Types of miscarriages in first trimester

Miscarriage | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

The loss of a baby through miscarriage can be very distressing. A miscarriage generally occurs for reasons outside your control and nothing can be done to prevent or stop it from happening. Most women who have had a miscarriage will go on to have a healthy pregnancy in the future.

What is a miscarriage?

A miscarriage is the loss of your baby before 20 weeks of pregnancy. The loss of a baby after 20 weeks is called a stillbirth.

Up to 1 in 5 confirmed pregnancies end in miscarriage before 20 weeks, but many other women miscarry without having realised they are pregnant.

Common signs of miscarriage include:

cramping tummy pain, similar to period pain
vaginal bleeding

If you think you are having a miscarriage, see your doctor or go to your local emergency department.

Many women experience vaginal spotting in the first trimester that does not result in pregnancy loss.

What are the types of miscarriage?

There are several types of miscarriage — threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete or missed.

Other types of pregnancy loss include an ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy and a blighted ovum.

Threatened miscarriage

When your body is showing signs that you might miscarry, that is called a 'threatened miscarriage'. You may have light vaginal bleeding or lower abdominal pain. It can last days or weeks and the cervix is still closed.

The pain and bleeding may resolve and you can go on to have a healthy pregnancy and baby. Or things may get worse and you go on to have a miscarriage.

There is rarely anything a doctor, midwife or you can do to prevent a miscarriage. In the past bed rest was recommended, but there is no scientiﬁc proof that this helps at this stage.

Inevitable miscarriage

Inevitable miscarriages can come after a threatened miscarriage or without warning. There is usually a lot more vaginal bleeding and strong lower stomach cramps. During the miscarriage your cervix opens and the developing fetus will come away in the bleeding.

Complete miscarriage

A complete miscarriage has taken place when all the pregnancy tissue has left your uterus. Vaginal bleeding may continue for several days. Cramping pain much like labour or strong period pain is common — this is the uterus contracting to empty.

If you have miscarried at home or somewhere else with no health workers present, you should have a check-up with a doctor or midwife to make sure the miscarriage is complete.

Incomplete miscarriage

Sometimes, some pregnancy tissue will remain in the uterus. Vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal cramping may continue as the uterus continues trying to empty itself. This is known as an 'incomplete miscarriage'.

Your doctor or midwife will need to assess whether or not a short procedure called a ‘dilatation of the cervix and curettage of the uterus’ (often known as a ‘D&C’) is necessary to remove any remaining pregnancy tissue. This is an important medical procedure done in an operating theatre.

Missed miscarriage

Sometimes, the fetus has died but stayed in the uterus. This is known as a 'missed miscarriage'.

If you have a missed miscarriage, you may have a brownish discharge. Some of the symptoms of pregnancy, such as nausea and tiredness, may have faded. You might have noticed nothing unusual. You may be shocked to have a scan and find the fetus has died.

If this happens, you should discuss treatment and support options with your doctor.

Recurrent miscarriage

A small number of women have repeated miscarriages. If this is your third or more miscarriage in a row, it’s best to discuss this with your doctor who may be able to investigate the causes, and refer you to a specialist.

A miscarriage can occur suddenly or over a number of weeks. The symptoms are usually vaginal bleeding and lower tummy pain. It is important to see your doctor or go to the emergency department if you have signs of a miscarriage.

The most common sign of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding, which can vary from light red or brown spotting to heavy bleeding. If it is very early in the pregnancy, you may think that you have your period.

Other signs may include:

cramping pain in your lower tummy, which can vary from period-like pain to strong labour-like contractions
passing fluid from your vagina
passing of blood clots or pregnancy tissue from your vagina

What really happens during a miscarriage?
WARNING — This article contains some graphic descriptions of what you might see during a miscarriage.

What should I do if I think I’m having a miscarriage?

If you are concerned that you are having a miscarriage, call your doctor or midwife for advice and support.

Keep in mind that many women experience vaginal spotting in the first trimester of pregnancy that does not result in a miscarriage.

If you are alone, consider calling your partner or a friend for help and support.

If you have very heavy bleeding, strong pain or feel unwell, call triple zero (000) or have someone take you to your nearest emergency department.

How is a miscarriage managed?

Unfortunately, nothing can prevent a miscarriage from happening once it has begun. What happens now depends on your own health and what is happening to you.

