Hcg number chart

hCG Levels Chart and Calculator

What is a normal hCG level early in pregnancy?

hCG levels rise during the first 6 to 10 weeks of pregnancy then decline slowly during the second and third trimesters. As your pregnancy develops, the increase slows down significantly. Between 1,200 and 6,000 mIU/ml serum, the hCG usually takes about 72-96 hours to double, and above 6,000 mIU/ml, the hCG often takes over four or more days to double.

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It makes little sense to follow the hCG values above 6,000 mIU/ml as at this point the increase is normally slower and not related to how well the pregnancy is doing. In most normal pregnancies at an hCG level below 1,200 mIU/ml, the hCG usually doubles every 48-72 hours. At levels below 6,000 mIU/ml, the hCG levels normally increase by at least 60% every 2-3 days. A rise of at least 35% over 48 hours can still be considered normal.

Slower than expected hCG increases are more consistent with abnormal pregnancies such as miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies, and decreases are usually associated with failed pregnancies such as miscarriages or chemical pregnancies. 

In many early pregnancies, the hCG level will double every 31 to 72 hours. As the pregnancy progresses, hCG levels rise and the doubling time increases.

• In a study of 20 patients in the first 40 days of pregnancy, the hCG concentration rose by at least 66 percent every 48 hours in 85 percent of viable IUPs; but still, 15 percent of viable pregnancies had a rate of hCG rise less than this threshold. (Kadar 1981)
• An increase of >=35% in 48 hours can still be considered normal (Seeber 2006; Morse 2012)

After 6-7 weeks of the pregnancy, the best indication of a healthy pregnancy is a good fetal heartbeat on a sonogram. Blood hCG levels are not very helpful to test for the viability of the pregnancy if the hCG level is well over 6,000 and/or after 6-7 weeks of the pregnancy. Instead, a sonogram should be done to confirm the presence of a fetal heartbeat. Once a fetal heartbeat is seen, it is not recommended to check the pregnancy viability with hCG levels anymore. 

How does hCG change throughout pregnancy?

After two to three months, the increase will slow even further, and eventually, hCG levels may even decline before reaching a plateau for the duration of the pregnancy. Doctors will often use the quantitative blood test if they are closely monitoring the development of pregnancy but above a level of about 6,000 mIU/ml that makes no sense because at this point a sonogram provides better information about the pregnancy.

One single hCG value does not tell you much about the viability of the pregnancy and there is a wide range of normal hCG levels in pregnancy. In fact, one of the problems with doing urine pregnancy testing is that many women who have irregular periods are unsure exactly when ovulation/fertilization happened. That is why adjusting hCG levels for ovulation instead of by last periods provide more exact normalized hCG tables. In general, the best indication of a healthy pregnancy other than a normal rise of hCG is a good fetal heartbeat after 6-7 weeks. 

Read More:
hCG Levels and Sex of Fetus
Negative Pregnancy Test: Can I Still Be Pregnant?
Early Signs You May Be Pregnant

Sources:

• Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Rinaudo PF, et al. Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:50.
• Silva C, Sammel MD, Zhou L, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin profile for women with ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107:605.
• Kadar N, Caldwell BV, Romero R. A method of screening for ectopic pregnancy and its indications. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58:162.
• Seeber BE, Sammel MD, Guo W, et al. Application of redefined human chorionic gonadotropin curves for the diagnosis of women at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:454.
• Morse CB, Sammel MD, Shaunik A, et al. Performance of human chorionic gonadotropin curves in women at risk for ectopic pregnancy: exceptions to the rules. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:101.
• Kadar N, DeVore G, Romero R. Discriminatory hCG zone: its use in the sonographic evaluation for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58:156.

Beta hCG doubling time calculator and charts

First β-hCG level

mIU/mL

Second β-hCG level

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Time between tests

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Difference

Doubling time

One day increase

Two day increase

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Human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG, is the hormone your body produces when you are pregnant. In fact, hCG showing up in your blood or urine is one of the earliest signs of pregnancy, which is why lots of people are eager to know more about normal hCG levels.

Get started with our hCG calculator now (above) to work out your hCG levels at home by entering the results of two blood tests and the time between those tests. Then scroll down for everything you need to know about hCG levels in early pregnancy. 

