How to treat a child with measles

Measles (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth

What Is Measles?

Measles is a very contagious respiratory infection. It causes a total-body skin rash and flu-like symptoms. Measles is rare in the United States thanks to widespread immunization. But millions of cases happen worldwide every year.

Measles (also called rubeola) is caused by a

virus, so there's no specific medical treatment for it. The virus has to run its course. A child who is sick should drink plenty of liquids, get lots of rest, and stay home from school or daycare to prevent spreading the infection.

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Measles?

The first symptoms of a measles infection are usually a hacking cough, runny nose, high fever, and red eyes. Kids also may have Koplik's spots (small red spots with blue-white centers) inside the mouth before the rash starts.

The rash breaks out 3–5 days after symptoms start, sometimes along with a high fever up to 104°F (40°C). The red or reddish-brown rash usually begins as flat red spots on the forehead. It spreads to the rest of the face, then down the neck and torso to the arms, legs, and feet. The fever and rash slowly go away after a few days.

Is Measles Contagious?

Measles is very contagious. In fact, 9 out of 10 people who aren't vaccinated for measles will get it if they are near an infected person.

How Do People Get Measles?

Measles spreads when people breathe in or have direct contact with virus-infected fluid. It can pass through droplets sprayed into the air when someone with measles sneezes or coughs. Someone exposed to the virus usually shows symptoms 7–14 days later.

People with measles can spread the disease from 4 days before the rash starts until about 4 days after that. They're most contagious while they have a fever, runny nose, and cough. Those with weak immune systems due to other conditions (like HIV and AIDS) can spread the measles virus until they recover.

How Is Measles Treated?

There is no specific medical treatment for measles. To help manage symptoms:

give your child plenty of fluids
encourage extra rest
give a non-aspirin fever medicine, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen if a fever makes your child uncomfortable. Never give aspirin to a child who has a viral illness, as such use is linked to Reye syndrome.

Kids with measles should be closely watched by a doctor. In some cases, measles can lead to other problems, such as:

ear infections
croup
diarrhea
pneumonia
encephalitis (irritation and swelling of the brain)

Children with measles should be kept away from others for 4 days after their rash appears. For those with a weak immune system, this should continue until they make a full recovery and all symptoms are gone.

How Long Does Measles Last?

A measles infection can last for several weeks. Symptoms usually start 7–14 days after someone is exposed to the virus.

Can Measles Be Prevented?

The best way to protect your kids is to make sure they're immunized against measles.

For most kids, measles protection is part of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (MMRV) given when they're 12 to 15 months old and again when they're 4 to 6 years old.

The vaccine can be given to babies as young as 6 months old if they will be traveling internationally. Talk to your doctor to see when the vaccine is needed.

Why Is Vaccination Important?

Widespread immunization has made measles rare in the U.S. But outbreaks do still happen. An outbreak is when a disease happens in greater numbers than expected in a particular area. Measles outbreaks have been increasing worldwide, mostly due to people not being vaccinated.

It's important for all kids who can get the vaccine to get it on time. At-risk people (such as those with weak immune systems) can't get the vaccine. But when a lot of other people are immunized against a disease, it protects them, prevents the disease from spreading, and helps prevent outbreaks.

At highest risk during a measles outbreak are:

infants who aren't old enough to get the vaccine
pregnant women
people with poor nutrition or weak immune systems

Doctors can give an injection of measles antibodies (called immune globulin) to at-risk people who are exposed to measles. It's most effective when given within 6 days of contact. These antibodies can either prevent measles or make symptoms less severe.

The measles vaccine also can help protect unvaccinated people from getting sick after exposure to measles if they get it within 3 days.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Call the doctor right away if you think that your child has measles. Also call if your child was around someone who has measles, especially if your child:

is an infant
is taking medicines that suppress the immune system
has tuberculosis, cancer, or a disease that affects the immune system

Reviewed by: Michelle P. Tellado, MD

Date reviewed: September 2019

Measles in babies and children

What is measles?

Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that can cause serious complications for anyone who becomes infected. The broad uptake of measles vaccination through the Australian National Immunisation Program means that the disease is now quite rare in Australia.

However, outbreaks still occur, with overseas visitors and returning residents bringing back the virus, so it is important to make sure your child is vaccinated on time.

What are the symptoms of measles?

The most recognised symptom of measles is a characteristic rash, which appears after a few days of general illness with fever. The rash develops with flat discoloured skin and small bumps but is not itchy. It starts on the face or upper neck and then spreads over the body.

Some early signs and symptoms of measles include:

fever
conjunctivitis (sore, red eyes)
symptoms of a cold (runny nose, sneezing, feeling tired and generally unwell)
cough

A child who is infected might start to show symptoms about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the measles virus. The symptoms can last for up to 14 days.

If your child has measles, they may not want to eat or they may have diarrhoea or swollen lymph nodes.

How does measles spread?

Measles is one of the most contagious of all childhood illnesses. If someone is in the same room as an infected person, this alone may be enough for them to contract the virus, and 9 out of every 10 unvaccinated people who come into contact with the virus will get measles.

