Human chorionic gonadotropin hcg hormone

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - StatPearls

Introduction

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a chemical created by trophoblast tissue, tissue typically found in early embryos and which will eventually be part of the placenta. Measuring hCG levels can be helpful in identifying a normal pregnancy, pathologic pregnancy, and can also be useful following an aborted pregnancy. There is also a benefit in measuring hCG in a variety of cancers including choriocarcinoma and extra-uterine malignancies.

Etiology and Epidemiology

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy. The hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. Smaller amounts of hCG are also produced in the pituitary gland, the liver, and the colon.[1] As previously mentioned, certain malignancies can also produce either hCG or hCG-related hormone. Trophoblastic cancers (hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, and germ cell tumors) are associated with high serum levels of hCG-related molecules.

The hormone itself is a glycoprotein composed of two subunits, the alpha and beta subunits.[1] There are multiple forms found in the serum and urine during pregnancy including the intact hormone and each of the free subunits. HCG is primarily catabolized by the liver, although about 20% is excreted in the urine. The beta subunit is degraded in the kidney to make a core fragment which is measured by urine hCG tests.

Specimen Requirements and Procedure

Urine Testing

Urine should not be collected after the patient has been drinking a large amount of fluid, as a dilute specimen may result in a falsely negative test.[2]
Blood in the urine may cause a false positive test result.

Serum Testing

Diagnostic Tests

Serum tests for hCG are immunometric assays. This means that they use 2two antibodies that bind to the hCG molecule, a fixed antibody and a radiolabeled antibody which adhere to different sites on the molecule, sandwiching and immobilize the molecule to make it detectable. [3] Assays involve washing away the excess serum components and measuring the amount of remaining labeled hCG to give a quantitative result. There are more than 100 different assays commercially available which results in significant variability in reported values.

Urine assays are similar, although many detect total hCG levels greater than 20 mIU/mL.[4] Many over-the-counter urine pregnancy tests do not detect hyperglycosylated hCG, which accounts for most of the hCG in early pregnancy, resulting in a wide range of sensitivities of these tests.

Serum testing is much more sensitive and specific than urine testing. Urine testing, however, is more convenient, affordable, comfortable for patients, has a fast turnaround (5 to 10 minutes), and does not require a medical prescription.

Testing Procedures

Urine Testing

Urine is placed in or on a designated receptacle (most commercially available and medical point of care tests)
An indicator (typically a colored line or symbol), along with a control, will appear if the test is positive
An isolated control line/symbol will be evident if the test is negative

Serum Testing

Serum hCG testing is performed in a laboratory equipped with the proper machinery and uses a peripheral blood sample
If a hook effect/gestational trophoblastic disease is suspected, the lab should perform a dilution prior to testing

Interfering Factors

There are multiple reasons why an hCG test (serum or urine) may have a false report. While uncommon, false positive hCG tests can result in unnecessary medical care and/or irreversible surgical procedures. False negatives may be equally concerning and result in a delay in care or diagnostic evaluation. Potential causes of false results are listed and briefly discussed.

Serum False Positives (1/1000 to 1/10,000) [5]

Ectopic production of hCG (hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, and germ cell tumors,[6], in addition to multiple myeloma, stomach, liver, lung, bladder, pancreatic, breast, colon, cervical, and endometrial cancers)[7][8][9][10][11]
Heterophile antibodies (autoantibodies and antibodies formed after exposure to animal products that interact with the assay antibodies)[12][13]
Rheumatoid factors (can bind the antibodies in the assay as well)
IgA deficiency[14]
Chronic renal failure or ESRD on hemodialysis (rare)[15]
Red blood cell or plasma transfusion of blood with hCG in it have been reported
Exogenous hCG preparations for weight loss, assisted reproduction, doping[16]

Serum False Negatives

Early measurement after conception
"Hook effect" can occur when hCG levels are about 500,000 mIU/mL. [17] This is because there are so many hCG molecules that they saturate both the tracer and the antibodies separately, which doesn't allow for the sandwiching of the tracer-hCG-antibody required for the measurement. This means that all of the complexes are washed away, giving a false-negative result. If gestational trophoblastic disease is suspected, the lab should perform a dilution prior to testing.

