Surrogacy baby means

What It Is and How Does Surrogacy Work

Written by Rebecca Buffum Taylor

Medically Reviewed by Jennifer Robinson, MD on November 04, 2021

There's still some controversy about using a surrogate mother to have a baby. The legal process is also tricky because it varies from state to state. Even so, whether it's because of fertility problems or other reasons, surrogacy is an option for you and your partner. Find out how it works and see if it's right for you.

What Is a Surrogate Mother?

There are two kinds:

Traditional surrogate. It's a woman who gets artificially inseminated with the father's sperm. They then carry the baby and deliver it for you and your partner to raise.

A traditional surrogate is the baby's biological mother. That's because it was their egg that was fertilized by the father's sperm. Donor sperm can also be used.

Gestational surrogates. A technique called "in vitro fertilization" (IVF) now makes it possible to gather eggs from the mother (or an egg donor), fertilize them with sperm from the father (or a sperm donor), and place the embryo into the uterus of a gestational surrogate.

The surrogate then carries the baby until birth. They don't have any genetic ties to the child because it wasn't their egg that was used.

A gestational surrogate is called the "birth mother." The biological mother, though, is still the woman whose egg was fertilized.

In the U.S., gestational surrogacy is less complex legally. That's because both intended parents have genetic ties to the baby. As a result, gestational surrogacy has become more common than a traditional surrogate. About 750 babies are born each year using gestational surrogacy.

Who Uses Surrogates?

If you're a woman, you may consider a surrogate for several reasons:

Medical problems with your uterus
You had a hysterectomy that removed your uterus
Conditions that make pregnancy impossible or risky for you, such as severe heart disease

You may want to think about surrogacy if you tried but couldn't get pregnant with a variety of assisted-reproduction techniques, such as IVF.

Surrogates have also made parenthood an option for people who might not be able to adopt a child, perhaps because of their age or marital status.

If gay men decide to use a traditional surrogate, one of them uses their sperm to fertilize the surrogate's egg through artificial insemination. The surrogate then carries the baby and gives birth.

A gay couple might also choose an egg donor, fertilize that donated egg, and then have the embryo implanted in a gestational surrogate to carry until birth.

Finding a Surrogate

There are several ways you can find a surrogate mother:

Friends or family. Sometimes you can ask a friend or relative to be a surrogate for you. It's somewhat controversial. But because of the high cost of surrogacy and the complex legal issues it raises about parental rights, a tried-and-tested family relationship can be simpler to manage.

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine accepts certain family ties as acceptable for surrogates. It generally discourages surrogacy, though, if the child would carry the same genes as a child born of incest between close relatives.

A surrogacy agency. Most people use one to arrange a gestational surrogate. There are about 100 agencies now operating in the U.S. They act as go-betweens.

An agency helps you find a surrogate and make arrangements. It also collects any fees that get passed between you and the surrogate, such as paying for their medical expenses.

How to Choose a Surrogate

Right now there aren't any regulations about who can be a surrogate mother. But experts agree on a few points about how to select one.

You should choose surrogates who:

Are at least 21 years old
Have already given birth to at least one healthy baby so they understand firsthand the medical risks of pregnancy and childbirth and the emotional issues of bonding with a newborn
Have passed a psychological screening by a mental health professional to uncover any issues with giving up the baby after birth
Sign a contract about their role and responsibilities in the pregnancy, such as prenatal care and agreeing to give you the baby after birth

Using a Surrogate

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine says surrogates should get a medical exam to check that they are likely to have a healthy, full-term pregnancy. The organization suggests they get tests that check for infectious diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C.

Surrogates should get tests to make sure they have immunity to measles, rubella (German measles), and chickenpox. Also, you may want to ask that they get a medical procedure to visually "map" the uterus, which can help the doctor check their potential to carry a pregnancy. Surrogate mothers should have their own doctor during pregnancy rather than use yours.

The cost of surrogacy can range from $80,000 to $120,000. A lot of different things go into the price, such as whether the surrogates have their own medical insurance or whether you need to buy a surrogacy-pregnancy policy for them.

Legal Issues With Surrogates

Parental rights aren't guaranteed after a surrogate pregnancy. The law continues to change as reproductive technology and the very definition of a "parent" changes.

There isn't a federal law on surrogacy and state laws vary. After a surrogate pregnancy in some states, you may still have to pass adoption proceedings to gain legal custody of the child. In other states, a "declaration of parentage" before birth lets you avoid having to "adopt" the baby.

To protect your rights as parents-to-be -- and the rights of the child you're hoping to have -- hire an attorney who specializes in reproductive law in your state. They can write a surrogacy contract that clearly spells out what everyone needs to do.