A person who has the measles virus will be contagious from about one day before they start to feel unwell or about 4 days before the rash starts. They will need to stay away from all unvaccinated people for at least 4 days after the rash first appeared.

If you child has been near someone with measles, keep them at home until you have spoken with your doctor.

How do I reduce the chance of my child catching measles?

On-time vaccination is the best way to prevent measles. The Australian National Immunisation Program provides free vaccination for all Australian children. Your child should receive 2 doses of measles vaccine from 12 months of age, with at least 4 weeks between doses.

If your child is over 6 months and you are travelling to a country where measles is present, your doctor may be able to give them an extra dose to protect them. This has been shown to be safe.

Immunisation and vaccinations for your child

Immunisation is a simple, safe and effective way of protecting children agaist certain diseases. Discover more about childhood vaccinations.

What if I think my child has measles?

If you think your child may have measles, you should contact your doctor immediately. Do not go to the clinic since you don’t want to infect people in the waiting room. Rather, call your doctor and they will let you know the safest way to see them. Your doctor may be able to diagnose your child’s measles from their symptoms and will confirm with a sample taken from their nose or throat or from a urine test. Sometimes they might need a blood test too.

Measles is considered a notifiable disease and contact tracing is necessary to prevent spread and to protect more vulnerable people, such as those with lower immunity. This group might include people who are being treated for cancer and babies who are too young to have been vaccinated.

If your child has measles, your doctor will notify the public health unit and they may ask to talk with you to try and find where your child caught measles, and to identify anyone your child has been in contact with. This way, they can limit further spread as well as offer advice, treatment and/or vaccination to other people at risk of infection too.

Make sure you let your doctor know if there is anyone in your household who is unwell — for example, someone who is taking medicines such as high-dose steroids or who is receiving chemotherapy.

Other people at particular risk include pregnant women (if they haven’t been vaccinated) and young babies who have not yet been vaccinated, such as infants under 12 months of age.

How do I treat my child with measles?

There is no specific treatment for measles. Your child should rest, drink plenty of fluids and can take paracetamol for their fever and discomfort — but be sure to check the dosage instructions on the pack.

You should look out for complications. Ear infections, pneumonia (severe lung infection) and swelling of the brain, which may be life-threatening, may also occur.

Children under the age of 5 are at higher risk of complications, as are adults, particularly those with other chronic illnesses.

Measles can be a very serious illness, with some children needing to go to hospital. If you are concerned in any way, don’t hesitate to contact your doctor.

Are you pregnant or planning a pregnancy?
Learn more about how measles during pregnancy can affect you and your baby.

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Measles - signs, symptoms, treatment of measles in children - Murmansk City Children's Clinic No.

By smaweb 08/16/2020 Healthy child

Measles is an acute infectious disease, the distinguishing features of which are a typical rash, as well as damage to the conjunctiva of the eyes and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

Nature, development and spread of infection
Measles is a viral infection spread by airborne droplets. The measles virus enters the body through the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, from where it spreads through the blood throughout the body. The virus selectively damages the cells of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract and oral cavity, which causes typical manifestations of the disease. nine0005

The source of measles infection is only a sick person capable of shedding the virus into the external environment from the last two days of the incubation period to the fourth day after the onset of the rash. People who have not received prophylactic measles vaccination and have not had measles throughout their lives remain susceptible to infection, so the disease can develop at any age.

Before the introduction of measles vaccine, 95% of cases were in children under 16 years of age. After the widespread vaccination of children, a significant decrease in the incidence of measles was noted, but individual cases and limited outbreaks were noted constantly, and now there is a tendency for them to increase. Complete protection against measles requires immunization 94-97% of children under 15 months of age. However, this level of vaccination is practically unfeasible even for developed countries.

Measles outbreaks can also occur among vaccinated individuals (67-70% of all outbreaks). As a rule, they are typical for older age groups (children of school age, teenagers, military personnel, students, etc.). The nature of such cases of the disease is associated with a drop in the intensity of immunity after a long period (10-15 years) after vaccination.

Signs and course of the disease
The duration of the latent period of infection is 9-11 days. The introduction of immunoglobulin for prophylactic purposes can contribute to its lengthening up to 15-21 days (sometimes more). From the second half of the latent period, the initial symptoms of the disease may be noted (weight loss in a child under one year old, evening subfebrile condition, slight cough and runny nose, swelling of the lower eyelid, redness of the conjunctiva).

The initial non-specific period begins with an increase in body temperature to 38-39°C, weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite are noted. Cough acquires a rough "barking" character, runny nose and redness of the conjunctiva intensify. During this period, the doctor can identify a specific sign of measles - small whitish spots on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, soft and hard palate, similar to semolina or bran (Filatov-Koplik spots).

