Hormones released during breastfeeding

Oxytocin and Breastfeeding

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By Galen Broido
Dec 12, 2017

You’ve probably heard of Oxytocin as “the love hormone” -- but did you know that this little hormone is how you produce milk when you breastfeed? That’s right! Believe it or not, the same hormone that makes you feel the love tonight is also the one that helps you feed your baby, bond with loved ones and can even lower your blood pressure.

What is oxytocin and why is it important?

Also known as the anti-stress hormone and mothering hormone, Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and has many functions that include everything from increasing relaxation to causing muscle contractions, and is even involved in orgasm. In the beginning of motherhood, Oxytocin helps your uterus to contract and push out your baby during labor.

A similar reaction occurs while breastfeeding, as breastfeeding stimulates the release of oxytocin into your system that will cause the muscles in your breast to contract in what is called the Let-Down Reflex. During let-down, the milk-making glands in your breast contract to squeeze milk into the milk ducts, which contract to push breast milk through your breast, to your nipple, to baby’s mouth. As you breastfeed Oxytocin continues to be released into your body – helping you produce your supply as baby is at the breast.

Without oxytocin, your body couldn’t properly contract and produce the milk you and your baby need. And while mostly good feelings are associated with the release of oxytocin during breastfeeding, this release may make you feel sleepy, raise your body temperature so you may feel hot or thirsty, and it can sometimes give you a headache. Immediately after giving birth, the release of oxytocin can also be painful, as it does cause uterine contractions similar to cramps. This does, however, lessen the amount of postpartum bleeding you may experience, prevent hemorrhage, and allows for your uterus to shrink back to its normal size more quickly.

What are the signs of Oxytocin being released?

Tingling or a pins and needs sensation in your breast
In the beginning, you will most likely feel your uterus cramping
You’ll be able to hear your child swallow
You may even feel happy and relaxed

If you’re anything like me, even in the throes of pregnancy your breasts are already preparing for feeding and you may leak, particularly when you hear a baby cry or think of feeding your child (it’s normal, but can definitely be a little annoying!?

Will my Oxytocin always release?

It’s important to note that there are factors that can interfere with this release – in particular, pain after giving birth. To successfully breastfeed after giving birth, some say that pain medication should be taken if prescribed to you. Though it may make baby feel sleepy, it can help bring comfort that will get breastfeeding off to the right start. Breast surgery can also interfere because it can affect the nerves in the breast. Other everyday factors include stress, fear, drinking alcohol, and smoking. It’s important that breastfeeding mamas continue to take care of themselves, even after pregnancy, to be able to breastfeed and care for their baby.

The information on this website should not be used as a substitute for medical care.

About the Author

I am 24 years old, married to my high-school sweetheart, and have a daughter named Kara who was born in March 2018! I went to Mars Hill University for my undergraduate degree in English and creative writing, and my daughter is my inspiration for everything I do. I want to help parents everywhere to be successful in their journeys, and to love what they do.

Health/Wellness

Posted in Breastfeeding

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Causes & How It Works

Overview

What is lactation?

Lactation is the process of producing and releasing milk from the mammary glands in your breasts. Lactation begins in pregnancy when hormonal changes signal the mammary glands to make milk in preparation for the birth of your baby. It’s also possible to induce lactation without a pregnancy using the same hormones that your body makes during pregnancy. Lactation ends once your body stops producing milk.

Feeding your baby directly from your breasts is called breastfeeding (or sometimes chestfeeding) or nursing. You can also feed your baby milk that you have expressed or pumped from your breast and saved in a bottle.

Where does human milk come from?

Human milk comes from your mammary glands inside your breasts. These glands have several parts that work together to produce and secrete milk:

Alveoli: These tiny, grape-like sacs produce and store milk. A cluster of alveoli is called lobules, and each lobule connects to a lobe.
Milk ducts: Each lobe connects to a milk duct. You can have up to 20 lobes, with one milk duct for every lobe. Milk ducts carry milk from the lobules of alveoli to your nipples.
Areola: The dark area surrounding your nipple, which has sensitive nerve endings that lets your body know when to release milk. To release milk, the entire areola needs stimulation.
Nipple: Your nipple contains several tiny pores (up to about 20) that secrete milk. Nerves on your nipple respond to suckling (either by a baby, your hands or a breast pump). This stimulation tells your brain to release milk from the alveoli through the milk ducts and out of your nipple.