Urine False Positives

Blood or protein in the urine
Human error in result interpretation
Ectopic production of hCG
Exogenous hCG
Drugs (aspirin, carbamazepine, methadone, high urinary pH and seminal fluid)[18]

Urine False Negatives

Early measurement after conception
Dilute urine specimen[2]
"Hook effect" as discussed above

Results, Reporting, and Critical Findings

HCG levels are reported in milli-international units of hCG hormone per milliliter of blood, or mIU/mL. International unit per liter (IU/L) may also be used.

Urine hCG testing is qualitative, reporting a positive or negative result. The assays detect hCG levels typically starting at 20 to 50 (reportedly as low as 6.3 to 12.5)[19] mIU/mL, corresponding to levels at approximately 4 weeks post-conception.

Serum assays can measure beta-hCG as low as 1 to 2 mIU/mL.

Clinical Significance

Pregnancy

HCG is an important hormone in pregnancy, and its clinical utility is primarily centered around its detection in early pregnancy, along with serial measurement during pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications.

Levels of hCG can vary widely between women with normal pregnancies. Typically, serum and urine concentrations of hCG rise exponentially in the first trimester of pregnancy, doubling about every 24 hours during the first 8 weeks. The peak is usually around 10 weeks of gestation and then levels decrease until about the 16th week of gestation where they remain fairly constant until term. [3]

Patients who have hCG levels that plateau prior to 8 weeks or that fail to double commonly have a nonviable pregnancy, whether intra-uterine or extra-uterine. Extra-uterine (ectopic) pregnancies usually have a rate-of-rise that is low without the typical doubling. However, given the large range of normal hCG levels and inconsistent rates-of-rise of this hormone, checking serum levels is typically paired with ultrasound evaluation to improve sensitivity and specificity.[20]

Return of hCG to zero following delivery or termination of pregnancy ranges from 7 to 60 days.[21] Trending the fall of hCG levels can be important in termination of molar pregnancies and also following the termination of normal or ectopic pregnancies to be assured that the therapy has been successful.

It notable that there are many different combinations of antibodies used in commercial assays. This results in heterogeneous results with as much as a 50-fold difference in immunoassay results.[3] This is clinically relevant, particularly when comparing results from different laboratories in different facilities/hospitals when examining low values following pregnancy termination or trophoblastic disease.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Detection of hCG is also useful in the evaluation of trophoblastic disease, including complete and partial hydatidiform mole, postmolar tumor, gestational choriocarcinoma, testicular choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic disease. All of these entities produce hCG, varying levels of which are reported on commercial assays. A total hCG level of greater than 100,000 mIU/mL in early pregnancy, for example, is highly suggestive of a complete hydatidiform mole,[22] although many normal pregnancies may reach this level at their peak around weeks 8 to 11 of gestation. Precise hCG measurements are important to assess the tumor mass, the successful treatment of malignancy, and to test for recurrence or persistence of disease.[6]

Non-Pregnant Patients

HCG in the serum increases with age in nonpregnant women. A cut off of 14 mIU/mL has been suggested for use in interpreting results in women over the age of 55. In all nonpregnant patients, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, or other malignancy should be evaluated as a source of persistently positive hCG testing.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Knowing the utility and variability of different hCG assays is clinically relevant to a wide range of medical providers. False positive and false negative testing has a large impact on patient care. All providers in a patient care team should be aware of common limitations in testing, for example, urine assay false positives with hematuria, false negatives with dilute urine, along with more obscure but still very relevant causes of inaccurate testing. Interpreting results that may be false should be undergone with care to help prevent unnecessary testing and treatment.[23] (Level V) Collaboration, shared decision making, and communication are critical elements in good patient care.

