Diagnosing diastasis recti

Diastasis Recti (Abdominal Separation): Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

Diastasis recti happens when a person's abdomen stretches during pregnancy and creates a gap in the abdominal muscles.

What is diastasis recti?

Diastasis recti (diastasis rectus abdominis or diastasis) is the separation of the rectus abdominis muscles during and after pregnancy. The rectus abdominis runs vertically along the front of your stomach. It's frequently referred to as someone's "six-pack abs." It's divided into left and right sides by a band of tissue called the linea alba that runs down the middle. As your uterus expands during pregnancy, the abdominals are stretched and the linea alba thins and pulls apart. This band of tissue gets wider as it's pushed outward.

Once you deliver your baby, the linea alba can heal and come back together. It's highly elastic and retracts backs (like a rubber band). When the tissue loses its elasticity from being overstretched, the gap in the abdominals will not close as much as it should. This is diastasis recti.

If you have diastasis, your belly may appear to stick out just above or below the belly button, making you appear pregnant months or years after giving birth.

Why does diastasis recti happen?

Pregnancy puts a lot of pressure on your abdomen (abs). The abdomen is made up of left and right ab muscles and a thin band of connective tissue (linea alba) in between. They are pushed outward and stretched to make room for the growing baby. Diastasis recti occurs when the linea alba is overstretched and doesn't come back together. The left and right sides of the abdominals stay separated. It's also referred to as an "ab gap" or abdominal separation.

Who gets diastasis recti?

Diastasis recti is most common in pregnant and postpartum women (it can also be seen in men and infants). Diastasis recti usually develops in the third trimester. There is increased pressure on the abdominal wall because the baby is growing quickly during this time. Most people don't notice diastasis recti until the postpartum period.

How common is diastasis recti?

Diastasis recti is extremely common in those who are pregnant and during the postpartum period. It affects 60% of people. It usually resolves itself within eight weeks of delivery. About 40% of those who have diastasis recti still have it by six months postpartum.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the symptoms of diastasis recti?

Most people don't notice signs of diastasis recti until they are postpartum. You can have diastasis recti during pregnancy, but it's hard to distinguish because your abdomen is stretched.

Common signs of diastasis recti during the postpartum period are:

A visible bulge or "pooch" that protrudes just above or below the belly button.
Softness or jelly-like feeling around your belly button.
Coning or doming when you contract your ab muscles.
Difficulty lifting objects, walking or performing everyday tasks.
Pain during sex.
Pelvic or hip pain.
Low back pain.
Poor posture.
Urine leaking when you sneeze or cough.
Constipation.
Feeling weak in your abdominals.

What does diastasis recti feel like?

Diastasis recti is not painful. You may feel pain associated with some of the side effects of diastasis, but the ab separation itself doesn't hurt. You may feel weakness in your core when doing once easy tasks, like lifting a laundry basket. Some people feel a jelly-like texture in the space between the left and right abdominals when contracting the ab muscles.

How do I know if I have diastasis recti?

There are some common signs that can signal you have diastasis recti. One of the most common signs of diastasis recti is a bulge in your midsection that doesn't go away, even after exercising or losing weight gained during pregnancy. Another sign is that your belly cones or domes when you lean back on a chair or get up out of bed. You can check for diastasis recti on your own, but it is always a good idea to speak with your healthcare provider about your symptoms.

What are the risk factors for developing diastasis recti?

Several factors can increase your risk for developing diastasis recti:

Having multiple pregnancies (especially back-to-back).
Being over 35 years old.
Having multiples (such as twins or triplets).
Having a heavy or big baby.
Being extremely petite.
Vaginal delivery. Pushing can increase abdominal pressure.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is diastasis recti diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will evaluate if diastasis is present, where it's located and how severe it is. Diastasis recti can occur above the belly button, below the belly button and at the belly button.

Your provider will use their hands and fingers to feel the abdominal area for gaps and muscle tone. Some providers may use ultrasound, measuring tape or a tool called a caliper for a more accurate measurement. This exam typically occurs at your postpartum appointment before being cleared for exercise.

An abdominal gap wider than 2 centimeters is considered diastasis recti. Diastasis recti is also measured in finger widths, for example, two or three fingers' separation.

Your healthcare provider may recommend movements for diastasis recti or they may refer you to a specialist for additional treatment.