It helps to think of the lactation system as a large tree. Your nipple is the trunk of the tree. The milk ducts are the branches. The leaves are the alveoli.

Why do people lactate?

The primary reason people lactate is to feed a baby. Lactation is a biological, hormonal response that occurs during and after pregnancy to feed a newborn baby. Your body triggers specific hormones to initiate milk production and ejection (releasing of milk). All mammals lactate for this purpose and it’s possible to induce lactation in men and in non-pregnant women using the right hormone medications.

Function

What triggers lactation?

A series of hormonal events, which begin when you’re pregnant, trigger the lactation process. That process is called lactogenesis.

Stage one lactogenesis: This begins around the 16th week of pregnancy and lasts until a few days after you give birth.

Estrogen and progesterone rise and cause your milk ducts to grow in number and size. This causes your breasts to become fuller. Your mammary glands begin to prepare for milk production.
Your nipples darken and your areolas become larger.
Your Montgomery glands (small bumps on the areola) secrete oil to lubricate your nipple.
Your body begins making colostrum. It’s highly nutritious and filling and serves as your baby’s first milk.

Stage two lactogenesis: This stage starts about two or three days postpartum (after giving birth). It’s when milk production intensifies.

Once your baby and placenta are delivered, a sudden drop in your estrogen and progesterone causes the hormone prolactin to take over.
Prolactin is the hormone that produces milk.
You’ll notice your milk production increases dramatically at this stage. It’s often referred to as milk “coming in.”
Your breasts are often engorged (or overly full of milk) to the point where they feel sore, painful or tender.

Stage three lactogenesis: This describes the rest of the time you lactate.

Lactation generally continues as long as milk is removed from your breast.
The more milk that’s removed, the more milk your body makes to replace it. Frequent feeding or pumping will cause your body to make more milk.

Hormones for lactation

The hormone prolactin controls the amount of milk you produce, and your body begins producing prolactin early in pregnancy. At first, the high levels of estrogen, progesterone and other pregnancy hormones suppress prolactin. Once you deliver the placenta, those pregnancy hormones drop and prolactin takes charge.

When your baby suckles, it stimulates nerves that tell your body to release prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin causes the alveoli to make milk and oxytocin causes muscle contractions that push out of the alveoli and through the milk ducts.

When milk is released, it’s called a “letdown,” and it takes about 30 seconds of suckling before the letdown occurs. Because you can’t control which breast receives the hormones, the letdown can cause milk to drip from both nipples.

Inducing lactation in people who aren’t pregnant requires medication that mimics hormones your body makes during pregnancy. Suckling from the nipple can initiate lactation, either with a breast pump or by a baby. This is a complex process that involves working closely with a healthcare provider who understands the needs of non-pregnant people and has experience initiating lactation.

When do you lactate during pregnancy?

Lactation begins as early as a few weeks into the second trimester of your pregnancy. As estrogen and progesterone levels rise, your body prepares for lactation by increasing the number of milk ducts in your breasts, and those milk ducts will transport milk from the alveoli to your nipples. About midway through pregnancy, your body creates colostrum, which is your baby’s first milk.

Can you lactate when you’re not pregnant?

Yes, it’s possible to lactate if you’re not pregnant. Inducing lactation is a complex process that usually involves using hormone-mimicking drugs for several months to produce milk. The second part of lactation is expressing the milk through your nipple. Stimulation from infant suckling, pumping with a breast pump or hand-expressing signals the brain to release the milk. It’s common for people in this situation to receive assistance from a healthcare provider who understands the needs of non-pregnant people and has experience initiating lactation.