Review Questions

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References

1.: Montagnana M, Trenti T, Aloe R, Cervellin G, Lippi G. Human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy diagnostics. Clin Chim Acta. 2011 Aug 17;412(17-18):1515-20. [PubMed: 21635878]
2.: Ong S, Beebeejaun H. The effect of physiological urine dilution on pregnancy test results in complicated early pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999 Jan;106(1):87-8. [PubMed: 10426268]
3.: Cole LA. Immunoassay of human chorionic gonadotropin, its free subunits, and metabolites. Clin Chem. 1997 Dec;43(12):2233-43. [PubMed: 9439438]
4.: Greene DN, Schmidt RL, Kamer SM, Grenache DG, Hoke C, Lorey TS. Limitations in qualitative point of care hCG tests for detecting early pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta. 2013 Jan 16;415:317-21. [PubMed: 23159297]
5.: Braunstein GD. False-positive serum human chorionic gonadotropin results: causes, characteristics, and recognition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jul;187(1):217-24. [PubMed: 12114913]
6.: Cole LA, Shahabi S, Butler SA, Mitchell H, Newlands ES, Behrman HR, Verrill HL. Utility of commonly used commercial human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassays in the diagnosis and management of trophoblastic diseases. Clin Chem. 2001 Feb;47(2):308-15. [PubMed: 11159780]
7.: Marcillac I, Troalen F, Bidart JM, Ghillani P, Ribrag V, Escudier B, Malassagne B, Droz JP, Lhommé C, Rougier P. Free human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit in gonadal and nongonadal neoplasms. Cancer Res. 1992 Jul 15;52(14):3901-7. [PubMed: 1377600]
8.: Alfthan H, Haglund C, Roberts P, Stenman UH. Elevation of free beta subunit of human choriogonadotropin and core beta fragment of human choriogonadotropin in the serum and urine of patients with malignant pancreatic and biliary disease. Cancer Res. 1992 Sep 01;52(17):4628-33. [PubMed: 1324787]
9.: Sheaff MT, Martin JE, Badenoch DF, Baithun SI. beta hCG as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Pathol. 1996 Apr;49(4):329-32. [PMC free article: PMC500461] [PubMed: 8655711]
10.: Lundin M, Nordling S, Carpelan-Holmstrom M, Louhimo J, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Haglund C. A comparison of serum and tissue hCG beta as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6D):4949-51. [PubMed: 11326644]
11.: Reisenbichler ES, Krontiras H, Hameed O. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin production associated with phyllodes tumor of the breast: an unusual paraneoplastic phenomenon. Breast J. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(5):527-30. [PubMed: 19624411]
12.: Kricka LJ. Human anti-animal antibody interferences in immunological assays. Clin Chem. 1999 Jul;45(7):942-56. [PubMed: 10388468]
13.: Check JH, Nowroozi K, Chase JS, Lauer C, Elkins B, Wu CH. False-positive human chorionic gonadotropin levels caused by a heterophile antibody with the immunoradiometric assay. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Jan;158(1):99-100. [PubMed: 2447778]
14.: Knight AK, Bingemann T, Cole L, Cunningham-Rundles C. Frequent false positive beta human chorionic gonadotropin tests in immunoglobulin A deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Aug;141(2):333-7. [PMC free article: PMC1809437] [PubMed: 15996198]
15.: Fahy BG, Gouzd VA, Atallah JN. Pregnancy tests with end-stage renal disease. J Clin Anesth. 2008 Dec;20(8):609-13. [PubMed: 19100935]
16.: Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P, De Backer P. Detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin misuse in sports. Int J Sports Med. 1998 May;19(4):287-90. [PubMed: 9657371]
17.: Griffey RT, Trent CJ, Bavolek RA, Keeperman JB, Sampson C, Poirier RF. "Hook-like effect" causes false-negative point-of-care urine pregnancy testing in emergency patients. J Emerg Med. 2013 Jan;44(1):155-60. [PubMed: 21835572]
18.: Chard T. Pregnancy tests: a review. Hum Reprod. 1992 May;7(5):701-10. [PubMed: 1639991]
19.: Cervinski MA, Lockwood CM, Ferguson AM, Odem RR, Stenman UH, Alfthan H, Grenache DG, Gronowski AM. Qualitative point-of-care and over-the-counter urine hCG devices differentially detect the hCG variants of early pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta. 2009 Aug;406(1-2):81-5. [PubMed: 19477170]
20.: Davies S, Byrn F, Cole LA. Human chorionic gonadotropin testing for early pregnancy viability and complications. Clin Lab Med. 2003 Jun;23(2):257-64, vii. [PubMed: 12848444]
21.: Butts SF, Guo W, Cary MS, Chung K, Takacs P, Sammel MD, Barnhart KT. Predicting the decline in human chorionic gonadotropin in a resolving pregnancy of unknown location. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Aug;122(2 Pt 1):337-343. [PMC free article: PMC3752097] [PubMed: 23969803]
22.: Menczer J, Modan M, Serr DM. Prospective follow-up of patients with hydatidiform mole. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Mar;55(3):346-9. [PubMed: 7360433]
23.: Cole LA. Phantom hCG and phantom choriocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Nov;71(2):325-9. [PubMed: 9826481]

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - StatPearls

Introduction

Etiology and Epidemiology

Specimen Requirements and Procedure

Urine Testing

Urine should not be collected after the patient has been drinking a large amount of fluid, as a dilute specimen may result in a falsely negative test.[2]
Blood in the urine may cause a false positive test result.

