm health is more important than ever. A 2017 analysis of nearly 43,000 men found that worldwide sperm counts declined significantly from 1973 to 2011. Sex, fertility, and pregnancy is a tricky process, dependent on many factors. Taking measures for healthy sperm is just one small but positive step toward growing your family.
Here are some changes you can start implementing right away to keep your sperm strong and your sex drive on full speed.
Why healthy sperm matters
Infertility isn’t just a woman’s problem: One-third of the time, a male factor is identified as the cause of infertility, notes the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clearly, having healthy sperm is important. But sperm health goes beyond just conceiving. Sperm quality also plays a role in the health of the overall pregnancy and possibly the baby. In studies on mice, stress and obesity in male mice modified the genes carried in their sperm. It made their mice babies more likely to be overweight and stressed. Still, more human studies are needed to examine this possible link.
Share on Pinterest
Now, let’s define the elements of healthy sperm:
- Quantity (volume). A healthy sperm count is about 15 million or more for every milliliter (mL) of semen.
The more you have, the more likely one of them will make it through the female reproductive system to an egg. - Movement (motility). Not every sperm moves effectively or even at all, but this is normal. Only about 40 percent or more of them need to be movin’ and groovin’ for you to be fertile.
- Shape (morphology). Healthy sperm have rounded heads and long, strong tails. Shapely sperm are more likely to make it to an egg.
You have control over several things that shape how healthy your sperm is. Here’s what you can do to make those sperm work for you both now and later.
Start boosting your sperm count now
1. Eat well
You are what you eat — and so are your sperm. There are both good nutrients and bad nutrients to consider in keeping sperm healthy. People eating a “Western” diet — consisting of processed meats, grains, dairy, sweets, snacks, and pizza — are especially affected when it comes to sperm motility in comparison to those who eat a diet higher in chicken, fish, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
Go light on the processed stuff and eat more lean meats and whole foods. Try some of these foods and vitamins for a sperm boost:
- Vitamin B-12. This potent vitamin is found in meat, fish, and dairy. It has all sorts of positive effects throughout your body. Among other things, vitamin B-12 protects your sperm from inflammation and oxidative stress caused by harmful free radicals in your body.
- Vitamin C. Eating more oranges, berries, potatoes, tomatoes, and spinach can all contribute to a higher sperm count. In some cases, it can even double it after a couple months.
- Nuts. Nuts have long been associated with benefitting sexual health, and the evidence keeps piling on. A 2018 study of 119 men found that a diet high in almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts over a 14-week period increased sperm count by up to 16 percent.
- Lycopene. Lycopene gives foods like tomatoes and watermelons their rich red color.
It can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in your body, too. ROS can damage DNA and hurt sperm. Taking 4 to 8 milligrams (mg) of lycopene a day was found to improve sperm count and motility.
2. Exercise regularly, but don’t overdo it
Even light exercise can increase sperm quantity, movement, and shape. A 2005 study found that the combination of low activity and high body mass index (BMI) contributed directly to poor semen quality. Being overweight or obese can affect testosterone levels, too, which can lower your sex drive. Exercise and weight loss can boost your sperm count and quality in mere weeks. Try going on a 20-minute walk, doing some pushups, or finishing some yardwork. The extra hormones, endorphins, and blood flow can also boost your sex drive. So get moving, but don’t get too crazy. Intense physical activity, especially cycling, jogging, and mountain climbing, are linked to decreased semen quality. This may be due from injury from bicycle seats or scrotum movement or hormone changes from stress.
One 2003 study found male rats exposed to high altitudes had lower sperm count, too.
3. Boxers or briefs?
Let’s get right to the point: Your underwear is probably fine, no matter your preference. A 2016 study found pretty much no difference in underwear type and sperm count. But then, a titillating 2018 study found that men who wore boxers had 17 percent more sperm than men who wore briefs. But don’t go throwing out all your undies just yet. Researchers from the 2018 study warned that results aren’t entirely conclusive because they didn’t measure other factors that affect sperm count, such as type of pants or underwear material. And they also suggest that your body may compensate for the extra heat on your testicles from briefs by releasing more sperm-producing follicle-stimulating hormone. So really, it’s up to you. The evidence only points a little bit more toward boxers as conducive to higher sperm count.