Each approach has benefits and risks. You should discuss these with your doctor.

Expectant or natural management

Also called ‘watch and wait’, expectant management may be recommended in early pregnancy. This involves going home and waiting until the pregnancy tissue has passed from your womb by itself. This can happen quickly, or it may take a few weeks.

Medical management

You may be offered medication that speeds up the passing of the pregnancy tissue. You may be asked to stay in hospital until the tissue has passed, or you may be advised to go home.

Surgical management

You may be advised to have a form of minor surgery called a 'dilatation and curettage' (also called a D&C or a curette). This procedure is often recommended if you have heavy bleeding, significant pain or signs of infection. It may also be recommended if expectant or medical management has failed. You may also decide that you prefer this option.

This procedure is done under general anaesthesia in an operating theatre. It takes 5-10 minutes once you are asleep. The doctor opens the cervix and removes the remaining pregnancy tissue.

How is a miscarriage treated?

Once it is confirmed that you are having a miscarriage, your doctor may offer or recommend treatment. There are many options. All have benefits and risks — discuss these with your doctor.

If the miscarriage is complete

If it seems the miscarriage is complete, you should still see your doctor for a check-up. You may be advised to have an ultrasound to make sure your uterus is empty.

If you go to hospital

If you go to your hospital’s emergency department, you will be seen first by a triage nurse, who will assess how urgently you need to be seen by a doctor. Depending on your symptoms, you will either be taken in to see a doctor immediately, or you will be asked to wait.

If you are waiting to be seen and your symptoms become worse or you feel like you need to go to the toilet, let the staff know immediately.

What happens if I miscarry at home?

Some women miscarry at home before they have a chance to see their doctor or get to the hospital.

If this happens, then:

use pads to manage the bleeding
if you can, save any pregnancy tissue that you pass, as your doctor may recommend it is tested to see why your miscarriage happened
take medications such as paracetamol if you have pain
rest
call your doctor or midwife

There is a chance you may see your baby in the tissue that you pass, but often the baby is too small to recognise, or may not be found at all. It is normal to want to look at the remains, but you may decide you do not want to. There is no right or wrong thing to do.

Some women miscarry while on the toilet. This can also happen if you are out and about, or in hospital. There is no right or wrong way to handle this.

Why do miscarriages happen?

Many women wonder if their miscarriage was their fault. In most cases, a miscarriage has nothing to do with anything you have or have not done. There is no evidence that exercising, stress, working or having sex causes a miscarriage.

Most parents do not ever find out the exact cause. However, it is known that miscarriages often happen because the baby fails to develop properly, usually due to a chromosomal abnormality that was spontaneous, not inherited.

Occasionally, miscarriage is caused by:

hormonal abnormalities
immune system and blood clotting problems
medical conditions such as thyroid problems or diabetes
severe infections causing high fevers (not common colds)
physical problems with your womb or cervix

What are the risk factors for miscarriage?

Women are more likely to have miscarriages if they:

are older
smoke
drink alcohol in the first trimester
drink too much caffeine in coffee, tea or energy drinks
have had several previous miscarriages

Can you prevent a miscarriage?

Living healthily — no cigarettes, no alcohol and little to no caffeine — can decrease your risk of miscarriage. It’s a good idea to avoid contact with people who have a serious infectious illness when you’re pregnant.

Who can I talk to for advice and support?

Talk to your doctor or midwife for information and advice on what do and how to look after yourself if you experience a miscarriage.

Your hospital should be able to provide details of available support services, such as bereavement support.

SANDS is an independent organisation that provides support for miscarriage, stillbirth and newborn death. You can call them on 1300 072 637 or visit www.sands.org.au.

You can also call Pregnancy, Birth and Baby on 1800 882 436, 7am to midnight (AET) to speak to a maternal child health nurse for advice and emotional support.

Speak to a maternal child health nurse

Call Pregnancy, Birth and Baby to speak to a maternal child health nurse on 1800 882 436 or video call. Available 7am to midnight (AET), 7 days a week.

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What Are the Different Types of Miscarriage?

A miscarriage, or “spontaneous abortion,” refers to the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks and occurs in 15 to 20 percent of all pregnancies. Most miscarriages occur during the first trimester but can also occur later on in the pregnancy.