Remember that hCG calculator tools and hCG level charts can help you learn more about the part hCG plays in pregnancy. But they are for informational purposes only, not a replacement for medical advice nor a self-diagnosis tool. Your doctor should always be your first port of call when it comes to tracking and explaining hCG progression.

Medically reviewed by

Dr. Angela Jones

Obstetrician and gynecologist, attending physician, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, New Jersey, US

First up, you might be wondering when hCG starts to show up. The pregnancy hormone can be picked up in your urine and your blood once the embryo attaches itself to the uterine wall (between days 6 and 14 after the sperm has fertilized the egg).

A positive test confirms you’re pregnant. At-home pregnancy tests work by detecting hCG in your pee — normally from days 5 to 10 after your expected period, but some sensitive tests can detect it as early as 10 days after conception. 

Dr. Sara Matthews, consultant gynecologist and fertility specialist at London’s Portland Hospital, says, “Home pregnancy tests using urine are very accurate. A positive result pretty much means you are pregnant, but before you celebrate or panic, make sure you are reading the test correctly — always check the instructions! A negative result may mean it’s simply too early to test, so if a period is delayed, the test should be repeated 2 to 3 days later.”

Your doctor can request an in-clinic blood test to check for hCG. “This can be useful if there has been bleeding and a miscarriage is possible,” Dr. Matthews explains. “It can also help the doctor if an ectopic pregnancy is suspected (a pregnancy that has implanted outside the womb).” 

We now know that hCG in your urine and blood can show you’re pregnant, but that’s not all. Your health care provider can also learn more about how your pregnancy might be progressing from the hCG levels in your blood. 

“A pregnancy cannot be detected reliably by ultrasound until six weeks of pregnancy, so sometimes blood levels are monitored before then,” explains Dr. Matthews.

Let’s look at what different hCG levels can mean with a little help from Dr. Matthews: 

• Higher than average hCG levels might indicate that you’re having twins or triplets, but you’ll need an ultrasound scan to confirm this. “A normal blood level for hCG on the day a period is due (14 days after ovulation) is 40 to 120 mIU/mL, but levels are up to 400 in multiple pregnancies!” she says. Higher than average hCG levels could also suggest your due date is wrong (you’re further along in your pregnancy than you thought!). Sadly, they can also indicate a molar pregnancy (when the placenta grows abnormally). “[Molar] pregnancy always ends in miscarriage, and careful monitoring of the hCG levels may be required for up to six months,” says Dr. Matthews.
• Falling hCG levels within the first six weeks could mean you’re at higher risk of having a miscarriage. If you’re worried about your hCG levels, then speak to your doctor right away.
• Lower than average hCG levels “might indicate that the pregnancy implanted a day or two later than expected,” Dr. Matthews says. It could also mean an ectopic pregnancy or a “biochemical” pregnancy. A biochemical pregnancy is a very early miscarriage where the embryo implants, but only for a few days, and a late period happens before a scan to confirm a pregnancy can be done. Again, speak to your doctor if you think this might apply to you.

It’s important to remember that hCG levels are not a diagnosis on their own. They are just a sign that your doctor might need to do more tests. The tool above is designed for informational purposes only; you should always reach out to your health care provider for early pregnancy advice and support.

hCG levels in our blood change during the first trimester, rising rapidly. 

Nonpregnant women have less than 5 milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/mL). “A normal blood level for hCG on the day a period is due (14 days after ovulation) is 40 to 120 mIU/mL,” Dr. Matthews says. 

Levels should then double every 48 hours from weeks four to six, but that isn’t the case for everyone. hCG can vary from person to person and still mean a pregnancy is normal. In fact, a 2017 study into hCG found that “the slowest or minimal rise for a normal viable intrauterine pregnancy was 24% at one day and 53% at two days. More recently, a rise of 35% over 48 hours was proposed as the minimal increase consistent with a viable intrauterine pregnancy.” 

Dr. Matthews adds that “hCG levels peak at around eight [to ten] weeks of pregnancy. [They] are unreliable after that, but at that stage, ultrasound is used [anyway].”

Remember that hCG levels vary from person to person and can be lower than average, so the above beta hCG chart should only be used as a rough guide.