Serum Testing

Diagnostic Tests

Serum tests for hCG are immunometric assays. This means that they use 2two antibodies that bind to the hCG molecule, a fixed antibody and a radiolabeled antibody which adhere to different sites on the molecule, sandwiching and immobilize the molecule to make it detectable.[3] Assays involve washing away the excess serum components and measuring the amount of remaining labeled hCG to give a quantitative result. There are more than 100 different assays commercially available which results in significant variability in reported values.

Testing Procedures

Urine Testing

Urine is placed in or on a designated receptacle (most commercially available and medical point of care tests)
An indicator (typically a colored line or symbol), along with a control, will appear if the test is positive
An isolated control line/symbol will be evident if the test is negative

Serum Testing

Serum hCG testing is performed in a laboratory equipped with the proper machinery and uses a peripheral blood sample
If a hook effect/gestational trophoblastic disease is suspected, the lab should perform a dilution prior to testing

Interfering Factors

Serum False Positives (1/1000 to 1/10,000) [5]

Ectopic production of hCG (hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, and germ cell tumors,[6], in addition to multiple myeloma, stomach, liver, lung, bladder, pancreatic, breast, colon, cervical, and endometrial cancers)[7][8][9][10][11]
Heterophile antibodies (autoantibodies and antibodies formed after exposure to animal products that interact with the assay antibodies)[12][13]
Rheumatoid factors (can bind the antibodies in the assay as well)
IgA deficiency[14]
Chronic renal failure or ESRD on hemodialysis (rare)[15]
Red blood cell or plasma transfusion of blood with hCG in it have been reported
Exogenous hCG preparations for weight loss, assisted reproduction, doping[16]

Serum False Negatives

Early measurement after conception
"Hook effect" can occur when hCG levels are about 500,000 mIU/mL. [17] This is because there are so many hCG molecules that they saturate both the tracer and the antibodies separately, which doesn't allow for the sandwiching of the tracer-hCG-antibody required for the measurement. This means that all of the complexes are washed away, giving a false-negative result. If gestational trophoblastic disease is suspected, the lab should perform a dilution prior to testing.

Urine False Positives

Blood or protein in the urine
Human error in result interpretation
Ectopic production of hCG
Exogenous hCG
Drugs (aspirin, carbamazepine, methadone, high urinary pH and seminal fluid)[18]

Urine False Negatives

Early measurement after conception
Dilute urine specimen[2]
"Hook effect" as discussed above

Results, Reporting, and Critical Findings

HCG levels are reported in milli-international units of hCG hormone per milliliter of blood, or mIU/mL. International unit per liter (IU/L) may also be used.

Serum assays can measure beta-hCG as low as 1 to 2 mIU/mL.

Clinical Significance

Pregnancy

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Non-Pregnant Patients

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Review Questions

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Comment on this article.