How do I test myself for diastasis recti?

You can test yourself for diastasis recti:

Lie on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor.
Lift your shoulders slightly off the ground, keeping one hand behind your head for support. Almost like you are doing a sit-up. Look down at your belly.
Move your other hand above your belly button area, palms down and fingers towards your toes.
Use your fingers to feel for a gap between the abs. See how many fingers can fit in the gap between your right and left abdominals.

If you feel a gap of two or more finger widths, discuss your concerns with your healthcare provider. They should confirm diastasis recti with a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate care.

Management and Treatment

How can I fix diastasis recti?

To fix diastasis recti, you'll need to perform gentle movements that engage the abdominal muscles. Before starting an exercise program, be sure it's safe for diastasis recti. Work with a fitness professional or physical therapist who has experience with diastasis recti. They can create a treatment plan to make sure you are performing the movements correctly and progressing to more challenging movements at the right time.

Certain movements will make abdominal separation worse. During the postpartum period, there are some modifications you should make:

Avoid lifting anything heavier than your baby.
Roll onto your side when getting out of bed or sitting up. Use your arms to push yourself up.
Skip activities and movements that push your abdominals outward (like crunches and sit-ups).

Some people use binding devices (elastic belly bands) to help hold their belly in and support the lower back. Wearing binders can't heal diastasis recti and will not strengthen your core muscles. It can be a good reminder of your diastasis recti and promote good posture.

Can you fix diastasis recti without surgery?

Yes, it's possible to fix diastasis recti without surgery. Surgery is rarely performed to fix diastasis recti. Healthcare providers will recommend physical therapy or at-home exercises to help heal diastasis before surgical methods. Surgery is performed in cases of hernia (when an organ pushes through the linea alba) or if a woman wants diastasis recti surgery (a tummy tuck).

What are the best exercises for diastasis recti?

The best exercises for diastasis recti are those that engage the deep abdominals. Most diastasis recti exercises involve deep breathing and slow, controlled movements. Unfortunately, many of the most common ab exercises (like crunches) can worsen your diastasis. Before starting abdominal exercises, ask your healthcare provider to check you for diastasis recti.

What movements make diastasis recti worse?

Any movement that bulges the abdominal wall forward can cause more damage to your diastasis recti. Everyday movements like getting out of bed or up off a chair can worsen diastasis. Try to be mindful about how you are using your abdominals as you go about your day.

These exercise movements should be avoided if you have diastasis recti:

Crunches or sit-ups of any kind.
Planks or push-ups (unless using modifications).
Downward dog, boat pose and other yoga poses.
Double leg lifts, scissors and other Pilates moves.
Any exercise that causes your abdominals to bulge, cone or dome.

Prevention

How do I prevent diastasis recti?

Some abdominal separation is normal and expected with pregnancy. There are some things you can do to lower your risk for developing diastasis recti:

Healthy weight gain during pregnancy: Exercising and eating healthy foods to keep weight gain within a healthy range.
Proper posture and deep breathing: Stand up straight with your shoulders back. Take deep breaths that allow your ribs to expand and not just your belly.
Safe core exercises: Avoid exercises like sit-ups and crunches that put pressure on your abdominals after 12 weeks of pregnancy and postpartum.
Don't strain while lifting: Certain day-to-day activities like lifting grocery bags or your children can put undue strain on your abdominals.
Log roll when getting out of bed: If you're pregnant or postpartum, roll to one side and use your arms to push up out of bed.

Outlook / Prognosis

How long will it take to heal my diastasis recti?

The amount of time it takes to heal diastasis recti depends on the amount of ab separation and how consistent you are with strengthening exercises. After several weeks postpartum, this gap will start to close as your muscles regain strength. If you're making modifications to your lifestyle and performing exercises with good form, you're more likely to notice progress.

Can I get diastasis recti again?

Yes, you can heal your diastasis recti and get it again. Your risk for diastasis recti increases the more times you are pregnant. Think of the linea alba as a rubber band that is continuously stretched. Over time, the rubber band will lose its elasticity. The linea alba may not regain its original shape or form after being stretched through multiple pregnancies.

Is it too late to fix my diastasis recti?

It's never too late to repair your diastasis recti. With the proper exercises, you can fix your ab separation years after you've delivered your last baby.