It’s important not to get fixated on hCG doubling time because, as we’ve learned, every pregnancy is different. That means your hCG levels might not double but are totally normal for you. 

That said, it’s useful to know how hCG doubling time works in theory. Over to Dr. Matthews again: “An hCG level should double every 48 hours from four to six weeks [of pregnancy]. A level that does not double should be rechecked after another two days as it might indicate a failing pregnancy or a PUO (pregnancy of unknown origin). 

“But an initially high level can also fall in a multiple pregnancy when one baby stops growing. In this situation, the other baby is not affected by that unless twins or triplets are identical (they come from one embryo that split when it’s implanted).”

Speak to your doctor to put your hCG levels into context.

“A miscarriage is likely if the hCG level falls in the first six weeks of pregnancy, but don’t forget that it can also fall from a high level with an early ‘vanishing twin,’ so if no bleeding has happened by six weeks, then always scan to find more information,” Dr. Matthews says. 

“That is also of course an essential way to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, commonly called a PUO (pregnancy of unknown origin), in the early stages that might be resolving itself without the need for an operation.

“A negative urine hCG pregnancy test is registered when the level of hormone drops below 4 mIU/mL [or the test sensitivity threshold]. A period will inevitably start within 1 to 2 days.”

In the early stages of pregnancy? We’ve got plenty of personalized information to help you track your baby’s development and changes to your body, week by week. Download the app now to get started.

References

Updated November 28 2022

HCG norms by weeks of pregnancy

Content

1. Table of average hCG norms
2. Table of average hCG norms for carrying twins
3. Table of average hCG values ​​after IVF with engrafted twins
4. Guidelines for free β-hCG subunit
5. Norm РАРР-А
6. What if I am at high risk? nine0008
7. How to confirm or deny the results of screening?
8. The doctor says I need an abortion. What to do?

One of the main tests during pregnancy is the study of the level of pregnancy hormone - hCG or human chorionic gonadotropin. If future mothers want to know if the hormone level is normal, we made a summary table of values ​​

Table of average hCG norms:

Gestation period	HCG in mIU/ml	HCG in ng/ml
1-2 weeks	25-156	5-25 (doubtful result)	-
2-3 weeks	101-4870	5-25 (doubtful result)	-
3-4 weeks	1100 – 31500	25-156	-
4-5 weeks	2560 – 82300	-
5-6 weeks	23100 – 151000	1110 -31500	-
6-7 weeks	27300 – 233000	2560 -82300	-
7-11 weeks	20900 – 291000	23100 -233000	23. 7 - 130.4
11-16 weeks	6140 – 103000	20900 -103000	17.4 - 50.0
Weeks 16-21	4720 – 80100	6140 – 80100	4.67 - 33.3
21-39 weeks	2700 – 78100	2700 -78100	-

Table of average hCG norms for carrying twins:

Table of average values ​​of hCG after IVF with accustomed twins:

Free hCG β-subunit limits

Free hCG β-subunit measurement is more accurate in determining the risk of Down syndrome in an unborn child than measuring total hCG.

Norms for free β-hCG subunit in the first trimester:

Norms in ng / ml may vary in different laboratories, therefore the data indicated is not final, and in any case you should consult your doctor. If the result is indicated in MoM, then the norms are the same for all laboratories and for all analyzes: from 0.5 to 2 MoM. nine0349

If hCG is not normal, then:

1. If the free β-hCG subunit is higher than normal for your gestational age, or more than 2 MoM, then the child has an increased risk of Down syndrome.
2. If the free hCG β-subunit is below normal for your gestational age, or is less than 0.5 MoM, then the baby is at increased risk of Edwards syndrome.