On the 3rd-4th day, the fever decreases somewhat, but from the moment the rash appears, it increases again. The same applies to signs of damage to the respiratory system. The period of the rash is characterized by a strict staging. First, the elements appear on the face and neck, on the 2nd day - on the trunk, thighs, arms, on the 3rd day, the elements of the rash appear on the feet and legs, and on the face they already turn pale. As a rule, the maximum number of elements of the rash is localized on the face, upper chest and neck. nine0005

The rash is represented by irregularly shaped patches, slightly elevated in the center above the surface of the skin. The spot diameter usually does not exceed 10 mm, the spots show a tendency to merge. The fading of the rashes begins on the 3-4th day after their appearance, they leave behind a brownish pigmentation, later peeling occurs on the face and trunk in these places.

A typical sign of measles is conjunctivitis, which in most cases is purulent. Often there is gluing of eyelashes in the morning (when waking up) with purulent discharge. The layering of a purulent infection can cause the development of pneumonia. A severe complication is damage to the central nervous system, which is quite rare. nine0005

Prevention of measles in children, symptoms and treatment

Measles is not a very pleasant disease, highly contagious and ...., alas, not only for children. Adults, even those vaccinated in childhood, can also easily pick it up. Expectant mothers should also be careful, especially those who already have schoolchildren and preschoolers - first of all, children who attend kindergartens, leisure centers and schools are at risk. The "plus" of the disease is that having been ill, a person acquires a stable lifelong immunity. “Since 2010, there has been an increase in the incidence of measles (as a rule, the rise occurs in the autumn-winter period). Measles is very contagious, the virus is volatile, so it can easily move through ventilation shafts, and then the entire entrance is “contact”. nine0005

But gives stable lifelong immunity (after vaccination, immunity lasts 15-20 years). During the period of rising incidence, both vaccinated and unvaccinated children can get sick, ”explains pediatrician Yulia Viktorovna Andronnikova, head of the pediatric department of the Health Territory and author of a lecture on the expediency and safety of vaccination.

Manifestations

21 days - this is how long the measles virus can sit in the body without showing itself in any way. But most often the disease makes itself felt after 7 days, in the second week of infection. Measles begins the same way as a common ARVI: not with characteristic rashes, but with a runny nose, sore throat, cough, conjunctivitis and high fever. Therefore, the first 2-3 days you need to carefully monitor the oral mucosa - the FIRST typical manifestation of measles are small white spots, most often on the cheeks in the region of the molars. On the 4-5th day of illness, against the background of the same high temperature, a rash already appears: 1st day - face (behind the ears, on the bridge of the nose, on the cheeks), 2nd day - on the arms and torso, 3rd day on your feet. The rash also goes away, gradually, leaving brown pigmentation. You can get infected from a child from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease (before the rash!) And another 5 days from the onset of the rash. nine0005

Peculiarities of the disease

According to Yulia Viktorovna Andronnikova, in vaccinated children, measles can occur in mild forms (sometimes even without a rash!) and it is difficult to recognize it without a blood test (because of this, the infection can spread further among other children). Healthy, rarely ill children tend to tolerate measles quite easily. Children who have chronic diseases of the cardiovascular, broncho-pulmonary and nervous systems are more severely ill.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for measles. The usual principles for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections apply here: drinking plenty of water, a light diet, bed rest, symptomatic treatment (antipyretic, drops in the nose, eyes, rinsing the mouth). nine0005

Diagnosis of measles by tests

“Unfortunately, in conventional laboratories, they do not test for the determination of the measles virus during the incubation period (by mucous membranes and by blood). It is possible to identify the disease in the blood only by passing a blood test for IgM (primary antibodies to measles) in the acute period of the disease - from 4-5 days. And diagnostic - that is, official confirmation of the disease - is a 2-3-fold increase in IgG titer (moreover, the analysis is taken from a vein twice, with an interval of 7-10 days),” Yulia Viktorovna clarifies. nine0005

Prevention

It is desirable, if possible, to limit contacts: in addition to public places, in the zone of increased "risk" - kindergartens, centers, entertainment centers (and first of all - children's hospitals, where you should not go even for specific examinations) . It is necessary to ventilate the room as often as possible (at least 30 minutes) and try to do at least light wet cleaning a couple of times a day. But the most important thing, of course, is the work of immunity. In addition to hardening, frequent walks in the fresh air, it is possible to take pre - and probiotics (KIP, "Rioflora immuno"): it is both of them - they work better "in pairs". Pre and probiotics can be present in the daily diet, if you reduce sweets, refined fats and fast carbohydrates, and give preference to dairy products, vegetables, fruits (and dried fruits!), As well as grains. Well, make sure that there are no constipations. nine0005

By far the most common way to prevent measles is vaccination. “When deciding on vaccination, it is important to decide whether we are ready to get sick in order to get stable immunity, or whether we will choose immunity for 15-20 years, which will be given by vaccination. Vaccination during the incubation period (if the measles virus has already entered the body) will not lead to an exacerbation of the disease. Antibodies to measles appear within 10-14 days, and are finally formed 1 month after vaccination” (Yu.