Are there complications from diastasis recti?

If left untreated or in severe cases of diastasis recti, complications can include:

Umbilical hernia.
Increase in back pain.
Pain during sex.
Urinary incontinence.
Pelvic and hip pain.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

Diastasis recti is a common and easily treated condition. If you have more than a two-finger gap between your abdominals or are experiencing pain, contact your healthcare provider for a diagnosis. They may want you to see a physical therapist or pelvic floor specialist to help strengthen your abdominal muscles.

A note from Cleveland Clinic:

Diastasis recti can make you appear pregnant years after your last baby. Discuss your concerns with your healthcare provider so they can diagnose and treat you. Getting treatment can help you feel more confident in your body and correct any pain you are experiencing.

How to Identify and Treat Diastasis Recti

After nine months (or more!) of carrying your little one, it’s only natural that it’ll take time for your body to bounce back.

If you’ve been doing everything by the book, however, such as following a proper diet, regular exercise (approved by your doctor, of course!) and core strengthening, it can be very frustrating if you have a belly pooch that just doesn’t want to go away.

While our bodies go through quite a metamorphosis during pregnancy and after childbirth, one aspect of pregnancy that you might not expect is the toll pregnancy and childbirth will have on your abs.

“As you can imagine, your uterus and abdomen are expanding so your abdominal muscles are also stretching to allow space for your baby,” said Nichole Mahnert, MD, an OBGYN at Banner University Medicine in Arizona. “This pressure can cause the two sides of our rectus abdominus muscles, the two muscles that run parallel along our abdomen, to push away from each other causing a separation called diastasis recti.

For some postpartum women these muscles will move back into place, but for some with diastasis recti, you may be left with an annoying pooch and a weak core.

To better understand this relatively common condition, we spoke with Dr. Mahnert.

How do I know if I have diastasis recti?

While a protruding belly may be a tell-tale indicator, Dr. Mahnert said you can perform a self-test to determine if you have it.

Steps:

Lie down on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor.
Place your fingertips just below your belly button in the middle.
Bring your head and shoulders up into a sit up or crunch. For some women, you may actually just see a bulge in the middle when you do a sit up.
If you can feel a gap of two finger widths or more, schedule an appointment with your primary care physician, OBGYN or physical therapist for a definitive diagnosis.

How can I treat diastasis recti?

Although diastasis recti isn’t necessarily painful, it can be a painful blow to your self-confidence. While there are a ton of tips out there on how to self-treat your diastasis recti, don’t treat it on your own. Sometimes things like crunches can actually make it worse. Dr. Mahnert said to talk to your doctor first.

“Sometimes the diastasis recti goes away on its own and sometimes it improves with exercises and physical therapy,” Dr. Mahnert said. “But all women should see a pelvic floor physical therapist or specialist following delivery to evaluate the pelvic floor and abdominal wall muscles and to work on strengthening and aligning. Some women require surgical intervention, but this is less common.”

What things can I do to prevent it from happening again?

While we know growing a little human in our belly will cause things to shift, it’s not clear which pregnant women will or will not develop diastasis recti.

“Exercise is one of the best ways to prevent this from happening both before and during pregnancy but sometimes it is beyond our control,” Dr. Mahnert said. “Ask your doctor for exercises that are safe to perform to help strengthen the pregnant abdominals and prepare you for childbirth.”

Schedule an appointment

If you believe you have diastasis recti, don’t self-treat. Contact your primary care provider or schedule an appointment with a physical therapist who specializes in pelvic floor rehabilitation.

To find a Banner Health specialist near you, visit bannerhealth.com.

Diastasis of the rectus muscles

All types of operations for suturing, or rather plastic surgery of the anterior abdominal wall in diastasis can be divided into two types - open and minimally invasive (laparoscopic and endoscopic).

Open surgery in most cases is a complete reconstruction of the anterior abdominal wall together with abdominoplasty. This allows not only to eliminate diastasis and the hernias that accompany it, but also to remove excess skin, and if you supplement the operation with liposuction, you can get an almost perfect shape of the abdomen, correct the “hanging” of the skin over the scar after a cesarean section. The elimination of diastasis with this approach is the most reliable, as it provides ample opportunities for choosing the optimal method for its correction.

