Dog and pregnancy risk

Pregnancy Concerns in Pets | VCA Animal Hospital

Congratulations! Your furry family member is expecting! Most pregnancies and deliveries go smoothly, but as a caring pet owner (a.k.a. soon-to-be grandparent), you should be prepared for the unexpected. Here is what you should know about common pregnancy complications.

Pregnancy Basics

Unlike their human owners, who carry babies for 9 months, cats and dogs are pregnant for about 2 months (61-65 days; average 63 days). During that time, lots of changes occur in the pet’s body. Some you see (bulging bellies) and some you do not. You should recognize the often subtle signs of trouble and know when to intervene so that your baby and your baby’s babies all thrive.

Common Pregnancy Complications

1. Pre-eclampsia

During pregnancy and nursing, growing babies tap into their mother’s calcium supply to form bones and teeth. Sometimes, the mother’s body cannot keep up with the increased demands for calcium. If the mother’s blood level of calcium falls too low (hypocalcemia), a serious condition called pre-eclampsia can occur.

"A dog or cat with pre-eclampsia may become restless, nervous, and disoriented."

A dog or cat with pre-eclampsia may become restless, nervous, and disoriented. Her legs get stiff, causing her to walk with a stilted gait. She may pant as her body temperature and respiratory rate increase. In severe cases, tetany (extreme rigidity) occurs, which can be life threatening.

Your veterinarian treats pre-eclampsia as an emergency and will perform a physical exam and blood tests to determine calcium levels. In severe cases, intravenous (IV) calcium may be carefully administered while monitoring the heart. After the crisis has passed, oral calcium supplementation may prevent further episodes; however, there may be risks associated with this therapy.

"Over-supplementation of calcium may actually make matters worse. "

Over-supplementation of calcium may actually make matters worse. The body maintains a balance of calcium in the blood stream by constantly adding and removing calcium from the bone. This action is regulated by a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland. If a dog receives too much calcium supplementation during pregnancy or lactation, the parathyroid gland may sense that its action is not needed and shut down. In other words, giving too much of the calcium supplement can backfire and cause decreased blood calcium.

Veterinary supervision is needed to properly maintain a healthy calcium blood level without shutting down the parathyroid gland.

2. Gestational Diabetes

Glucose metabolism is a basic function of life. A pet’s body breaks down carbohydrates from food to form glucose. Insulin is needed for body cells to extract the glucose from the blood. Like other forms of diabetes, gestational diabetes occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not utilize the insulin it produces. As the name implies, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy (gestation).

"Managing gestational diabetes is critical to the health of both mother and babies."

Managing gestational diabetes is critical to the health of both mother and babies. Your veterinarian will perform blood tests to determine your pet’s glucose levels and prescribe insulin injections as needed. Treating diabetes requires strict attention to feeding, appropriate insulin injection protocols, and diligent monitoring of blood glucose levels.

Symptoms of gestational diabetes include excessive drinking and urination. The urine may be almost clear in color and many previously house-trained dogs will begin having accidents. Unregulated diabetes will result in weight loss, even though the dog has a voracious appetite. It is common for pregnant pets to be tired, but those with gestational diabetes experience extreme lethargy. The good news about gestational diabetes is that it usually resolves once the pups or kittens are born.

3. Mastitis

Mammary glands enlarge toward the end of pregnancy as milk production begins. Nursing usually goes smoothly, but some mothers develop mastitis, a painful condition caused by inflammation or infection of the mammary glands. Mastitis occurs most often during the first two weeks after delivery. Dogs and cats have many teats with associated milk glands and mastitis can affect any or all of them.

"Mastitis occurs most often during the
first two weeks after delivery."

Mastitis is caused by bacteria, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus, or Streptococcus, that invade the mammary gland. The bacteria enter the gland via several routes. If the mother is septic, bacteria can enter the glands directly from the blood stream. If the environment is contaminated, bacteria can enter through the teat opening or duct. Additionally, if the babies injure the teat or mammary gland with their teeth or nails, they can create a point of entry for bacteria.

"Breasts with mastitis become swollen, hot, hard, and painful."

Breasts with mastitis become swollen, hot, hard, and painful. Besides the visible signs of mastitis, other symptoms include decreased appetite, fever, dehydration, and lethargy. Warm water baths or compresses, oral anti-inflammatory medications, and antibiotics may aid in treating mastitis.

"Nursing actually helps the mother by emptying the glands."

With mild to moderate infections, pups and kittens may still be allowed to nurse even though the milk from infected glands may be discolored or bloody. Nursing actually helps the mother by emptying the glands. If the milk threatens to make the babies ill, if nursing is too painful for the mother, or if the mother is too sick to nurse, the babies will need nutritional supplementation.

To prevent mastitis, examine teats and glands daily for trauma (cuts, scratches) and clip nails of nursing babies. Keep bedding fresh. Clean teats after the mother goes outside. Clip any long hair around teats to make it easier to keep them clean. Encourage babies to nurse from all teats to prevent over-usage of individual glands

4. Retained Placenta

The placenta is a sac that covers the fetus in utero and is normally expelled as “afterbirth” when the baby is born. The placenta is usually passed within 15 minutes after the birth of each baby, but if the placenta remains in the uterus, problems arise.