References

1.: Montagnana M, Trenti T, Aloe R, Cervellin G, Lippi G. Human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy diagnostics. Clin Chim Acta. 2011 Aug 17;412(17-18):1515-20. [PubMed: 21635878]
2.: Ong S, Beebeejaun H. The effect of physiological urine dilution on pregnancy test results in complicated early pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999 Jan;106(1):87-8. [PubMed: 10426268]
3.: Cole LA. Immunoassay of human chorionic gonadotropin, its free subunits, and metabolites. Clin Chem. 1997 Dec;43(12):2233-43. [PubMed: 9439438]
4.: Greene DN, Schmidt RL, Kamer SM, Grenache DG, Hoke C, Lorey TS. Limitations in qualitative point of care hCG tests for detecting early pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta. 2013 Jan 16;415:317-21. [PubMed: 23159297]
5.: Braunstein GD. False-positive serum human chorionic gonadotropin results: causes, characteristics, and recognition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jul;187(1):217-24. [PubMed: 12114913]
6.: Cole LA, Shahabi S, Butler SA, Mitchell H, Newlands ES, Behrman HR, Verrill HL. Utility of commonly used commercial human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassays in the diagnosis and management of trophoblastic diseases. Clin Chem. 2001 Feb;47(2):308-15. [PubMed: 11159780]
7.: Marcillac I, Troalen F, Bidart JM, Ghillani P, Ribrag V, Escudier B, Malassagne B, Droz JP, Lhommé C, Rougier P. Free human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit in gonadal and nongonadal neoplasms. Cancer Res. 1992 Jul 15;52(14):3901-7. [PubMed: 1377600]
8.: Alfthan H, Haglund C, Roberts P, Stenman UH. Elevation of free beta subunit of human choriogonadotropin and core beta fragment of human choriogonadotropin in the serum and urine of patients with malignant pancreatic and biliary disease. Cancer Res. 1992 Sep 01;52(17):4628-33. [PubMed: 1324787]
9.: Sheaff MT, Martin JE, Badenoch DF, Baithun SI. beta hCG as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Pathol. 1996 Apr;49(4):329-32. [PMC free article: PMC500461] [PubMed: 8655711]
10.: Lundin M, Nordling S, Carpelan-Holmstrom M, Louhimo J, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Haglund C. A comparison of serum and tissue hCG beta as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6D):4949-51. [PubMed: 11326644]
11.: Reisenbichler ES, Krontiras H, Hameed O. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin production associated with phyllodes tumor of the breast: an unusual paraneoplastic phenomenon. Breast J. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(5):527-30. [PubMed: 19624411]
12.: Kricka LJ. Human anti-animal antibody interferences in immunological assays. Clin Chem. 1999 Jul;45(7):942-56. [PubMed: 10388468]
13.: Check JH, Nowroozi K, Chase JS, Lauer C, Elkins B, Wu CH. False-positive human chorionic gonadotropin levels caused by a heterophile antibody with the immunoradiometric assay. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Jan;158(1):99-100. [PubMed: 2447778]
14.: Knight AK, Bingemann T, Cole L, Cunningham-Rundles C. Frequent false positive beta human chorionic gonadotropin tests in immunoglobulin A deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Aug;141(2):333-7. [PMC free article: PMC1809437] [PubMed: 15996198]
15.: Fahy BG, Gouzd VA, Atallah JN. Pregnancy tests with end-stage renal disease. J Clin Anesth. 2008 Dec;20(8):609-13. [PubMed: 19100935]
16.: Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P, De Backer P. Detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin misuse in sports. Int J Sports Med. 1998 May;19(4):287-90. [PubMed: 9657371]
17.: Griffey RT, Trent CJ, Bavolek RA, Keeperman JB, Sampson C, Poirier RF. "Hook-like effect" causes false-negative point-of-care urine pregnancy testing in emergency patients. J Emerg Med. 2013 Jan;44(1):155-60. [PubMed: 21835572]
18.: Chard T. Pregnancy tests: a review. Hum Reprod. 1992 May;7(5):701-10. [PubMed: 1639991]
19.: Cervinski MA, Lockwood CM, Ferguson AM, Odem RR, Stenman UH, Alfthan H, Grenache DG, Gronowski AM. Qualitative point-of-care and over-the-counter urine hCG devices differentially detect the hCG variants of early pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta. 2009 Aug;406(1-2):81-5. [PubMed: 19477170]
20.: Davies S, Byrn F, Cole LA. Human chorionic gonadotropin testing for early pregnancy viability and complications. Clin Lab Med. 2003 Jun;23(2):257-64, vii. [PubMed: 12848444]
21.: Butts SF, Guo W, Cary MS, Chung K, Takacs P, Sammel MD, Barnhart KT. Predicting the decline in human chorionic gonadotropin in a resolving pregnancy of unknown location. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Aug;122(2 Pt 1):337-343. [PMC free article: PMC3752097] [PubMed: 23969803]
22.: Menczer J, Modan M, Serr DM. Prospective follow-up of patients with hydatidiform mole. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Mar;55(3):346-9. [PubMed: 7360433]
23.: Cole LA. Phantom hCG and phantom choriocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Nov;71(2):325-9. [PubMed: 9826481]

Beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)

Beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin is one of the subunits of a specific hormone molecule - chorionic gonadotropin, which is formed in the shell of the human embryo. The analysis is carried out for the purpose of early diagnosis of pregnancy, detection of its complications and diagnosis of diseases associated with impaired hCG secretion.

Synonyms Russian

Beta subunit of hCG.

Synonyms English

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, hCG, b-HCG, Quantitative hCG; Beta hCG, Total hCG, Total beta hCG.

Test method

Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA).

Detection range: 0.1 – 1,000,000 IU/L.

Units

IU/l (international unit per litre).

What biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous blood.

How to properly prepare for an examination?