Most often, we perform this operation together with a plastic surgeon. In our opinion, this approach is optimal, since a plastic surgeon rarely has experience working with deep layers of the anterior abdominal wall, and an abdominal surgeon rarely knows all the subtle nuances of working with a skin-fat flap, and even more so, the liposuction technique. Joint work, when each surgeon deals with his part of the intervention, allows you to get the best result, combining the reliability of diastasis and hernia repair and the excellent cosmetic effect of the operation.

With this type of intervention, the plastic surgeon marks the anterior abdominal wall, performs liposuction, performs an access in the lower abdomen, just below the scar from the caesarean section. After mobilization of the skin-fat flap, the abdominal surgeon enters the work, performing plastic surgery of diastasis, hernial defects, most often strengthening the anterior abdominal wall with a mesh implant, placing it in the deepest layer of the anterior abdominal wall - the retromuscular space and restoring the white line of the abdomen. After that, the “helm” again passes to the plastic surgeon, who removes excess skin and subcutaneous tissue and applies cosmetic sutures. After the operation, it is mandatory to wear special compression underwear for a month.

If abdominoplasty is not required, we prefer minimally invasive endoscopic methods for diastasis correction. There are several varieties, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of a specific type of plastic surgery occurs after an in-person consultation and obtaining all the necessary information about a specific clinical situation.

Techniques when diastasis correction is carried out from the abdominal cavity are used by us quite rarely. For all its apparent simplicity, the strengthening of the white line with the placement of the implant in the abdominal cavity is accompanied by a small but real risk of the formation of adhesions in the postoperative period, even despite the use of high-tech and rather expensive combined implants with an anti-adhesion coating. In addition, suturing the white line "from the inside out" leads to the formation of a kind of strand or "keel", which can be felt under the skin. In most cases, it resolves within 6 months, but nevertheless, the cosmetic result of such an operation often does not satisfy us. To avoid this, we use the technique of suturing with rather complex "Venetian" or "rocker" sutures. This technique significantly improves the cosmetic effect of the intervention.

Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles - symptoms, signs, degrees, causes and treatment in men and women in Moscow in the "SM-Clinic"

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What is diastasis rectus abdominis?
About disease
Species
Symptoms of diastasis recti
Causes of diastasis recti
Diagnostics of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles
Expert opinion
Treatment of diastasis recti
Surgical treatment of diastasis recti
Prophylaxis
Rehabilitation after surgery
Questions and answers
Sources

About the disease

The disease is based on stretching and expansion of the white line of the abdomen - a tendon that is located between the rectus muscles, connects and holds them. This is a strip of connective tissue, consisting of several layers, located in the middle of the abdomen vertically from the xiphoid process to the pubic joint.

Due to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure or a violation of the properties of the connective fibers, the structure of the tendon changes, it weakens, becomes thinner and stretches. The trigger mechanism is prolonged pressure on the abdominal wall associated with pregnancy or visceral obesity. An aggravating factor is the loosening of the white line against the background of collagenopathy, the effects of relaxin, the immaturity of cellular structures, etc.

As a result, the white line becomes thinner and stretched. Normally, its dimensions are restored with a gradual decrease in the abdomen or as the properties of the connective tissue normalize. Thus, physiological diastasis is eliminated during the neonatal period or in women after childbirth.

If abdominal training is started early in the postpartum period, this leads to contraction of the rectus muscles and a simultaneous increase in intra-abdominal pressure, and the white line is fixed in a stretched position and does not hold the internal organs well. As a result, unaesthetic vertical folds form on the abdomen, a rounded protrusion appears, dysfunction of the digestive tract occurs and the risk of hernia formation increases.

Species

Depending on the magnitude of the stretching of the tendon ligament, there are 3 degrees of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles:

first - the muscles move away from each other by 2.5-5 cm;
second - ligaments diverge by 5-8 cm;
third - the line is stretched more than 8 cm.

According to the localization of the place of maximum stretching, supra-umbilical, sub-umbilical and mixed forms of diastasis are distinguished.

According to the degree of involvement of other muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, the pathology is classified into types:

A - classical divergence of muscles after natural childbirth;
B - relaxation of the lower lateral sections of the muscles;
C - expansion affects the region of the ribs and the xiphoid process;
D - diastasis is combined with a curvature of the waist line.