How do you stop lactation?

There are many reasons why you might need to stop producing milk, and you can stop lactating either naturally or with the help of hormonal drugs.

Natural milk suppression

Lactation is a supply-and-demand process. Your milk supply gradually goes down as your baby relies less on breast milk, or as you reduce the number of times you nurse or pump. Generally, if you decrease the volume of milk removed from your breasts, your body will slow milk production.

Suppressing your milk can feel uncomfortable and most people will become engorged (the term for overfilled breasts). You may also leak milk or develop a clogged milk duct. However, you can treat that pain by taking an over-the-counter pain reliever, wearing a firm bra or using an ice pack on your breasts.

Medication suppression

Medications can also be an option if you need to stop producing milk. Your healthcare provider can explain more about lactation-suppressing drugs, as well as the benefits and possible side effects.

Anatomy

Where are the mammary glands located?

Mammary glands are commonly called breasts and both genders have them. They are located on your chest and are composed of connective tissue, fat and special glandular tissue that makes milk. A woman’s glandular tissue is slightly different because it contains the alveoli and lobules necessary for producing milk. Women also have much more glandular tissue.

Conditions and Disorders

What are common conditions that affect your ability to lactate?

The ability to lactate and the length of time you’re able to produce milk varies. Some can produce milk for years, while others have trouble producing enough milk for their baby.

Some common factors that can impact lactation or breastfeeding are:

Hormonal levels and conditions.
Medications.
Undergoing radiation therapy in the past.
Trauma to your breast or nipples.
Breast augmentation, reconstruction or other breast surgeries.
Other medical conditions like HIV infection.
Use of drugs and alcohol.

If you’re nursing or pumping your milk to bottle-feed your baby, you should always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new medications or treatments. Many medications can pass to your baby through breast milk, which may have dangerous effects on your baby.

What is lactational amenorrhea?

Lactation amenorrhea (ah-men-oh-re-uh) means you aren’t menstruating (getting a period) due to lactation. When you’re lactating, your body produces prolactin, the hormone that produces milk. Prolactin reduces the amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your body, which helps trigger the release of an egg during ovulation. If you aren’t producing enough LH, you can’t ovulate or get your period. The length of time you can be amenorrheic due to lactation varies from a few months or until you’re completely done lactating.

Does lactation reduce my risk of any diseases?

Studies have shown that breastfeeding reduces a woman’s risk of ovarian and breast cancers. It can also lower your risk for Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.

Care

How do you maintain milk production?

Maintaining lactation is mostly based on supply and demand. The more your baby breastfeeds or the more milk you express with a breast pump, the more your body will make. There are ways to suppress lactation with hormones or oral contraceptives. If you wish to maintain lactation, some things you should do are:

Continue nursing on-demand or pump milk frequently (approximately every four hours).
Eat a healthy diet with enough calories. Low-calorie diets can decrease milk supply.
Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated. Human milk is primarily water.
Avoid smoking, drugs or alcohol. These can reduce your supply and transfer to your milk.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between lactation and colostrum?

Lactation describes the process of making and secreting milk from your breast. Colostrum is the first milk your breasts create during lactation and the first milk your baby drinks. It’s thick, yellow and commonly called “liquid gold.” Colostrum is high in protein, minerals, vitamins and antibodies.

What is hormone therapy for inducing lactation?

Couples or families who wish to induce lactation, maybe because of adoption, surrogacy or other reasons, can try hormone therapy. Induced lactation means you’re creating a milk supply without being pregnant. It’s a process that involves taking estrogen and progesterone for several months to make your body believe it’s pregnant. This helps prepare your breasts for lactation. Some medications and herbs are believed to help establish a milk supply, too.

Several weeks before your baby arrives, begin pumping your breasts with a breast pump. This encourages your body to release prolactin, which produces milk. Ideally, you express your milk several times a day, just like you would if you had a baby. This helps establish a supply. You can also freeze any milk you produce for use once your baby arrives.