Do not smoke for 30 minutes before the test.

Study Overview

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced in the fetal membrane of the human embryo. It is an important indicator of the development of pregnancy and its deviations. It is produced by the cells of the chorion (the shell of the embryo) immediately after it is attached to the wall of the uterus (this happens only a few days after fertilization). The embryo at this stage of pregnancy is a microscopic vesicle filled with fluid, the walls of which are made up of rapidly multiplying cells. From one part of these cells, the unborn child (embryoblast) develops, while from the cells outside the embryo, a trophoblast is formed - that part of the fetal egg, with which it is attached to the wall of the uterus. Later, the chorion is formed from the trophoblast.

Chorion performs the function of nourishing the embryo, being an intermediary between the body of the mother and the child. In addition, it produces chorionic gonadotropin, which, on the one hand, affects the formation of the child, on the other hand, it specifically affects the mother's body, ensuring a successful pregnancy. The appearance of this hormone in the body of a future mother at the initial stage of pregnancy explains the importance of the test for early diagnosis of pregnancy.

Chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the secretory function of the corpus luteum of the ovaries, which should produce the hormone progesterone, which maintains the normal state of the inner lining of the uterine wall - the endometrium. The endometrium provides reliable attachment of the fetal egg to the mother's body and its nutrition with all the necessary substances.

Due to a sufficient amount of human chorionic gonadotropin, the corpus luteum, which normally exists for only about 2 weeks during each menstrual cycle, does not undergo resorption after successful conception and remains functionally active throughout the entire period of pregnancy. Moreover, it is in pregnant women under the influence of chorionic gonadotropin that it produces very large amounts of progesterone. In addition, CG stimulates the production of estrogens and weak androgens by ovarian cells and promotes the development of the functional activity of the chorion itself, and later the placenta, which is formed as a result of the maturation and growth of the chorionic tissue, improving its own nutrition and increasing the number of chorionic villi.

Thus, the role of human chorionic gonadotropin lies in the specific and multifaceted effect on the body of a woman and the fetus in order to ensure a successful pregnancy. Based on the analysis for chorionic gonadotropin, the presence of chorionic tissue in the woman's body is determined, and hence pregnancy.

According to its chemical structure, chorionic gonadotropin is a combination of protein and complex carbohydrates, consisting of two parts (subunits): alpha and beta. The alpha subunit of chorionic gonadotropin is completely identical to the alpha subunits of the luteinizing, follicle-stimulating and thyroid-stimulating hormones of the pituitary gland, which perform functions that are largely similar to the function of chorionic gonadotropin, but not during pregnancy. The beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin is unique, which, on the one hand, determines the specificity of its action, and, on the other hand, allows it to be identified in biological media. In this regard, this test is called "beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)".

Knowing the level of beta-hCG in the blood, it is possible to diagnose pregnancy already on the 6-8th day after conception (in the urine, the concentration of beta-hCG reaches the diagnostic level 1-2 days later). Normally, during pregnancy between the 2nd and 5th weeks, the amount of beta-hCG doubles every 1.5 days. With multiple pregnancy, it increases in proportion to the number of fetuses. The maximum level of hCG reaches the 10-11th week, and then gradually decreases. This is due to the fact that from the beginning of the 2nd third of pregnancy, the placenta is able to independently produce enough estrogens and progesterone, with the participation of which the endometrium functions normally, regardless of the secretion of hormones in the ovarian corpus luteum. At the same time, the concentration of CG in the blood of a pregnant woman gradually decreases, and the corpus luteum can function without the effects of CG. During this period, the role of the hormone is to stimulate the production of testosterone in the fetus, which is necessary for the normal development of the external genital organs of the embryo.

Thus, during pregnancy, the level of beta-hCG in the blood first increases and then decreases. According to this indicator, one can judge the successful course of pregnancy and identify violations of the development of the fetus. The hCG test in the blood is the most reliable method for determining pregnancy in the early stages. HCG appears in the body of a woman from 6-8 days after fertilization. A common rapid pregnancy test that every woman can use at home is also based on measuring hCG in the urine.

Below normal hormone levels at various stages of fetal development suggest ectopic pregnancy, fetal growth retardation, threatened miscarriage, non-progressive pregnancy, or placental insufficiency. The reason for the increased content of beta-hCG may be toxicosis, diabetes mellitus, or an incorrectly set gestational age. A high level of the hormone after a mini-abortion indicates a progressing pregnancy.