Different types of miscarriages can occur at different stages of your pregnancy. The symptoms and treatments will depend on the type of miscarriage. Learn more about the different stages, signs and symptoms of, and treatment for miscarriage:

Chemical Pregnancy

A chemical pregnancy is a very early miscarriage which can occur before you even learn that you’re pregnant. As pregnancy tests have become more sensitive and more common, an increased number of chemical pregnancies have been diagnosed.

Chemical pregnancy is most likely the result of chromosomal abnormalities in the fertilized egg. An egg is fertilized, but is non-viable shortly after implantation, and is never visible on ultrasound.

Signs and Symptoms: There may be no signs of a chemical pregnancy. Most women simply begin to bleed around the time of their next period, though their period may arrive a few days late or be slightly heavier.

Blighted Ovum

Also known as anembryonic pregnancy, blighted ovum occurs very early in pregnancy, often before you even know you are pregnant. A fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall, but an embryo does not develop.

Signs and Symptoms: You may feel signs of pregnancy, but when your doctor performs an ultrasound, he or she finds an empty gestational sac or cannot confirm a heartbeat.

You may miscarry the pregnancy or schedule a dilation and curettage (D&C) procedure, in which the cervix is opened, and the pregnancy is gently curetted, or removed, from the uterus.

Missed Miscarriage

A missed miscarriage, or a missed abortion, occurs when a fetus implants, but fails to develop.

The body does not expel the pregnancy tissue.

Signs and Symptoms: You may continue to feel signs of pregnancy if the placenta still releases hormones. Or, you may notice signs of pregnancy fade. Some women may experience some vaginal discharge and cramping, but many have no symptoms of miscarriage.

Sometimes the body will dispel the fetal tissue, but other times, a D&C procedure is necessary.

Threatened Miscarriage

A threatened miscarriage refers to vaginal bleeding that occurs during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. It does not necessarily mean your pregnancy will end in a miscarriage — around half of threatened miscarriages result in a live birth.

Signs and Symptoms: Other symptoms of threatened miscarriage include lower back pain and abdominal cramps. If you have experienced unexplained bleeding during pregnancy, your doctor will want to perform an examination.

Cervix Dilation: In a threatened miscarriage, the cervix will remain closed. However, if an examination reveals the cervix has opened, a miscarriage is much more likely.

Inevitable Miscarriage

Inevitable miscarriage refers to unexplained vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain during early pregnancy.

Signs and Symptoms: Bleeding is heavier than with a threatened miscarriage and abdominal cramps more severe. Unlike threatened miscarriage, an inevitable miscarriage is also accompanied by dilation of the cervical canal. The open cervix is a sign that the body is in the process of miscarrying the pregnancy.

Incomplete Abortion

An incomplete abortion, which is also called an incomplete miscarriage, happens when some—but not all—of the pregnancy tissue is passed.

Signs and Symptoms: It is often accompanied by heavy vaginal bleeding and intense abdominal pain. The cervix will be open, and some remaining pregnancy tissue will be found in the uterus during an examination.

Complete Miscarriage

A complete miscarriage, also called a complete abortion, refers to a miscarriage in which all of the pregnancy tissue is expelled from the uterus.

Signs & Symptoms: A complete miscarriage is characterized by heavy vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and passage of pregnancy tissue. With a complete miscarriage, the bleeding and pain should subside quickly. Complete miscarriages can be confirmed through an ultrasound.

Dr. Alan Copperman is a board-certified reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist with a long history of success in treating infertility and applying fertility preservation technologies. He serves as Medical Director of Progyny, a leading fertility benefits management company, and co-founded and serves as Medical Director of RMA of New York, one of the largest and most prestigious IVF centers in the country. Dr. Copperman is also the Vice Chairman and Director of Infertility for the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Chief Medical Officer of Sema4, a health information company. Dr. Copperman has been named to New York magazine’s list of Best Doctors 17 years in a row. He has been recognized by his peers and patient advocacy organizations for his commitment to patient-focused and data-driven care. He has published more than 100 original manuscripts and book chapters on reproductive medicine and has co-authored over 300 scientific abstracts on infertility, in vitro fertilization, egg freezing, ovum donation, and reproductive genetics.