If you’re considering this as an option, you should talk to your healthcare provider about your desire to feed your baby with human milk. Induced lactation works for many people, but not all.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

If you want to feed your baby human milk, it’s helpful to understand the process of lactation so you know what to expect. Talk to your healthcare provider about how to best prepare for nursing or expressing milk. Remember, lactation can look different for everyone depending on your circumstances and health history. If you struggle with lactation at any point, you may feel embarrassed or even ashamed. But struggling with lactation is very common, and lactation specialists and other healthcare providers can help you as you try to overcome these difficulties.

Pediatrician explains the benefits of breastfeeding

Breastfeeding Support Week runs from 3 to 9 October. Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure the health and survival of a child, yet about two-thirds of babies are not exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life, when it is most important for them. This figure has not improved over the past two decades. We asked a few questions to the Deputy Chief Physician of the Ulyanovsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital. and political and public figure Yu. F. Goryachev, pediatrician Irina Klimova, to find out what is the value and what are the benefits of breastfeeding.

What is the psychological significance of contact between mother and baby during breastfeeding?

A child who is breastfed by a mother learns to communicate with her, to show her needs and desires.
Breastfeeding creates a close relationship between mother and child that teaches the child to open up and trust people and the world.
A responsive mother who responds to the first call of the baby, recognizes his signals and breastfeeds on demand, the world seems to be benevolent towards him.
The closeness of the mother, the beating of her heart, the emotions experienced by her become a way for the baby to perceive the world around as reliable and safe.
When breastfeeding, the child receives a certain upbringing, learns to follow the prohibitions. For example, he understands that he should not bite his chest.

Is breast milk always the right formula for a baby?

The composition of breast milk varies from mother to mother. But it always satisfies the need of the child's body for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, trace elements and vitamins. In addition, breast milk contains amino acids and enzymes that facilitate its absorption in the baby's body for better prevention of eating disorders. Breast milk is sterile, has an optimal temperature, it is always a fresh product. The composition of breast milk is not unchanged. It varies depending on the nutrition of the mother, the age of the baby and even the time of day. Studies confirm that breast milk contains protective antibodies that reduce the risk of viral and infectious diseases. For respiratory viral infections, breastfeeding should not be stopped because it provides the best prevention of the disease. British researchers found that formula-fed babies were 17 times more likely to be hospitalized with pneumonia (British medical journal, 318: 1999). Also, in children who are breastfed, allergic reactions are much less common.

What are some other benefits of breastfeeding for your baby?

The first two years of life is a period of intensive formation of facial muscles, nasal cavity, teeth growth. Artificial babies have a significantly higher chance of malocclusion than breastfed babies. They also more often have snoring, sleep apnea (stopping breathing). The act of sucking during breastfeeding includes a large complex of movements of the muscles of the face and tongue. This causes the development of these muscles and, as a result, better development and alignment of the teeth. The sucking movements of children drinking from a bottle ensure the flow of milk, but can contribute to the formation of malocclusion. Breastfed babies are also less likely to have inflammatory ear conditions that can lead to hearing loss. In infants, the organ of vision develops better, pathologies of vision are less common. Studies have been conducted that prove the relationship between the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the nature of feeding. In infants, the likelihood of illness is much less likely - perhaps due to a stronger immune system. Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and childhood cancer.

Is breastfeeding good for the mother?

During breastfeeding, hormones are released that reduce stress not only for the baby, but also for the nursing mother. Mothers experience a sense of satisfaction, pride from the fact that they were able to give the baby the best nutrition that is suitable in composition. Breastfeeding mothers have an easier time recovering from childbirth, as the hormone oxytocin, produced during breastfeeding, helps contract the muscles of the uterus. The sooner a mother puts her baby to the breast after birth, the better. Breastfeeding mothers are significantly less likely to develop breast and ovarian cancer than women who have never breastfed. Also, breastfeeding is the prevention of polycystic ovaries, uterine fibroids and endometriosis.

With the assistance of the Center for Public Health and Medical Prevention of the Ulyanovsk Region

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