A contract like that may help if legal issues come up after birth. It can also outline agreements about a variety of possible scenarios with the pregnancy, such as what happens if there are twins or triplets.

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What is Surrogacy? Surrogates, Parents and Egg Donors

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Surrogacy is a method of assisted reproduction where intended parents work with a gestational surrogate who will carry and care for their baby(ies) until birth. Intended parents use surrogacy to start or grow their families when they can't do so on their own.

How Surrogacy Works

Surrogacy definition and how does surrogacy work?

By definition, surrogacy is the process or arrangement of someone giving birth for someone else. Gestational surrogacy helps those who are unable to have children become parents. It’s a process that requires medical and legal expertise, as well as a strong support process throughout the journey. Those who explore surrogacy to have a child are often referred to as Intended Parents (IPs for short).

Through IVF, embryos are created in a lab at a fertility clinic. Sometimes the intended parents use their own genetic material. Sometimes, an egg donor is required. At the fertility clinic, 1-2 embryos are implanted into a gestational carrier, who carries the baby(ies) to term.

Do surrogates use their own eggs for surrogacy? No! Gestational carriers have no genetic relationship to the child(ren) they carry.

Surrogacy has been a family-building option for quite some time, though it has evolved over the years.

What's the Difference between a Surrogate vs a Gestational Carrier

At Circle Surrogacy we only practice gestational surrogacy, however it's important to know what the difference is. This video shares the differences between a surrogate mother and a gestational carrier, or gestational surrogate.

Why choose surrogacy to grow your family?

Surrogacy allows couples and individuals from a variety of backgrounds, ages and sexual orientations to build their families.

Intended parents who use surrogacy include:

• Heterosexual couples who have struggled with infertility
• Intended mothers who are unable to carry a child
• Intended parents who have a genetic defect or health condition they don't want to pass onto the child
• Gay and trans intended parents who want to have a genetic link to their baby

Each surrogacy journey is unique, and we proud to have helped grow so many amazing families in the United States and around the world.

For Parents For Surrogates

How much does a surrogate cost?

The cost of a surrogate mother is just one fee that makes up total surrogacy costs.

If you live in the U.S. you can estimate surrogacy costs around $110K-$175K for a journey, exclusive of IVF costs. The actual journey costs depend on the services intended parents need (whether you require a surrogate only, or a surrogate plus an egg donor), your insurance and the details of your specific journey. Each journey is unique - there is no "one cost fits all".

Of those total costs, approximately 40% will pay for a surrogate: her base compensation, additional benefits and payments, her legal counsel, social work and screening.

For those intended parents who use a surrogacy agency (highly recommended) their surrogacy costs will also include an agency fee.

Learn More About Costs

How much do surrogates make?

The monetary benefits of becoming a surrogate mother are significant, but the indescribable sense of fulfillment our surrogates get from helping intended families bring a child into the world cannot be found doing anything else.

Surrogate mother pay depends on a few factors: where she lives, if she has insurance and whether or not she's a first time carrier. On average, surrogate mothers are paid between $50,000 and $60,000 total, which is made of a base fee of $30k-$40k, plus additional compensation and benefits.

Circle Surrogacy offers the most comprehensive and protective pay and benefits package for gestational carriers and their families. See full details about how a surrogate is paid and how much she can expect to earn.

What is the surrogacy process?

While it's relatively simple to understand the meaning of surrogacy, understanding the process is a bit more involved. The surrogacy process can be complex, and working with an experienced agency like Circle Surrogacy helps navigate the milestones and provides support when you need it most.

A general overview of the surrogacy process looks like this:

• Apply as a surrogate or a parent
• Meet all requirements (surrogates) and complete initial consultation (parents)
• Surrogate and Parent Matching
• Medical screenings, surrogate medications and embryo transfer
• Confirmation of pregnancy
• Pregnancy, building a relationship between Intended parents and surrogate
• Delivery day and beyond

Circle is a relationship-based agency, meaning we encourage strong relationships between intended parents and surrogates.

Parents' surrogacy process Surrogates' surrogacy process

What is the meaning of surrogacy for surrogate mothers?

Becoming a surrogate is life-changing. Surrogate mothers – more commonly referred to a gestational surrogates or gestational carriers – are generous and selfless, passionate about family, and willing to help others. Many surrogates form life-long bonds with their intended parents, and remain part of each others' lives well after the baby is born.

To be able to give someone the gift of parenthood is empowering. Women who apply to become surrogates are ready to be 100% dedicated emotionally, mentally and physically for their intended parents.

The Pros and Cons of Being a Surrogate

If you're considering surrogacy, you can review the pros and cons of becoming a surrogate mother. See the benefits and challenges associated with surrogacy.