Determining the level of hCG is included in the triple test study, the results of which can be used to judge some anomalies in the development of the fetus, but an accurate diagnosis cannot be made. The study only allows you to classify a woman as a risk group for this pathology. In this case, further investigation is necessary. In non-pregnant women, CG is normally absent, but it can be secreted by some abnormal chorion-derived tissues (hydatidiform mole, chorionepithelioma) and some other tumors.

What is research used for?

For the diagnosis of pregnancy, including multiple, ectopic and non-developing.
To monitor the progress of pregnancy.
To detect fetal growth retardation, threatened miscarriage, placental insufficiency.
For the diagnosis of amenorrhea.
To monitor the effectiveness of induced abortion.
As part of a comprehensive examination to identify fetal malformations.
For the diagnosis of CG-producing tumors.

When is the test ordered?

If pregnancy is suspected, in particular multiple pregnancy.
When monitoring the progress of pregnancy.
When there is an assumption about a complication during pregnancy: fetal growth retardation, the threat of spontaneous abortion, non-developing or ectopic pregnancy, chronic placental insufficiency.
Confirm successful induced abortion if necessary.
With a comprehensive examination to identify fetal malformations.
When finding out the reason for the absence of menstruation (amenorrhea).
When is the diagnosis of tumors producing hCG.

What do the results mean?

Reference values

Floor	Week of pregnancy (from conception)	Reference values
Female	Not pregnant	Less than 5 IU/L
	3 weeks	5. 8 - 71.2 IU/L
	4 weeks	9.5 - 750 IU/L
	5 weeks	217 - 7138 IU/L
	6 weeks	158 - 31795 IU/l
	7 weeks	3697 - 163563 IU/L
	8 weeks	32065 - 149571 IU/l
	9 weeks	63803 - 151410 IU/L
	10 weeks	46509 - 186977 IU/l
	11-12 weeks	27832 - 210612 IU/L
	13-14 weeks	13950 - 62530 IU/L
	15 weeks	12039 - 70971 IU/L
	16 weeks	9040 - 56451 IU/L
	17 weeks	8175 – 55868 IU/L
	18 weeks	8099 – 58176 IU/L
Male		Less than 5 IU/L

Causes of high beta-hCG levels

In the absence of pregnancy, the result of the beta-hCG test should be negative. The detection of beta-hCG suggests that at least 5-6 days have passed since fertilization. Between the 2nd and 5th weeks of pregnancy, during its normal course, the level of beta-hCG doubles every 1.5 days and soon reaches its maximum. Then it starts to slowly decline. The results of the analysis are compared with the normal values for each gestational age. For a correct interpretation of the results, it is necessary to know exactly when the conception occurred.

In pregnant women:

multiple pregnancies (the rate increases in proportion to the number of fetuses),
toxicosis,
prolonged pregnancy,
maternal diabetes mellitus,
fetal malformations,
taking synthetic hormones.

Not pregnant:

hCG-producing tumors,
surgical abortion (first 4-5 days after the procedure),
taking hCG preparations.

Causes of low beta-hCG levels (during pregnancy):

ectopic or non-developing pregnancy,
fetal growth retardation,
threatened miscarriage,
chronic placental insufficiency,
fetal death (in the 2nd-3rd trimester of pregnancy).

What can influence the result?

When diagnosing pregnancy, taking the test too early - when less than 5 days have passed since conception - can lead to a false negative result.

Also recommended

Alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP)
Antiphospholipid antibodies IgG
Antiphospholipid antibodies IgM
Placental lactogen
Free estriol
Pregnancy - Prenatal screening for trisomies of the first trimester of pregnancy (Down syndrome), PRISCA
Plasma pregnancy-associated protein A (PAPP-A)
Pregnancy - Prenatal screening for trisomies of the second trimester of pregnancy, PRISCA
Antibodies to steroid-producing cells of the placenta

Who orders the examination?

General practitioner, obstetrician-gynecologist, oncologist.