Symptoms of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles

Manifestations of BPMD increase as the pathology progresses. In women, a vivid clinical picture manifests itself abruptly (shortly after childbirth), while in men the disease develops gradually.

At the onset of the disease, there may be no symptoms at all. The patient then notices a characteristic rounded vertical protrusion in the center of the abdomen. With deliberate tension of the press, the inner edges of the rectus muscles and the groove between them are clearly visible. Due to muscle dysfunction, pain in the spine, lower back, fatigue, and posture disorders are possible.

With the progression of the pathology, manifestations of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract join:

heartburn;
belching;
flatulence;
abdominal pain;
constipation.

In the third stage of diastasis, patients are faced with the formation of hernias, which are formed due to structural defects in the white line. Possible ptosis (omission) of internal organs and serious disturbances in the work of the intestines (in severe cases, intestinal obstruction develops). Women often experience urinary incontinence, renal colic.

Causes of diastasis recti

Increase the risk of developing diastasis pathology of the connective tissue and increased pressure in the abdominal cavity. In different categories of patients, the causes of the development of PMSD are different.

Muscle divergence in children is due to the failure of the musculature and tendons. After 2-12 months after birth, the muscles come into tone, the ligaments and tendons are strengthened - the process resolves itself. In premature babies and infants with intrauterine developmental pathologies, this may take longer. With Down syndrome, there is a risk of maintaining diastasis for life.

Pregnancy is the provocateur of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles in women. The growing uterus puts considerable pressure on the linea alba, stretching it. Under the action of hormones, the synthesis of collagen fibers is inhibited, the ligaments become looser. But a few months after the birth, the white line of the abdomen is normally restored.

In men, BMD is often provoked by obesity, physical activity and hereditary collagenopathies. The risk of diastasis increases with a tendency to constipation, as well as with chronic respiratory diseases accompanied by coughing.

Conservative treatment of pathology is possible with small diastasis. At the later stages of development, the pathological divergence of muscles is eliminated with the help of abdominal plastic surgery.

Get advice

If you experience these symptoms, we recommend that you make an appointment with your doctor. Timely consultation will prevent negative consequences for your health.

You can find out more about the disease, prices for treatment and sign up for a consultation with a specialist by phone:

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Diagnosis of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles

Identification of BPMD is not difficult, since the disease has characteristic clinical manifestations. With signs of diastasis, you should contact the surgeon.

An increase in the space between the rectus muscles is determined during palpation of the abdomen. To conduct the test, the patient is asked to lie on his back, legs slightly bent at the knees, and then tighten the abdominal muscles, raising his head and shoulder blades. In patients with obesity, the doctor is not always able to fully explore the width of the white line.

The exact size of the sprain is determined by ultrasound. This diagnostic method also allows you to detect complications (hernia, displacement of internal organs). In order to differentiate the symptoms of diastasis and manifestations of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or the genitourinary system, consultations of specialized specialists are prescribed.

Expert opinion

Surgeons warn that diastasis rectus abdominis is asymptomatic for a long time. Therefore, in the presence of predisposing factors (recent pregnancy and childbirth, chronic constipation, obesity) or non-specific complaints, you should independently feel the white line of the abdomen in the navel. If the distance between the rectus muscles is more than 2.5 cm, contact the surgeon. Also, do not delay the visit in any doubtful cases. Only a doctor can establish the correct diagnosis, self-examination does not exclude the need for an in-person consultation.

Egiev Valery Nikolaevich, surgeon, oncologist, doctor of medical sciences, professor, head of the Department of Surgery and Oncology, FPC MR MI RUDN University

Treatment of diastasis recti

Functional diastasis in newborns and puerperas does not require treatment. Doctors use expectant tactics, recommend adhering to the principles of rational nutrition, doing massages, and doing gymnastics. The observation period can last up to 12 months. If after this time the problem persists, the surgeon decides on an operative method of correction.

Conservative treatment

Patients are prescribed a diet to prevent constipation and excessive gas formation, as well as to gradually reduce weight. In the postpartum period, incl. after a caesarean section, women are advised to wear a bandage, support the stomach during sneezing and coughing. The general strengthening of the muscles allows you to quickly restore the tone of the anterior abdominal wall, so patients are prescribed exercise therapy, swimming, yoga classes. It is important to exclude any training of the abdominal muscles. You can not perform exercises in the knee-elbow position, as well as in the emphasis (bar). Such loads can be resumed after the restoration of the size of the white line. Conservative treatment is effective only at the 1st stage of BPMD.