How to become a surrogate

What does surrogacy mean for intended parents?

Becoming a parent through surrogacy is an emotional and rewarding path to parenthood. Intended parents put their trust into not only their gestational carrier, but their surrogacy agency as well. It can be a journey filled with ups and downs, however the day your baby is born is hard to put into words.

Intended parents have the choice to pursue independent surrogacy or to work with an agency such as Circle Surrogacy. Working with an agency provides a level or partnership and expertise that parents would not have on their own. Having an agency manage the journey and the details allows parents to focus on preparing for the arrival of their baby(ies). Read more about why you should work with an agency.

The Pros and Cons of Surrogacy for Intended Parents

There are many benefits to surrogacy for intended parents, however there are also challenges. This video outlines some of the pros and cons of surrogacy for intended parents.

How to become a parent

Common questions about surrogacy.

Whether you're considering surrogacy, becoming a parent through surrogacy, or still understanding what is surrogacy, you may have questions along the way. With many experienced surrogates and parents via surrogacy on staff, we've helped families navigate their journeys successfully, and have answered almost every question out there!

What is the difference between traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy?
Gestational surrogacy is when a woman carries a baby for intended parents that she shares no DNA with – her eggs are not used – an embryo is transferred into her uterus. Gestational surrogacies makeup the vast majority of modern surrogacy arrangements. By contrast, traditional surrogates typically become pregnant through artificial insemination, and have a genetic connection to the child or children they carry for their intended parents. We do not arrange traditional surrogacies.

Do I need to work with a surrogacy agency?
Intended parents and surrogates are not required to work with an agency for a surrogacy journey; this type of journey is called an independent or "indy" journey. Understanding how complex the surrogacy process can be, Circle Surrogacy recommends working with a surrogacy agency for both surrogates and intended parents to ensure they receive the support they need, as well as allowing someone to manage the details (and any bumps in the road) as well as having the emotional support available throughout the journey.

Why should I choose Circle Surrogacy?
There are many reasons intended parents should choose Circle Surrogacy! Circle was founded over 25 years ago, and has brought thousands of babies into the world! Here are 5 of the most important reasons to choose Circle:
1. 99.3% success rate
2. We are a full-service surrogacy and egg donation agency: we take care of everything for you
3. The most comprehensive surrogate screening process
4. 40% of our staff has personal experience with surrogacy and third party reproduction – we've been in your shoes
5. And all-inclusive cost program that promises no surprise costs and offers a 100% refund on our agency fee. See our cost page for details.

How does a surrogate woman (gestational carrier) get pregnant?
A surrogate or gestational carrier gets pregnant when an IVF doctor implants an embryo into her uterus. The surrogate has used IVF medications to prepare her body for the pregnancy. The embryo transfer is rather painless and is a quick procedure; the doctor may ask the surrogate to rest and have limited activity a few days after the transfer.

Can I speak with intended parents or surrogates from your program?
Yes! We are happy to connect you with experienced surrogates and parents.

See All FAQs

Surrogacy Acronyms and Abbreviations

The world of surrogacy has a language of its own, and if you aren't familiar with the surrogacy acronyms or abbreviations you might feel like you're reading something in a different language.

Here is a list of common surrogacy acronyms and abbreviations

GC or GS: Gestational Carrier or Gestational Surrogate

IP (IPs): Intended Parents. Also seen as: IF (Intended Father) and IM (Intended Mother)

ED: Egg Donor

IVF: In Vitro Fertilization

RE: Reproductive Endocrinologist

ART: Assisted Reproductive Technology

FET: Frozen Embryo Transfer

SET: Single Embryo Transfer

MET: Multiple Embryo Transfer

2WW: 2 Week Wait

DPT: Days Post Transfer (often seen with a number, such as DP5DT or Days Post 5 Day Transfer)

BETA: Blood Test for Pregnancy

POAS: Pee on a Stick (referring to a home pregnancy test)

Learn more about these terms and their definitions in this surrogacy acronym blog post.

Surrogacy

There are situations in which a woman cannot carry a child on her own. In such cases, married couples can resort to the method of surrogate motherhood, in which a surrogate mother bears a child that is genetically alien to her.

Surrogate motherhood refers to assisted reproductive technologies and involves the participation of three persons in the conception at once. Firstly, the genetic father takes part in the conception, who provided the sperm for fertilization and agreed to acknowledge his paternity after the child is born. Secondly, we are talking about a genetic mother who provided her egg for fertilization and agreed to play the role of mother after the birth of the child. Thirdly, the surrogate mother herself is involved in the procedure, which can be a woman of childbearing age who has agreed, as a rule, on a compensatory basis, to bear and then give birth to a child for genetic parents.