4. Think before you drink alcohol or caffeine
A 2017 review of studies involving almost 20,000 men suggested that caffeine in soda and soft drinks may damage sperm DNA.
This can decrease sperm count. Consuming more than three cups a day of caffeinated drinks — whether coffee, energy drinks, or soda — raises the risk of miscarriage. It didn’t matter whether or not the man or woman was downing cold brews. Both parents were a factor. That said, the review notes two cups of caffeine a day is completely safe. Go easy on the alcohol as well. A 2014 study found that having five or more units of alcohol per week had lower sperm count and motility. The effects increase the more you drink, too. Five units is equal to about:
- 40 ounces of beer
- 25 ounces of wine
- 7.5 ounces of spirits
Another 2017 review of just over 16,000 men found that alcohol affects how many sperm come out in each ejaculation. You don’t need to go cold turkey on the alcohol. Just keep it to four drinks or less per week.
5. Take a supplement
If you’re trying to boost your sperm quality, you can get several important vitamins and minerals through the foods you eat.
You also could consider popping a daily supplement to make conceiving a little easier.
Supplements for sperm health
- vitamin C for sperm count and motility
- vitamin D for a testosterone boost if you have a vitamin D deficiency
- zinc if you have low levels
- Ashwagandha root extract for sperm count and motility
- coenzyme Q10 for semen quality
Keep in mind the U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn’t regulate the quality or purity of supplements like they do for drugs. Talk to your doctor about the right dosage for you. They can also make sure the supplement won’t interfere with any medications you’re currently taking.
6. Avoid certain chemicals and products
Hormone-disrupting chemicals could be lurking in your workplace, in the air, and maybe even in your personal care products. They’re chemicals known as reproductive hazards. The Centers for Disease Control keeps a comprehensive list. They can affect every aspect of your sperm: count, volume, motility, and shape.
The main ones to avoid include:
- lead: found in pipes, paint, soil, and dust, especially in or near old homes
- styrene and acetone: plastic found in plastic dishes, packaging, insulation, and common construction materials
- mercury vapor: found in industrial aerosols and metal dust
- dibromochloropropane: found in some pesticides and research facilities
Most of these chemicals are found in high concentrations in factories or other heavy industrial workplaces. But some are right in your home or are ingredients in soaps, bodywashes, and plastic containers. The state of California even passed a law, Proposition 65, requiring manufacturers to warn consumers if any ingredients used in their products have been linked to cancer. Check out the latest list here. What can you do?
- Read the ingredients before you buy any product, consumable or otherwise.
- Replace any products that contain these chemicals with natural products.
- Try to replace your plastic items with alternatives, such as glass, stainless steel, silicone, or even biodegradable plastics.
If you and your partner are moving forward with IVF
If you and your partner are having trouble conceiving after trying lifestyle and medical options, you may choose to move forward with in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF consists of using a sperm sample to fertilize an egg from your partner’s or a donor’s ovaries, which is then implanted back in their uterus. If all goes well, you’ll soon be a dad. For the highest chance of fertilization while undergoing IVF, try every tip we’ve already discussed here. Aim to make these changes long term, but the 30 days leading up to giving your sperm sample is crucial. In the three to four days before you give your sperm sample, you and your partner can fool around, but don’t ejaculate. Also, try to avoid deep penetration so your partner’s cervix doesn’t become irritated. IVF is a costly endeavor, so you want to give this chance at pregnancy the best chance possible.
For more information on lifestyle changes you and your partner can make throughout the IVF cycle, check out our 30-Day IVF Guide.
So, how do I know this is going to work?
Talk to your doctor before making any changes to your diet or lifestyle. It’s important to measure your sperm count before and after these changes so you’ll know if they’re working or not. And remember, make these decisions for yourself and your partner — not because you don’t feel “manly” enough or think your sperm count says something about your sexual prowess. With these changes, and possibly a little help from technology, you could be on your way to growing your family.
Share on Pinterest
Tim Jewell is a writer, editor, and linguist based in Chino Hills, CA. His work has appeared in publications by many leading health and media companies, including Healthline and The Walt Disney Company.
what could be wrong
A man submits sperm for analysis to find out the chances of paternity.