Surgical treatment of diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles

In case of complicated and uncomplicated diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles of the 2-3rd degree, surgical treatment is indicated. It is possible to use the following surgical techniques:

Stretch plastic surgery using own tissues. It involves stitching the edges of the muscles with the removal of excess connective tissue. To date, it is not used due to the high risk of recurrence.
Tension-free repair with a mesh prosthesis. It implies the introduction of an endoprosthesis under the site of stretching.
Tension plastic with prosthesis installation. It involves the removal of excess connective tissue, suturing the edges of the muscles and strengthening the zone with a polypropylene mesh.
Combined technique. Includes muscle suturing, mesh strengthening, removal of excess adipose tissue and stretched skin.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing diastasis rectus abdominis, you should keep your body in shape - engage in regular exercise, train your muscles. However, do not overdo it: lifting weights can, on the contrary, become the main cause of muscle divergence.

It is also important to eat a complete and balanced diet - a lack of nutrients will lead to a decrease in the elasticity of the connective tissue.

It is necessary to control your weight - body mass index should not exceed 26 kg/m3. Obesity, especially of the abdominal type, is an important risk factor for BLV.

Prevention and timely treatment of chronic lung diseases accompanied by cough, pathologies of the digestive system, occurring with constipation, will reduce the possibility of increasing intra-abdominal pressure and, as a result, the likelihood of diastasis.

Rehabilitation after surgery

After surgery, the patient is under inpatient observation, receiving analgesic and antibiotic therapy. Full recovery lasts 1-3 months. During this period, the patient is prescribed a diet to normalize defecation, it is recommended to avoid significant physical exertion, weight lifting. To prevent excess tension, it is necessary to wear a bandage.

Questions and answers

A surgeon deals with the treatment of pathology.

In the stronger sex, obesity and connective tissue dysplasia are considered to be the main cause of BMD. Sharp weight loss or weight gain, excessive passion for power loads are capable of provoking muscle divergence. If a man or close relatives have hernias, varicose veins, valgus flat feet, hemorrhoids, this is regarded as an increased tendency to PMSD.

There is no need to rush in this matter. Just the desire to quickly get in shape is the main reason for the progression of diastasis in women. Physical activity can be resumed 1-2 months after delivery. You can start with hiking or yoga. Abdominal exercises can be performed soon after the white line is reduced to 2 cm. It is advisable to pay attention to the diet. A smooth decrease in weight and volume of visceral fat will ensure gradual and timely muscle contraction. Sharp weight loss, on the contrary, can increase diastasis.

You can lie on a hard surface on your back, tense your abs. With gentle movements of the fingers, you should begin to probe the stomach in the middle in the navel. With a normal width of the white line and with diastasis, a depression will be found - this is the median ligament. If its width is equal to or greater than the width of two fingers, you should contact the surgeon. Constipation, bloating and abdominal pain should be alarming. If there are such symptoms, it is necessary to get to the surgeon in the near future.

Pathogenesis and treatment of ventral hernias and diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles: Abstract of the thesis / Zagirov U.Z. - 1995.

Comparative aspects of methods for eliminating diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles / Topchiev MA, Bondarev VA, Elderov S.Sh.// Astrakhan Medical Journal. - 2010.

Jessen M. L., Öberg S., Rosenberg J. Treatment Options for Abdominal Rectus Diastasis // Front Surg. - 2019. - No. 6. - R. 65

Diseases referred by the Surgeon

Appendicitis Ascites Atheroma femoral hernia Crohn's disease Bursitis Hernia Hernia of the white line of the abdomen hiatal hernia Cholelithiasis Keratoma salivary gland cyst Lipoma Bowel obstruction Oleogranuloma kidney tumor Acute pancreatitis Inguinal hernia Peritonitis Barrett's esophagus Polycystic kidney disease Postoperative hernia Umbilical hernia Heel spur Stomach cancer Reflux esophagitis (GERD) Thyroiditis Furuncle (boil) Furunculosis Cholecystitis Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

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