Literature

Handbook of Clinical Laboratory Testing During Pregnancy, edited by Ann M. Gronowski. Springer-Verlag LLC, New York, 2004
Prenatal Diagnosis in Obstetric Practice. M. J. J. Whittle, Blackwell Publishers 1995
Endocrinology of Pregnancy. Fuller W. Bazer, Humana Press 1998
Blood Biochemistry. N J Russell, G M Powell, J G Jones, P J, Winterburn and J M Basford, Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1982
Blood Chemistry and CBC analysis-Clinical Laboratory Testing from a Functional Perspective. Rychard Weatherby N.D and Scott Fergusson, N.D., Bear Mounting Publishing, 2002.
Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. Alan H. B. Wu, Saunders/Elsevier, 2006
Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Joyce LeFever Kee - Pearson, Prentice Hall, 8th Edition 2010
District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Monica Cheesbrough, Cambridge University Press, second edition, 2005.
Clinical Chemistry. A Laboratory Perspective. Wendy L. Arneson, Jean M. Brickell, F.A. Davis Company, 2007
Clinical Chemistry. Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody, Larry E. Schoef, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin test for men (hCG, beta-hCG, b-hCG, Human Chorionic) in St. Petersburg

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Biomaterial and collection method

901 Venous blood

Type	Center	Home	Self

Deadline: up to 1 day.

Download sample analysis

Human chorionic gonadotropin for men (hCG, beta-hCG, b-hCG, Human Chorionic) is a hormone that is produced by cells of the placenta in the female body. An analysis for hCG is prescribed for women to confirm pregnancy. In the male body, an increase in the level of the hormone can be caused by tumors, including testicular teratoma, colorectal cancer, etc. An analysis for hCG for men and non-pregnant women is prescribed as part of a comprehensive diagnosis of tumor diseases.

General rules

Do not eat fatty foods for several hours before the test, preferably not for 4 hours;
Shortly before taking blood, drink 1-2 glasses of plain non-carbonated water;
If possible, stop taking medication at least one day before testing;
When taking tests while taking medications, this fact must be indicated on the referral form;
Do not play sports on the day of the test;
Exclude increased emotional stress;
A few minutes before taking blood, take a comfortable position (sit down), relax, calm down;
Refrain from drinking alcohol for 72 hours prior to testing;
Do not smoke for at least 30 minutes. before taking blood;
Clarify the optimal days of the menstrual cycle (or gestational age) for donating blood for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, estradiol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, prolactin, as well as for specific markers inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone ( indicate on the referral form)

Blood sampling for children under 7 years old

Remember that the best time to take a blood test is in the morning, the norms of all tests were developed precisely for the time interval from 8 to 11 am.
Donate blood for analysis should be strictly on an empty stomach. At least 8 hours should elapse between the last meal and blood sampling. With children, this rule is quite difficult to follow, but it is quite possible. It is impossible to drink juices, tea, eat cookies in the morning, this can significantly distort the results. You can only drink water. Take something tasty with you so that you can eat immediately after leaving the treatment room.
The child's diet 1-2 days before the blood test should exclude fatty and fried foods, sweets.
For better blood supply to blood vessels, it is advisable to give the child 100-200 ml of water 30 minutes before blood sampling (for children from 1 year old).
After the analysis, think about how you can please the child for good behavior. A small surprise gift will help smooth out the unpleasant impressions about the hospital.

Blood sampling from children from 1 day to 12 months

When taking blood for analysis in infants, try to adjust it to the break between feedings, closer to the second feeding.
30 minutes before the procedure, the child should drink 50 ml of the liquid that you usually give him.
At the time of blood sampling, the child's hands must be warm. If you come from the street or it is not so warm in the room, the child's hands need to be warmed. This is a mandatory and very important condition, because the amount of blood that will be received by the health worker depends on its implementation.
Immediately prior to blood sampling, the child should be positioned in such a way that he is as comfortable as possible. It should take a couple of minutes before the nurse starts drawing blood. This time is enough for the baby to calm down and get used to the surrounding space a little.

Test code	Test name	Unit	Reference values
66.1	Beta hCG (for men)	IU/L

Important!
If an examination is to be carried out using the CITO service, pack the sample in a separate bag and label it with the CITO sticker.

Collection and Transport Recommendations

Vacuum Tube, Clot Activator, Gel (yellow cap), 4 ml

Sample Processing

Mix 5-6 times Clotting at room temperature (3)
Centrifuge at 2000-2200g for 10 min.
Do not tolerate serum

Sample storage

at +2...+8°C

Sample transport

at +2...+8°C

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone that plays a huge role in the development of the fetus after it is implanted on the surface of the uterus. Elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood serum can be a sign of various pathologies. Specifically, the body mounts an autoimmune response by producing anti-hCG immunoglobulins. Thus, measuring the level of the hormone and antibodies to it allows us to assess the causes of the pathology and the possibility of treatment.
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