Difficulties arise at the stage of deciphering the results, and it is difficult to understand the cause of deviations - they are influenced by many factors. We figure out what indicators are talking about what and what to do if they are outside the normal range.
What is it
Spermogram - analysis of the state of the male reproductive system, the first study in case of suspected infertility. You can take it in almost any clinic, but preparation is needed.
For three days, a man refuses sexual activity and masturbation. Also, within 3-4 days, it is recommended to give up alcohol, smoking, hot baths or baths, overwork or go to bed late.
“There is a magic figure - 74 days. During this period, sperm is renewed. Therefore, we, reproductive specialists, advise you to refrain from alcohol and baths 2-3 months before planning a pregnancy, ”says gynecologist, reproductive specialist Anastasia Mokrova.
In the spermogram, both the substance itself and the characteristics of germ cells are evaluated.
Its criteria were established by the WHO.
How ejaculate is evaluated
Normal semen is greyish-white or milky in color, not too viscous, with a slightly alkaline pH: normally 7.2.
The material is examined 10-60 minutes after receipt. During this time, it is treated with enzymes, and the viscosity decreases. If it persists, prostate inflammation or infection may be suspected.
There may be leukocytes in semen: up to 1 million per ml. There should be no erythrocytes - they indicate damage, obstruction of the urinary tract, or even a tumor.
The serving volume should not be less than 1.5 ml. But the decrease is not as serious as the complete absence - aspermia. If you fail to donate ejaculate, you need to consult a doctor.
Spermatozoa have three main quality criteria - quantity, motility and structure. Each of them affects the likelihood of conception.
Quantity
Distinguish between the concentration of spermatozoa and the total number.
The first is the number in one ml, the second is in the entire material. The concentration rate is from 15 million / ml, the amount is from 39 million for the entire ejaculate.
If the spermatozoa are less than normal, this is oligozoospermia, when there are none at all, it is azoospermia. A decrease is not as dangerous as a complete absence. But even in this case, there is a way out - drugs or surgery, and when it is not possible to cure - IVF with testicular puncture to obtain spermatozoa.
There are many reasons for oligozoospermia. It occurs with varicocele - varicose veins of the spermatic cord, genital infections, urinary tract obstruction or hormonal imbalance.
Azoospermia in half of the cases is the result of a genetic factor. The normal set of sex chromosomes in males is XY. If one of the sections of the Y chromosome breaks, the man will not produce sperm. To identify this, the doctor sends the man for karyotyping - analysis of the chromosome set.
Mobility
A slow or immobile sperm will not reach the egg and conception will not occur. If the egg is fertilized by a sperm with reduced motility, the pregnancy may be terminated.
It is important to evaluate not only the speed, but also the nature of the movement. According to these parameters, spermatozoa are divided into four categories:
- A - fast forward movement
- B - slow or sluggish forward movement
- C - non-translational movement
- D - fixed.
Normally, at least 32% of all spermatozoa are from group A and B. Anything below is the most common deviation, which is called asthenozoospermia.
If there are more than 60% immobile spermatozoa, a viability test is performed. The norm is 58% or more of live spermatozoa, less - pathology. The more immobile and dead sperm, the worse.
There are no separate causes of asthenozoospermia. These are the same unfavorable factors that reduce concentration.
Doctors include not only infections and inflammations, but also harmful behavioral and environmental factors: smoking, alcohol abuse, stress, living in a city with poor environmental conditions.
Impaired mobility often occurs when spermatozoa are deformed - without a tail, it is difficult for a spermatozoon to move through the cervical mucus to the egg.
Building
Morphology affects movement and fertility. A normal spermatozoon consists of a head, middle part and tail. The acrosome is located on the head - an organ inside which there are enzymes that dissolve the egg cell membrane in order to fertilize it. The head contains the genetic material, while the neck contains mitochondria, which provide the sperm with the energy to move. Normal spermatozoa should be at least 4% of all in the material. When there are fewer of them, they write "teratozoospermia" in the conclusion.
Its cause is difficult to establish. Most often, this is damage to genetic material or a side effect of a drug, varicocele is the expansion of the veins of the scrotum, the toxic effects of smoking, alcohol or drugs, oxidative stress is the action of free radicals.