Miscarriage, how to avoid - Planning and management of pregnancy in the gynecology of the Literary Fund polyclinic after a miscarriage

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A miscarriage is always associated with severe consequences for the whole body of a woman and for her reproductive organs in particular, it also affects the family situation, disrupts the woman's work schedule. An unfavorable outcome of pregnancy requires great mental and physical costs on the part of parents. Therefore, contacting doctors to find out the causes of the problem is the very first and correct step towards the birth of a child.

Any competent gynecologist will tell you that the problem of miscarriage can be solved. With proper preparation for pregnancy and its management, the next time you will have a successful pregnancy. Most girls after a miscarriage go to extremes: they try to get pregnant again as soon as possible. And if this succeeds, then the miscarriage is very often repeated. And you need to give the body a rest for 2-3 months, then identify and eliminate the cause. And only then try.

Causes of miscarriage

Many are convinced that miscarriages are due to a fall, bruise, or some other physical shock. Any woman who has had a miscarriage can remember that not long before she either fell or lifted something heavy. And I am sure that she lost her unborn child precisely because of this. However, those women whose pregnancy was normal also fall and lift heavy things. Most sudden miscarriages do not occur for this reason. The reason is in violations of the pregnancy itself. Approximately half of miscarriages are due to abnormal genetic development of the fetus, which can be hereditary or accidental. Merciful nature, following the principles of natural selection in everything, destroys the defective and unviable fetus. But you should not be afraid of this. The fact that there is a defect in one embryo does not mean at all that all the others will be the same.

The woman's body is almost always to blame for the other half of miscarriages. They are caused by various known and unknown factors, such as: acute infectious diseases suffered in the first trimester of pregnancy, poor environment or difficult working conditions, excessive psychological or physical stress, abnormal development of the uterus, radiation, alcohol, smoking and certain types of drugs.

The causes of early and late miscarriage may differ, although they may overlap. The most important thing is to find out and eliminate or compensate for your own cause of miscarriage. Having discovered the cause, the gynecologist will tell you how to avoid another loss.

Miscarriage

Miscarriage statistics also include “missed pregnancy”. Sometimes it happens that the embryo dies and lingers in the uterine cavity. Most often, this fact is detected by ultrasound. The dead fetus may begin to decompose, and this, thereby, will lead to poisoning of the mother's body.

Doctors resort to surgical curettage, which is associated with a risk of inflammation and complications. With such a miscarriage, the next pregnancy is planned after the body is fully restored - not earlier than a year. During this year, you will have to find out the cause of the missed pregnancy and treat it.

Miscarriage up to 6 weeks

The main causes of miscarriage on this line are malformations of the embryo itself. Statistics say that from 70-90% of embryos had chromosomal abnormalities: they are random and will not occur in other pregnancies. You may have been ill, taken medication, or were under the influence of other harmful factors. Fate saved you from a child with malformations.

The human body is perfect and finds a way to correct the situation by miscarriage. Today is a tragedy for you. The real tragedy would be the preservation and birth of a sick, non-viable child. So don’t cry and understand: everything is for the best, you won’t help grief with tears ... And after three months, try again - it will almost certainly turn out to be successful.

It should also be noted that the fact of a miscarriage does not mean that you have lost something. So for a period of 7-8 weeks, the absence of an embryo in the fetal egg is found - "anembryony". It is believed that in 80-90% of cases, miscarriages are undiagnosed non-developing pregnancies.

Miscarriage between 6 and 12 weeks

Miscarriage in this period is also considered early. Its most common causes are:

Endocrine disorders

Endocrine disorders, when the ovaries do not synthesize enough hormones to keep the fetus in the womb, or the amount of male sex hormones is increased, is one of the most common causes of miscarriage and miscarriage.

Hormone imbalance in a woman's body is likely to lead to an early termination of pregnancy. With a lack of the main hormone progesterone produced by the ovaries, this happens most often. Another hormonal problem is an increase in the tone of the uterus, which provokes the expulsion of the fetus.

Progesterone prepares the uterine mucosa for implantation and is the hormone for maintaining pregnancy in the first months. If conception occurs, the fetus cannot properly establish itself in the uterus. As a result, the fertilized egg is rejected. But pregnancy can be saved with the help of progesterone preparations if this problem is detected in time.