This method of treatment lies in the fact that the embryo is obtained from the egg and sperm of a married couple, but another woman, a surrogate mother, is responsible for carrying the child. A surrogate mother does not have a genetic connection with the child she is carrying, and, therefore, is not able to transfer any of her traits to him, for example, the color of her skin, eyes, hair. The main requirement for a surrogate mother is expressed in physical health and a responsible attitude to the accepted role. Immediately after birth, the child is taken by the biological parents.

Who may need a surrogate mother?

In modern Russia, surrogacy is a method of treating pathologies associated with infertility. Surrogate motherhood is considered an extreme measure used in the treatment of severe forms of infertility. The help of a surrogate mother is addressed if the eggs of the biological mother can be fertilized, but the woman herself is not capable of bearing and giving birth to a child. The reasons may be related to an abnormality of the uterus or its complete absence, severe general diseases, the risk of rejection of transplanted donor organs, and the removal of malignant tumors.

Who can be a surrogate mother?

A familiar woman or an anonymous one can take the role of a surrogate mother. Mandatory conditions include the presence of at least one child of your own. In addition, the surrogate mother must be in good health, and her age cannot exceed 35 years. Another requirement is that a surrogate mother cannot bear a fetus that is derived from her egg.

THERE ARE CONTRAINDICATIONS. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSULT WITH A SPECIALIST

The materials posted on this page are for informational purposes and are intended for educational purposes. Site visitors should not use them as medical advice. Determining the diagnosis and choosing a treatment method remains the exclusive prerogative of your doctor!

What is surrogate motherhood? | Eternal questions | Question-Answer

07.10.2013 19:47

Olga Zvonova

Estimated reading time: 5 minutes

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Category: Women's Health

How Russian law regulates surrogacy

Who can become a surrogate mother?

Surrogacy is a fairly new reproductive technology in which conception occurs outside the body of a surrogate mother, and then the fertilized eggs are transferred to her uterus. In this case, the procedure implies the conclusion of an agreement between the biological parents and the surrogate mother.

According to Russian law, not all women can become a surrogate mother, but only between the ages of 25 and 35, who have at least one healthy child and who have received a medical certificate of a satisfactory state of health. The future surrogate mother must give written consent to medical intervention. At the same time, the law specifically states that she cannot be an egg donor at the same time.

For married women, there is a chance to become a surrogate mother only with the written consent of the spouse.

Read also: Surrogacy, or a woman as an incubator for someone else's child >>

Surrogacy: procedure

Both spouses and a couple who have not registered their relationship, as well as a single woman or a single man without a partner.

Let's take a closer look at the steps that spouses who want to have a child with the help of a surrogate mother need to go through.

Find a surrogate mother. This can be done on your own or you can seek help from a clinic and/or profiling organization.
Get tested. Spouses can go to any clinic that provides relevant services and undergo their own examination and examination of the future surrogate mother.
Conclusion of the contract. A civil law contract is concluded by spouses with a surrogate mother to compensate for all costs associated with the bearing and birth of a child. At the same time, the child cannot be the subject of the contract, therefore the rights to it cannot be subsequently transferred to donor parents. All disputes regarding the termination of the contract and the establishment of motherhood are considered in court.
In vitro fertilization (IVF). This is a procedure for removing an egg from a woman's body and fertilizing it with sperm in the laboratory. Then the embryo is placed in the uterine cavity of a surrogate mother for further development.
Diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy. After IVF, the surrogate mother is under the supervision of doctors in the hospital for the first 3-5 days, and after 12-14 days pregnancy can already be diagnosed.
Management of pregnancy. Doctors monitor the course of pregnancy, and donor parents are obliged to comply with all clauses of the contract and provide the pregnant woman with appropriate conditions and assistance.
Birth of a child and registration of parents. After the birth of a child, parents have the right to register it with the registry office as their child. It should be noted that this is possible only if there is a certificate from a medical institution that the surrogate mother has given her consent to this. Otherwise, parents do not have the right to register a child under their last name.
Deprivation of parental rights. It is possible to deprive a surrogate mother of parental rights only by a court decision. This procedure is mandatory for donor parents if they want to have parental rights for a child born by a surrogate mother.
Rights and freedoms of the child. A child born from a surrogate mother has the same rights and freedoms as other children. In addition, upon reaching the age of 18, such a child has the right to apply for the restoration of the parental rights of a surrogate mother.

Surrogacy is regulated in Russia by the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Basics of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation”, the Federal Law “On Civil Status Acts” and Order No. 107n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated August 30, 2012 “On the procedure for using assisted reproductive technologies , contraindications and restrictions to their use.