Morphological parameters change quite quickly, including for the better.
Why MAR test is needed
This is an analysis for immunological infertility. Normally, spermatozoa are foreign cells for a man's body. If not for a special barrier, they would have been attacked by antisperm antibodies - "tuned" to search for spermatozoa. This is what happens with immunological infertility. A positive MAR test means that at least half of the spermatozoa are affected by antibodies. The higher its value, the worse the prognosis.
How to choose a laboratory
All of them must evaluate the ejaculate according to WHO standards, but there are still differences. Anastasia Mokrova recommends taking the test at the clinic.
“It is best to take this analysis at the IVF clinic in which you are planning treatment. There, embryologists do the analysis on their own and see what they have to work with firsthand. In ordinary laboratories in the city, sperm analyzers are used, which are also used in animal husbandry.
They give approximate indicators, ”explains the doctor.
What to do if the results are not encouraging
The first step is to see a doctor. Two specialists deal with the problems of male reproductive health: a urologist-andrologist and a reproductive specialist.
“If in a family with regular sexual life without contraception, pregnancy does not occur within a year, you need to go to the doctor. Often a couple comes to a reproductive specialist, is examined, and the man has deviations in the spermogram. Then he is referred to a urologist-andrologist to identify the cause of the deviations, to determine the possibility of improving the performance, ”says Konstantin Lokshin, MD, urologist, andrologist at GMS Clinic.
It is possible that poor performance is the result of improper preparation or laboratory assistant error. In this case, the doctor will offer to hand over the material again.
“There are situational factors that negatively affect spermogram indicators - visiting a bathhouse, sauna, an illness accompanied by fever.
Sometimes a person retakes the test - and the indicators are normal. And there are factors that are negative in the long term: smoking, stress, exposure, various drugs. Treatment may be needed here,” says Anastasia Mokrova.
The second step is treatment. Sometimes just changing your lifestyle is enough: giving up smoking and alcohol, changing your profession to a less harmful one, playing sports. If this is not enough, the doctor prescribes treatment. For example, with a varicocele, the doctor may suggest an operation to eliminate the disturbed venous outflow.
How to improve performance
Self-medication is useless, and sometimes even dangerous - the effectiveness of most dietary supplements claimed to improve fertility has not been proven. A possible exception is L-carnitine, its action is associated with improved sperm motility.
“L-carnitine preparations can really improve mobility and increase the concentration of spermatozoa,” confirms Konstantin Lokshin.
Another important element is folic acid. When there is too little of it in the seminal fluid, damage to the genetic material becomes greater. Another key micronutrient is zinc. Its deficiency is associated with male infertility and poor sperm quality. Zinc deficiency often occurs in smokers. Researchers recommend quitting smoking or, failing that, taking a zinc supplement.
Sperm counts are influenced by many factors. You may have to take the test a second and third time - this is important to understand how serious the problem is, or undergo other procedures.
“The urologist-andrologist treats the identified pathology of the reproductive system after all examinations, and not just spermograms,” Konstantin Leonidovich adds, “We must understand what caused the deviations and what we can fix. If we cannot make a man conceive a child on his own, we send him to a reproductive specialist to use assisted reproductive technology.
”
How to convince a man to check his health
Articles about men's health are usually read by women - men are less likely to be interested in them. If a couple does not have children for a long time with regular sex life without contraception, women tend to blame themselves and be examined alone. This is a mistake: both should go to the doctor. Here are some tips to help you convince:
Support. Often men are not afraid of the procedure itself, but of an unfavorable result. Infertility is a blow to male self-esteem. Make it clear that you will be there for any test result.
Explain. Talk more often about how you care about your partner and want him to be healthy.
Talk. Sometimes men are afraid to admit that they do not want children or are not ready for offspring. Because of this, they delay going to the doctor. Make sure you hear your partner and respect their opinion, whatever it may be.
INVITRO.
Sperm examination, find out the prices for tests and take them in Moscow - Examination of newborns to identify hereditary metabolism diseases
- Additional studies (after screening and consultation of a specialist)
- Study of water quality
- Research on the quality of the soil
- Settlement tests performed according to the results of stiatoskrin without blood capture