An excess of male sex hormones that suppress the production of estrogen and progesterone can also be the cause of an early miscarriage. Often, the cause of recurrent miscarriages are androgens that affect the formation and development of pregnancy; as well as thyroid and adrenal hormones. Therefore, a change in the function of these glands can lead to miscarriage.

Undertreated sexual infections

This problem must be solved before conception. Often the cause of miscarriage is sexually transmitted infections: syphilis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis, chlamydia, cytomegalovirus and herpetic infections. Their effect on the fetus and the course of pregnancy is different for each woman and depends on the timing of infection, the activity of the microorganism, the degree of immune protection and the presence of other adverse factors. Depending on the situation, they can lead to the formation of fetal malformations, intrauterine infection, feto-placental insufficiency, early miscarriage or premature birth. Infection of the fetus and damage to the membrane of the fetus leads to miscarriage. To avoid this, infections should be treated before pregnancy. The use of therapy is possible during pregnancy as prescribed by a doctor.

Viral infections and other diseases

Any disease accompanied by intoxication and fever above 38 ^about C can lead to a miscarriage. Rubella, influenza and viral hepatitis occupy a leading position in this list. At a period of 4-10 weeks for pregnancy, ordinary tonsillitis can also become tragic, pneumonia carries a more serious risk. Pyelonephritis and appendicitis can cause early labor. When planning a pregnancy, it is imperative to undergo a medical examination in order to identify and treat foci of infections.

Extremely dangerous during pregnancy rubella - it leads to severe fetal malformations, so infection during pregnancy is an indication for medical abortion.

Any disease during pregnancy can lead to non-viability of the fetus. And the body, through a miscarriage, insures you against unwanted offspring. With such a miscarriage, the next pregnancy has every chance of going well.

Immune causes of miscarriage

Sometimes antibodies that are hostile to the fetus are formed in the blood of a pregnant woman. This cause can be predicted and eliminated in advance. Most often, the conflict occurs when the embryo inherits the positive Rh factor of the father, and the negative Rh factor, the mother's body rejects the embryonic tissues that are alien to it. Constant monitoring of antibody titer and the introduction of anti-Rhesus immunoglobulins allows you to maintain and maintain pregnancy. In case of an immune conflict, progesterone preparations are also used to prevent miscarriage, which in this case has an immunomodulatory effect.

Reduced immunity

Reduced immunity during pregnancy is also an immune cause. The body is simply not able to grow a new life in itself. You need to take care of yourself and recover before the next conception.

Anatomical causes of miscarriage

Anatomical causes of miscarriage are the most intractable. Malformations of the uterus are a serious reason for miscarriage. Sometimes you just have to deal with it.

Miscarriage between 12 and 22 weeks

Such a miscarriage is considered late. Its causes coincide with the causes of miscarriages in the early stages (anatomical, immune, infectious, endocrine).

At this time, miscarriage also occurs due to isthmic-cervical insufficiency - a weak cervix cannot hold the fetus and opens. For this reason, a miscarriage can occur in the 2nd or 3rd trimester. Isthmic-cervical insufficiency is observed in 15.0-42.7% of women suffering from miscarriage. Careful monitoring of the pregnant woman allows you to identify the problem in time and make surgical correction of the cervix before the onset of childbirth.

In isthmic-cervical insufficiency, there is only one method of treatment - a mechanical narrowing of the cervical canal. To do this, the neck is either sewn up or a special ring is put on it. However, the latter method is less efficient, because the ring can easily slide off the neck, then it will no longer hold back the process of opening it.

After suturing, if necessary, it is possible to use antibiotics and drugs that normalize the microflora of the vagina. The treatment of the vagina and the control of the state of the seams are carried out daily for 5 days. Stitches are removed at 37-38 weeks and with premature onset of labor.

Isthmic-cervical insufficiency may be primary (for no apparent reason), may be the result of abortion or hormonal disorders (increased levels of androgens - male sex hormones or their precursors).

Miscarriage after 22 weeks

Such a loss is hard to forget. Obstetricians talk about premature birth after the 28th week of pregnancy. Traditionally, a child born after this period is considered viable. But medicine knows many cases when it was possible to save the life of earlier children.

We recommend that you be carefully examined for miscarriage, check the above factors. In addition to them, the cause of a miscarriage can be antiphospholipid syndrome, while the woman's body perceives the child as something alien and rejects it. This disease, like the others listed, can be corrected; you have a very real chance of bearing a child.