PAPP-A norm

PAPP-A, or "pregnancy-associated plasma protein A" as it is called, is the second indicator used in biochemical screening of the first trimester. The level of this protein constantly increases during pregnancy, and deviations in the indicator may indicate various diseases in the unborn child. nine0003

Norm for PAPP-A depending on the duration of pregnancy:

Gestational period, weeks	HCG in ng/ml
8-9 weeks	0.17 - 1.54 mU/ml, or 0.5 to 2 MoM
9-10 weeks	0.32 - 2.42 mU/ml or 0.5 to 2 MoM
10-11 weeks	0.46 - 3.73 mU/ml, or 0.5 to 2 MoM
11-12 weeks	0.79– 4.76 mU/ml, or 0.5 to 2 MoM
12-13 weeks	1. 03 - 6.01 mU/ml, or 0.5 to 2 MoM
13-14 weeks	1.47 - 8.54 mU/ml, or 0.5 to 2 MoM

Norms in ng / ml may vary in different laboratories, therefore the data indicated is not final, and in any case you should consult your doctor. If the result is indicated in MoM, then the norms are the same for all laboratories and for all analyzes: from 0.5 to 2 MoM. nine0349

If PAPP-A is abnormal:

1. If PAPP-A is lower for your gestational age, or less than 0.5 MoM, your baby is at increased risk of Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome.
2. If PAPP-A is higher than normal for your gestational age, or more than 2 MoM, but other screening values ​​are normal, then there is no cause for concern.

Studies have shown that women with elevated PAPP-A levels during pregnancy are not at greater risk of fetal disease or pregnancy complications than other women with normal PAPP-A. nine0003

What if I am at high risk?

If your screening reveals an increased risk of having a baby with Down syndrome, then this is not a reason to terminate the pregnancy. You will be referred for a consultation with a geneticist who, if necessary, will recommend examinations: chorionic villus biopsy or amniocentesis

How to confirm or refute the screening results?

If you think that the screening was not done correctly, then you should be re-examined at another clinic, but for this you need to retake all the tests and undergo an ultrasound. This method is possible only if the gestational age at the time of the examination does not exceed 13 weeks and 6 days. nine0003

The doctor says I need an abortion. What to do?

Unfortunately, there are times when a doctor strongly recommends or even forces an abortion based on the screening results. Remember: no doctor has the right to such actions. Screening is not a definitive method for diagnosing Down syndrome and, based on poor results alone, a pregnancy should not be terminated.

Say that you want to consult a geneticist and undergo diagnostic procedures for Down syndrome (or other disease): chorionic villus biopsy (if you are 10-13 weeks pregnant) or amniocentesis (if you are 16-17 weeks pregnant). nine0003

The author of the article:

Ananyina Anna Alexandrovna

Obstetrician-gynecologist

Work experience since 2010
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Eat more foods rich in iron: beef tongue, liver, buckwheat and oatmeal, prunes, dried apricots, green apples, etc. But diet alone will not work to raise hemoglobin. nine0455 Medical therapy with iron supplements is required. If the problem is associated with insufficient intake of iron into the body, one set of drugs is needed, if with absorption, another. The doctor must select drugs.
Injection therapy may be required for more severe anemia.

If there are no contraindications, natural childbirth is possible. Only an obstetrician-gynecologist should decide on the possibility of EP.

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With an increase in the duration of pregnancy and the growth of the baby, the uterus increases - this can lead to increased tone. Sometimes tension arises in response to the movements of the child. Strong physical exertion, stress, overwork of a pregnant woman can also lead to increased tone. nine0455 In early pregnancy, uterine tone may be associated primarily with reduced progesterone production. In this case, the doctor prescribes the patient treatment with progesterone preparations.
Symptoms of increased tone
All pregnant women experience tone differently. Someone - like heaviness and tension in the lower abdomen. Others - as a pulling pain in the lumbar region. In the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, a woman can feel the tone by putting her hand on her stomach: the uterus becomes "stone", then relaxes. nine0003

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HCG rate during pregnancy. Table of hCG values ​​by week. Elevated HCG. Low HCG. HCG in ectopic pregnancy. hCG during IVF (hCG after replanting, hCG at 14 dpo). nine0001

hCG or beta-hCG or total hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone produced during pregnancy. HCG is formed by the placenta, which nourishes the fetus after fertilization and implantation (attachment to the wall of the uterus).

• What is hCG (= beta-hCG)
• When to donate blood for hCG
• HCG norm. Deciphering the analysis of hCG. HCG level during pregnancy
• Normal HCG doubling time
• HCG norms by week. HCG table
• Low hCG. What does hCG below normal mean?
• Negative hCG or hCG indicative of non-pregnancy with missed period
• hCG and biochemical pregnancy
• hCG and ectopic pregnancy
• Elevated hCG. What can hCG levels above normal mean?
• HCG and multiple pregnancy. hcg and twins.
• Blister drift
• HCG test after embryo transfer. HCG for IVF
• hCG and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
• Elevated hCG levels in non-pregnant women and men
• How does hCG change after miscarriage, abortion, childbirth?
• What medications affect hCG levels?

What is hCG (= beta-hCG)

HCG or beta-hCG or total hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone produced during pregnancy. HCG is formed by the placenta, which nourishes the fetus after fertilization and implantation (attachment to the wall of the uterus). HCG is measured in mIU/mL (mile international units per milliliter). nine0003

HCG partially crosses the placental barrier. The level of hCG in newborns is approximately 1/400 of the level in maternal blood. And it is approximately 10-50 mIU / ml at birth. The half-life is 2-3 days. Thus, at 3 months of life, the level in newborns corresponds to the norm of hCG for an adult.

When to donate blood for hCG

An increase in hCG in the blood can be detected a few days before the expected menstruation. The optimal time for a blood test to determine hCG is after a missed period. nine0003

A single determination of hCG cannot be used to diagnose miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.

HCG norm. Deciphering the analysis of hCG. HCG level during pregnancy

An hCG level of less than 5 mIU / ml indicates the absence of pregnancy or that the test was taken too early. The level of hCG is above 25 mIU / ml - about the presence of pregnancy.

On average, a doubling of hCG levels occurs every 36-72 hours. HCG levels peak at term 9-11 weeks of pregnancy (from the date of the last menstruation) and further decreases until the 15th week of pregnancy, remaining unchanged during the remainder of the pregnancy. In 85% of cases, the level of hCG in the early stages doubles every 48-72 hours. As pregnancy progresses, the doubling time for hCG levels increases to 96 hours.

Normal HCG doubling time

HCG level Doubling time
1200 mIU/ml 48-72 hours
1200 – 6000 mIU/ml 72-96 hours
More than 6000 mIU/ml More than 96 hours

hcg calculator

At what hCG value should an ultrasound be done?

After reaching an hCG level of 1000 - 2000 mIU / ml, a fetal egg can be visualized by ultrasound. Since the level of hCG has a large variability, and the date of conception can be erroneous, the gestational age is determined by ultrasound or IVF data, but not by hCG.
A single determination of hCG is not enough, since it is important to evaluate the growth dynamics of the hormone every 48-72 hours. nine0003

HCG norms by week. HCG table

Indicator (p.m. - from the date of the last menstruation)	Minimum	Maximum
Non-pregnant women	0	5.3
Pregnancy 3 - 4 weeks	sixteen nine0032	156
Pregnancy 4 - 5 weeks	101	4870
Pregnancy 5 - 6 weeks	1110	31500
Pregnancy 6 - 7 weeks	2560	82300 nine0032
Pregnancy 7 - 8 weeks	23100	151000
Pregnancy 8 - 9 weeks	27300	233000
Pregnancy 9 - 13 weeks	20900	291000
Pregnancy 13 - 18 weeks	6140	103000
Pregnancy 18 - 23 weeks	4720	80100
Pregnancy 23 - 41 weeks	2700	78100

These ranges are provided as a guide and should not be used to interpret a particular hCG assay. nine0003

Low hCG. What does hCG below normal mean?

• Not pregnant
• Error in calculating the gestational age
• Pregnancy arrest or miscarriage, biochemical pregnancy
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Threat of spontaneous abortion

Negative hCG or hCG indicative of non-pregnancy with missed period

It is necessary to repeat the analysis for hCG in 1-2 days, perhaps the pregnancy came later than expected. If the level of hCG does not rise, it is necessary to look for other reasons for the delay in menstruation.

hCG and biochemical pregnancy

The so-called "biochemical pregnancy" is a condition in which an increase in hCG above normal was detected, but the pregnancy did not continue to develop. The level of hCG in this case rises slightly, and then in a short time decreases to zero values. nine0003

HCG and ectopic pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the fertilized egg is outside the uterine cavity. With an ectopic pregnancy, there may be pain in the lower abdomen, spotting. The level of hCG during an ectopic (ectopic) pregnancy may not increase as quickly and not as significantly as with a normally developing uterine pregnancy. However, the low level of hCG does not allow such a conclusion to be made unambiguously. Starting with an hCG level of 1000 mIU / ml, a fetal egg can be detected in the uterine cavity. With an hCG level of 2000 mIU / ml and the absence of a fetal egg in the uterine cavity during ultrasound, the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy is significant. nine0003

Increased hCG. What can hCG levels above normal mean?