"...if the placenta remains in the uterus,
problems arise"

Since you cannot see inside the uterus, it is hard to tell when a placenta fails to be expelled. Comparing the number of babies born to the number of placentas expelled is hard to do since the mother often eats the placentas. So, it is important to observe mama closely after she delivers the babies for signs of retained placenta such as vomiting, decreased appetite, fever, lethargy, or discolored (green) vaginal discharge.

Your veterinarian may diagnose retained placenta after an examination and abdominal palpation, but may also need to perform blood tests, vaginal cytology, ultrasound or radiographs (to rule out a retained baby). Administering oxytocin, a drug that encourages uterine contractions, may help expel the placenta. Rarely, surgery is needed to remove a retained placenta. Ovariohysterectomy is a last resort in severe cases.

Pregnancy Advice

Knowing the risks associated with pregnancy should not diminish the joy of pregnancy. Be prepared, so that you can intervene if necessary, and then relish the miracle of birth.

Caring for pets when you’re pregnant

Topics

In This Topic

KEY POINTS

Some pets may carry health risks for pregnant women. Learn how to stay healthy and safe during pregnancy.
Make sure your pet is up-to-date on vaccinations and checked for infections.
Family members or partners can help with pet care during your pregnancy to keep you safe from infections that can harm your health.
Remove reptiles and exotic pets from the house during pregnancy.
Talk to your health care provider if you have questions about caring for your pets while pregnant.

Is it safe to care for pets during pregnancy?

Many families think of their pets as family. Pets bring much fun and joy to a home. But pregnant women have to be careful about the kinds of animals they keep in their home and know how to handle and care for them safely.

How can you care for your dog during pregnancy?

Use these tips to help keep you safe when you’re pregnant:

Don’t let your dog jump up on your belly.
Train your dog to stop bad habits, like biting or jumping, before you have your baby.
Make sure your dog is up-to-date with vaccinations before your baby is born.
Ask your partner or a family member to spend more time with your dog if you and your dog are especially close. Because your baby will take much of your time and attention, having your dog develop relationships with others can help prepare him for changes to come once your baby is home.

How can you care for your cat during pregnancy?

Be careful with handling cats during pregnancy. They may carry toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by a parasite. Cats who go outside or hunt prey can get toxoplasmosis. Cats pass this parasite in their feces (poop).

How does toxoplasmosis spread?

You can get toxoplasmosis

By cleaning kitty litter
By touching dirt, like garden soil, where cats may have been
From eating undercooked meat, especially pork, lamb or deer meat (also called venison)

How can you protect yourself from toxoplasmosis during pregnancy?

Use these tips to keep safe from toxoplasmosis:

Ask a family member who isn't pregnant to clean out the litter box every day.
Wear disposable gloves and a facemask if you clean out the litter box. Wash your hands well with soap and water right away.
Keep your cat inside.
Stay away from stray cats and new cats.
Wash your hands well with soap and water after touching cat poop or after gardening.
Cover sandboxes to stop cats from using it as a litter box.
Feed your cat dry or canned foods. Don’t feed your cat undercooked meat.

What are signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

Tell your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis. These include:

Body aches
Swollen lymph nodes
Headache
Fever
Fatigue (being very tired)

Some people with toxoplasmosis don’t have signs or symptoms of the infection. Talk to you healthcare provider if you think you may have been exposed to it.

Are hamsters, guinea pigs and mice safe pets to have when you’re pregnant?

If you’re pregnant or planning to get pregnant, be very careful with rodents like hamsters, guinea pigs and mice. They may carry a virus called lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (also called LCMV) that can be harmful to you and your baby. LCMV can cause severe birth defects and miscarriage.

The house mouse (a wild mouse found near and in homes) is the main source of LCMV. Pets like hamsters and guinea pigs can get infected with LCMV from being in contact with wild mice at a breeder, in a pet store or even in your home.

How does LCMV spread?

You can get LCMV:

From a bite from an infected animal
By touching an infected animal’s urine, blood, saliva, droppings or nesting materials
By breathing in dust or droplets when sweeping up droppings or cleaning out a cage

How can you protect yourself from LCMV during pregnancy?

To stay safe from LCMV when you’re pregnant:

Keep pet rodents in a separate part of your home.
Wash your hands with soap and water after touching pet rodents.
Ask other family members to care for the pet and clean its cage. Ask them to clean the cage in a well-ventilated area or outside. Keep cages clean and remove any dirty bedding.
Keep pet rodents away from your face.
Avoid contact with wild rodents.
If your home has wild rats or mice, use pest control (such as traps or a professional pest control company) to get rid of them. Talk to your health care provider before using any pest control chemicals in your home to make sure they won’t harm your health.

If you have children, especially under the age of 5:

Make sure an adult watches them closely when they’re around or playing with pet rodents.
Don’t let them kiss pet rodents or hold them close to their face.
Make sure they wash their hands with soap and water after touching pet rodents.

What are signs and symptoms of LCMV?

Tell your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms of LCMV. These include:

Fever
Headache
Fatigue (being very tired)
Muscle aches or a stiff neck
Nausea and vomiting
Not being hungry

Are reptiles, amphibians and exotic pets safe to have during pregnancy?

Some families have reptiles, like lizards, snakes and turtles, for pets. Some families have amphibians, like frogs. Reptiles and amphibians can carry germs that make people sick with infections like salmonellosis (also called salmonella infection) and listeria monocytogenes. These infections during pregnancy can cause serious health complications for you and your baby including, pregnancy loss and preterm labor.

For more information

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Last reviewed: October, 2019

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