Miscarriages due to hemostasis disorders

All of the above causes account for only 30-40%. Up to 70% of miscarriages are caused by disorders in the blood coagulation system (hemostasis).

Blood coagulation disorders leading to pregnancy loss can be divided into thrombophilic (increased clotting) and hemorrhagic (bleeding tendencies). Both of these extremes are dangerous to the fetus. Various disorders leading to the formation of small blood clots lead to the fact that the fetus loses sufficient blood supply, development is disturbed and the fetus is rejected.

The main hemorrhagic changes can manifest themselves even in childhood in the form of increased bleeding during cuts, extractions of teeth, the onset of menstruation. But sometimes they declare themselves only during pregnancy and are the cause of a miscarriage. Bleeding in the early stages and detachment of the chorion is difficult to stop.

You may not guess, but incomprehensible headaches, weakness, fatigue, temporary loss of smell or hearing may be symptoms of disorders in the blood clotting system.

When planning a pregnancy, a genetic examination should be carried out and, if necessary, treatment should be started.

It is advisable to be examined for hidden hemostasis defects even for those who consider themselves healthy. This will allow you to predict the occurrence of complications and prevent loss. Early therapy can prevent miscarriage at 98% of cases. If defects in hemostasis are already detected during pregnancy, it can be difficult to maintain it.

What to do after a miscarriage?

Find the cause! The ideal option is to be examined by future parents: it is much more reasonable to postpone conception and spend two or three months to identify the causes than to risk getting pregnant again, spend two months waiting, and then lose everything again and still go to the doctors.

Until you understand the reason, it will not evaporate. In most cases, the answers lie on the surface. Take care of your health and your future baby.

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What is a miscarriage and how it happens

Sometimes it happens that a pregnancy ends in a miscarriage. It's unpleasant and painful. But why is this happening and how to avoid such situations in the future? Find out more about this later.

What is it?

Early miscarriage is the death of an embryo or fetus in the womb before the 22nd week of pregnancy. It is usually caused by genetic breakdowns, pathologies, injuries or stress. Such a nuisance is quite common and approximately 15-20% of all successful conceptions can end in miscarriage.

What are the signs of a miscarriage?

To understand what's going on, you need to understand what a miscarriage looks like. The most common symptom is profuse bleeding with clots. Sometimes they can be mild at first, and then quite large. You should monitor your condition and if at least a slight bleeding has begun, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Sometimes a miscarriage can start suddenly. But it happens that before this there may be small pulling pains in the lower abdomen, lower back, smearing brown discharge.

Women may not immediately realize that they have a miscarriage. Especially if the delay is only a few days, and the test was not done, then you might think that your period just started.

But usually a woman who already knows about her pregnancy remembers how a spontaneous miscarriage occurs forever. In most cases, this is profuse bleeding with blood clots, mucus and severe pain in the abdomen. If you do not immediately take action, you may experience chills, fever, the skin will become pale. The patient may even lose consciousness. If a woman does not immediately see a doctor or call an ambulance, she may even die from blood loss, as sometimes such bleeding is incredibly serious.

Spontaneous miscarriage can also have symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, dizziness, weakness,

What can cause an early miscarriage?

Why does it happen that a miscarriage occurs? Here you can name many reasons, but in each case, studies are carried out, the patient takes tests.

The causes of spontaneous abortion can be as follows in the first trimester:

Increased contractile activity of the uterus, which literally "pushes" the fetus.
Genetic abnormalities in the fetus. Sometimes this happens once in one woman, as a result of genetic "breakdowns". And it happens that the whole thing is in the genes of the future father and mother, and therefore it is necessary to look for problems together with a geneticist.
Deficiency of the hormone progesterone. This is the so-called "pregnancy hormone". If it is not enough, then it is appointed additionally.
Immunological disorders that prevent normal development of the embryo.
Intoxication.
In the second trimester, the causes of miscarriage may be slightly different:
Uterine fibroids.
Adhesions in the pelvic organs.
Polyps in the uterus that prevent the embryo from developing normally.
Endometriosis, which causes connective tissue to grow outside the uterus.
Pathology of the cervix, namely an open cervix, which does not allow carrying a child and giving birth to it at term.
Infections that can cross the placenta and cause fetal death.
Some chronic diseases of the mother.