• Error in calculation of gestational age
• Blister drift
• Multiple pregnancy
• Complications of pregnancy (preeclampsia)
• Maternal diabetes mellitus
• Taking synthetic gestagens
• Risk of fetal malformations

HCG and multiple pregnancy. hcg and twins. nine0612

The level of hCG in a multiple pregnancy is higher than in a single pregnancy, but the rate of increase in hCG is the same in both cases.

Blister

Vesicular drift is a rare complication of pregnancy in which the level of hCG will be significantly increased, on average 2 times higher than the average value for a given period. For example, the possible level of hCG with cystic mole for 36 days from the first day of the last menstruation can reach 200,000 mIU / ml, while with a normally developing pregnancy, hCG will be from 1,200 to 36,000 mIU / ml. nine0003

HCG test after embryo transfer. HCG in IVF

An hCG test is performed approximately 2 weeks after embryo transfer (12-14 days after transfer (dpp)). Usually the level of hCG at 14 dpo is more than 100 mIU / ml.

If the hCG level is less than 25 mIU / ml, pregnancy has not occurred. If the hCG level is more than 25, the test is repeated after 2 days, with the development of pregnancy, its level should increase. The hCG level will double approximately every 48 hours until 21 days after infusion. nine0003

Higher hCG values ​​(300-400 mIU / ml) are more likely to indicate multiple pregnancy.

hCG and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

In patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, hCG levels should be interpreted with caution. These patients may develop edema, which leads to thickening of the blood, which can lead to a false increase in the level of hCG, and when the blood composition is normal, to a false absence of an increase in the level of hCG. nine0003

HCG in later pregnancy

The test for hCG is also included in the prenatal screening of the second trimester - an analysis that allows you to assess the risk of developing fetal defects.

Elevated hCG levels in non-pregnant women and men

Outside of pregnancy, hCG can be produced by the cells of some tumors (seminoma, testicular teratoma, neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract (including pancreas, liver, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer). nine0003

With successful treatment of an hCG-producing tumor, the hCG level should decrease to normal.

How does hCG change after miscarriage, abortion, childbirth?

In most cases, the level of hCG decreases. The half-life of hCG is 24-36 hours. The speed of reaching zero hCG values ​​depends on what exactly happened: spontaneous miscarriage, abortion, childbirth, curettage) and how high the hCG level was at the time of pregnancy loss. Doctors recommend continuing to assess hCG levels until levels are below 5 mIU/mL. If the hCG level remains high, you should consult a doctor. nine0003

What drugs affect hCG levels?

The level of hCG is affected by drugs that contain hCG (Pregnil, Horagon).

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Pregnancy tests in the CIR Laboratories

In our laboratory, you can undergo a complete examination at the onset of pregnancy, take tests at any time, and in our clinics you can conclude an agreement on pregnancy management.

• Online hCG calculator during pregnancy

  The hCG calculator is used to calculate the increase in hCG (the difference between two tests taken at different times).

  The increase in hCG is important for assessing the development of pregnancy. Normally, in the early stages of pregnancy, hCG increases by about 2 times every two days. As the hormone levels increase, the rate of increase decreases. nine0003

• False positive pregnancy test or why hCG is positive but not pregnant?

  When can a pregnancy test be positive?

• The norm of a complete blood count during pregnancy. Hemoglobin, platelets, hematocrit, erythrocytes and leukocytes during pregnancy. Clinical blood test during pregnancy. Hematological changes during pregnancy.

  Translation of materials from UpTodate.com
  A normal pregnancy is characterized by significant changes in almost all organs and systems to adapt to the requirements of the fetoplacental complex, including changes in blood tests during pregnancy.

• Risk assessment of pregnancy complications using prenatal screening

  Prenatal screening data allow assessing not only the risks of congenital pathology, but also the risk of other pregnancy complications: intrauterine fetal death, late toxicosis, intrauterine hypoxia, etc.

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