But besides this, there may be many other specific reasons that are individual for each woman. For example, hard physical work, activities in hazardous enterprises, severe stress and anxiety can also cause spontaneous abortion. The threat of spontaneous miscarriage occurs in many women, but not everyone can have an abortion. Much depends on the state of health, immunity, even emotional state.

What types of miscarriage can there be?

There are several types of spontaneous abortions:

Early (up to 12 weeks)
Late (13-22 weeks).

Some other types can also be distinguished:

Threatened miscarriage. It is manifested by slight pains in the abdomen, spotting spotting, the muscles of the uterus are quite active. But at the same time, the cervix is closed.
Incipient miscarriage. There is detachment of the fetal egg, bloody discharge. The cervix is closed, but the internal os is open.
Abortion in progress. The fertilized egg comes out of the uterus, it is in the cervical canal. Severe pain and bleeding begin.
Incomplete abortion. Part of the egg may come out of the uterus, and part may still be in it. In this case, there is severe bleeding, abdominal pain, shock may develop
Complete abortion. With it, the fetal egg completely leaves the uterus. This is a "mini childbirth", while there is a slight bleeding, abdominal pain.
Missed abortion. With it, the fetal egg remains in the uterus. In this case, the fetus is already dead. Such an egg can remain inside a woman for some time, her condition worsens, signs of pregnancy disappear.

Also, such miscarriages can be divided into several types:

Interrupted biochemical pregnancy. It happens for 1-3 weeks. But a woman usually perceives it as the beginning of menstruation.
Spontaneous miscarriage (up to 22 weeks).
Preterm birth (after 22 weeks).

What cannot cause a miscarriage

Spontaneous abortion can happen to every woman. But there are certain risk factors that by themselves cannot cause a miscarriage, but can be provocateurs:

Smoking.
Alcohol abuse.
Some disease (diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure).
Age over 35.

Diagnosing a miscarriage

In order to accurately understand that a spontaneous abortion has occurred, it is necessary to correctly diagnose it. To do this, you should:

Analyze the patient's complaints. Usually this is bleeding, pain and cramps in the abdomen, poor general health, pallor of the skin, fever.
Perform a gynecological examination. Carry out palpation of the uterus, examination of the cervix, external pharynx.
Perform colpocytological examination.
They test for certain hormones.
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs is performed.

If such miscarriages occur frequently, the cause must be investigated. To do this, conduct a variety of studies, consultations with geneticists, endocrinologists and other specialists.

How to treat?

How to treat spontaneous miscarriage depends on the type of miscarriage. If it is threatening and has begun, then the following should be done:

The woman should be in the hospital.
A diet that contains all the necessary minerals and trace elements.
The patient must remain in bed.
Sedative drugs and drugs that relax the muscles of the uterus should be given.
If an abortion is "in progress", then all measures must be taken to stop the bleeding.
If the abortion is complete and incomplete, then everything “unnecessary” that is in the uterus should be removed. For this, scraping can be used.
If there is a failed abortion, then sometimes expectant tactics are used, when they are waiting for everything to “come out of the uterus by itself”. And sometimes they do scraping.
Also, sometimes with a missed pregnancy, expectant management can be used, especially for nulliparous. Then after about 4-6 weeks a spontaneous miscarriage can occur. Sometimes drug treatment is used, in which special pills are used to help complete the pregnancy. And sometimes they do surgical curettage.

In any case, abortion should not be left to chance, it is necessary to consult a doctor who will choose the treatment tactics.

What are the consequences?

Spontaneous miscarriage in early pregnancy usually carries certain risks. The consequences of spontaneous miscarriage can be different:

Severe bleeding, pain.
Infertility.
But the most difficult and life-threatening miscarriages are those that a woman causes herself, at home. If they are not treated and the consequences are not eliminated, then they can end in the death of a woman.

Usually, if the patient has received quality medical care, there are practically no complications. After about 10 days, the bleeding stops, and after 4 weeks, the woman begins her regular menstruation.

Is there any prevention?

Pregnancy after spontaneous miscarriage can occur and be quite successful. But first you need to establish the cause of the abortion. If these are genetic problems, endocrine pathologies, troubles with the blood or uterus, then special treatment is necessary. But there are general recommendations that will help reduce the risk of miscarriages: