How much does vpk pay per child
Florida invests millions into VPK programs
NewsPinellas County
The 2022 Florida Legislature set a new historic budget for Florida’s Voluntary Prekindergarten (better known as VPK) Program. Florida leaders voted to allocate $52 million in recurring state funds to raise the base student allocation an extra $317 per child.
By: Sarah Hollenbeck
Posted at 5:10 PM, Jun 09, 2022
and last updated 2022-06-09 19:58:47-04
PINELLAS COUNTY, Fla. — Early learning educators across Florida are celebrating. The 2022 Florida Legislature set a new historic budget for Florida’s Voluntary Prekindergarten (better known as VPK) Program. Florida leaders voted to allocate $52 million in recurring state funds to raise the base student allocation to an extra $317 per child. The legislature also decided to invest $100 million to give to childcare programs that agree to pay VPK teachers a minimum of $15 an hour. In total, childcare programs can receive an allocation of up to $935 per child.
It is exciting news for Sonal Kachhi, the director of Cornerstone Preschool in Clearwater. Kachhi loves nothing more than watching the kids in her care thrive.
“This is our future,” she said referencing the children playing on a playground behind her. “These are the children who will run our country in the next few years and I feel like it’s very important to give them the best education we all can,” she explained.
Kachhi has been in the childcare field for 17 years but she says operating her center has come with a few extra challenges lately, especially when it comes to hiring teachers.
“It has been almost impossible. We have tried every way: Facebook Marketplace, Indeed, Craigslist. It has become very difficult to hire. I feel like nobody wants to work but it is getting a little better as more people move to Florida,” she added.
WFTS
She hopes the outlook will improve as more state money will be invested into paying VPK teachers higher wages.
“Of course, that money we are going to get we are going to increase pay and hopefully it will help us more to hire,” she said.
Lindsay Carson at the Early Learning Coalition of Pinellas County says the additional funding is critical – 90% of brain development happens before a child starts kindergarten.
“Children who participate in VPK are better prepared and more successful in school. We know VPK works,” she added.
Carson says early education leaders were blown away by the new state funding allocations. “The first time I saw the proposed budget, I had to look at it twice. I really was surprised. In the past, we’ve seen increases of $50 per student which we really celebrated but when we are talking about a potential $935 per student, that’s a game changer,” she elaborated.
Kachhi hopes the historic funding will allow more childcare centers to open—or reopen.
“There are many childcares who have shut down and it breaks my heart because they have gone out of business because of covid, not finding teachers and they’re much needed,” she said.
VPK is a free program and registration is open right now. Your child just needs to live in Florida and turn 4 on or before September 1 to qualify.
Since the program is only a half day, organizations like the Early Learning Coalition are offering scholarships to offer wrap-around care.
Copyright 2022 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Report a typo
Sign up for the Morning Headlines Newsletter and receive up to date information.
now signed up to receive the Morning Headlines Newsletter.
Click here to manage all NewslettersFlorida VPK - How to Sign Up for Free Prekindergarten for Your 4-Year-Old
The Voluntary Prekindergarten Education Program – or VPK – is a FREE prekindergarten program for 4-year-olds who reside in Florida. Participation in a Pre-K program can help prepare a child for success in elementary school and beyond. Children practice age-appropriate skills as they play to help them learn to follow directions, be attentive, work with classmates, recognize letters and numbers, and more.
The State of Florida pays for 1 year of VPK attendance per child, and all 4-year-olds are eligible, regardless of family income. Details regarding the types of providers, VPK options, and how to apply can be found below.
Table of Contents
FAQ’s about VPK in FloridaWho is eligible for VPK in Florida?Every 4-year-old is eligible for free VPK in Florida. They are eligible during the school year that begins AFTER they turn 4. For example, a child who turns 4 on October 9, 2021 or January 9, 2022 (etc) would be eligible to start VPK in the fall of 2022. All children are eligible, VPK is not an income-based program.
Delayed VPK Enrollment Option – A law was passed in 2016 allowing parents with children born between Feb. 2 through Sept. 1 to postpone enrolling their child in VPK the year they turn 4 and wait until the following year when their child is 5. This allows parents of younger 4-year-olds to delay the year their child begins VPK, enabling the child to begin kindergarten and first grade as a slightly older, more mature student. Following the example above, a child who turns 4 on April 9, 2021 or August 9, 2022 (etc) would be eligible to start VPK in the fall of 2022 OR delay and start in fall of 2023. You don’t need to apply on your “assigned” year if you plan to delay, simply wait until the following year.
How many hours is VPK in Florida?
Florida VPK Programs are typically 3 hours each day. Many providers offer “wrap-around care” which covers the remainder of the day for a fee.
The VPK School Year Program includes a total of 540 instructional hours. The Summer VPK Program includes 300 instructional hours. Providers have flexibility to structure the hours per day and days per week to meet the required number of instructional hours, so each program will look different – some could be 8:30-11:30am, others 12pm-3pm.
Is there a VPK Attendance Policy in Florida?
Yes, all Florida VPK programs have an attendance policy. Programs are at risk of losing funding if a child misses more than 20% of the VPK program’s instructional hours. VPK providers will provide parents with a copy of their written attendance policy upon enrollment.
Is every preschool in Florida a VPK?
No, not every preschool with a PreK-4 class is considered a VPK. The State of Florida has a set of standards and progress reporting guidelines that a child care provider must agree to follow in order to accept VPK Certificates (funding). Not all preschools choose to participate.
Are students in Florida required to attend VPK?
No, children in Florida are not required to attend VPK, it is an optional program. Florida law says children are required to attend school the year they turn 6 by February 1.
What are the alternatives to VPK?
Additional child care options for children age 4 – 5 include private preschools, church preschools, or charter schools that do not offer VPK (they still have a preschool program for 4-year-olds but don’t accept VPK Vouchers as payment), Head Start programs (income based), or home daycares. Visit our full article on Childcare Options in Florida to learn more about the difference between daycares, preschools, VPK, and opportunities for assistance with child care expenses.
How to apply for Florida VPK ProgramsThis is where we get into the nitty-gritty of how to actually get your child signed up for VPK in Florida – specifically in Lakeland, Winter Haven, and all of Polk County. (If you live in a different county, contact your Early Learning Coalition for more information – you must apply in the county where you live).
Florida VPK providers include public elementary schools, local charter schools, private preschools, and religious-affiliated preschools. There are 2 steps to getting enrolled – getting a VPK Voucher and signing up for a VPK Program.
Step 1 – Apply for your VPK Certificate of EligibilityVisit the Early Learning Coalition of Polk County’s website and log into the Family Portal to apply. You can begin this process on January 1 of the year you plan for your child to start VPK. You will need the documents listed below in electronic format to submit with your online application.
- One Proof of Florida Residence – Examples include: utility bill (electric, gas water), cable bill, home phone bill, Pay stub, driver’s license, ID Card, etc. – full list can be found in the application
- One Proof of Child’s Age – Examples include: Original or certified copy of the child’s birth record filed according to law with the appropriate public officer, Passport or certificate of the child’s arrival in the United States, Immunization record signed by a public health officer or licensed practicing physician – full list can be found in the application
If a family does not have access to technology to access the VPK application online, contact the Early Learning Coalition of Polk County to make alternative application arrangements (click here for office locations and phone numbers).
Step 2 – Find a VPK Provider + Apply
In addition to applying for a VPK Certificate (Step 1 above) you must also apply and be admitted to a VPK Program. There are multiple locations for VPK and our goal is to help you understand where, when, and how to apply. Here are the options for VPK Programs in Polk County:
Polk County Public Schools VPK ProgramsVPK (Voluntary PreK) is currently offered at 23 elementary school sites throughout Polk County. Any child residing in Polk County can apply to attend VPK at one of these sites. Polk Schools VPK Programs are either a free half-day OR full-day with parent co-pay, it varies by location.
Title 1 PK is a federally funded full-day preschool program for 4-year-old children residing in select Title 1 school zones. There are currently 21 sites in Polk County. Due to strict funding guidelines for Title 1 PreK programs, only children residing in that school’s zone can apply to attend a Title 1 PK program. All Title 1 PK programs are a full day with no additional cost.
Use the PCPS Zone Finder to locate your zoned school, then visit the Polk Preschool website or application to see a list of VPK and Title 1 PK locations.
Title 1 PK vs. VPK Designation: Title 1 provides additional funding for supplemental academic support to schools with a high percentage of poverty. Schools are assessed each year to ensure that low-income, at-risk students have access to preschool programs. A school previously designated as a VPK may now be a Title 1 PK, and vice versa.
Not all elementary schools in Polk County have a VPK or Title 1 PK program. If your zoned school does not have either of these programs, you can still apply for a VPK program at a nearby elementary school, or Head Start if you are eligible. Call the Polk PreK office at (863) 648-3051 if you need assistance identifying your closest VPK program.
How to apply:
If you would like for your child to attend VPK at your zoned school or another school, you must apply beginning in the spring of the year your child is eligible to attend in the fall. Visit the PCPS Preschool website to apply. Please note that there is limited space for Polk Preschool VPK and the completion of an application does not guarantee a spot.
NEW in 2022 – The Polk Preschools VPK and Title 1 PK application process has changed and is now entirely online.
Applications are accepted on the PCPS Preschool website beginning in March each year. There is now an application window of approximately 1 month to ensure that all families have an opportunity to apply for VPK or Title 1 PK. Applications will be sorted by zoned school and applicants top choices and then processed. Parents who apply during the initial application window will be notified in April. Parents can also submit an application after the original priority application window, open spaces will be filled throughout the year.
Editor’s Note – in previous years, applications were accepted in person at the Preschool office and processed in the order they were received, so families lined up really early in the morning on the first day to submit applications. The application process has been completely revamped and there are no more early lines or rush to apply on the day applications are available.
The Polk Preschool VPK and Title 1 PK application includes the following information:
- Year – Be sure to select the correct application year, the current school year and future school year will both be open for applications during certain times of the year.
- Program Options – you will select from 1 of these 3 choices:
- Half Day – Covers 3 hours at no cost, select your preference for AM or PM
- Full Day – Cost is $12 per day
- Title 1 PK – Covers full day at no cost, only available for those in the school zone
- Location – you will select your top 3 choices for locations
- Required Documentation – be sure you have all of the following ready in electronic format:
- Original VPK Certificate of Eligibility (issued for Polk) – Must be signed and dated (lines #18 & #19) to be considered as completed (STEP 1 above)
- Copy of child’s birth certificate (not hospital record)
- Parent/Guardian picture ID
- Proof of Residence #1
- Proof of Residence #2
TIPS BEFORE YOU APPLY:
1) Identify your zoned school and determined if it is a Title 1 school, VPK, or neither. The application does NOT identify if you are in a certain VPK or Title 1 PK Zone based on address – you will need to do this research yourself.
2) Select up to 3 schools (2 are required). The easiest way we found is to View the application and select between Full Day, Half Day, or Title 1 PK, it will narrow down the list of schools for you. This is helpful in determining your top 3 choices.
3) Be sure your documents are in electronic format and ready to upload before you start the application.
Private Preschools + Charter SchoolsThe VPK application mentioned above is ONLY for locations at Polk County Public Schools. If you are interested in attending VPK at a private preschool, church preschool, Montessori preschool, McKeel preschool or other charter school, you will have to contact each school directly – they all have their own application process and may only accept applications for a limited window each year.
A note regarding charter schools – while these are free public schools, they are only free for grades K-12. If you are interested in attending VPK or preschool at a charter school you will likely pay for wraparound care outside of the ~3 hours covered by VPK.
Unfortunately, we’ve heard from a lot of moms and dads lately that it is difficult to find a preschool with openings. Our best advice is to get on the waitlist as soon as possible if you have a specific preschool in mind (most private providers will allow you to join the waitlist prior to applying for your VPK certificate) and be prepared to make phone calls.
R
esources to help locate a VPK near you:- The Early Learning Coalition is a great resource in your child care search. The ELC website has helpful guidelines on picking a provider as well as a list of VPK programs by city, and you can also call for current availability and assistance with childcare payments.
- Florida Child Care Search – The Florida Department of Children and Families has a database of all licensed child care providers in Florida. We recommend using it on a desktop to fully take advantage of the search features. You can search by zip code or city (recommended), and then use the filter bar to narrow down your search if you need VPK, a provider that accepts School Readiness, full day, food served, etc.
- Lakeland Moms Facebook Group – Join the group and search past posts for recommended daycares, preschools/VPK, or post with what age and location you’re searching for.
- Childcare, Preschool & VPK Guide – We have a list of reader recommended and self submitted childcare providers in our directory, but it is not comprehensive, there are many more that have not yet been added (there are almost 400 licensed sites in Polk County).
Remember that not all preschools for 4 year olds accept VPK certificates. You can use the links above (Polk ELC and Florida DCF) to find VPK providers, and the most accurate source will be to ask the facility if they accept VPK certificates.
PreK for Students with Disabilities
PreK ESE Programs are also available at select Polk County schools. Visit the Polk Schools ESE PreK website for more information on screening and other FAQ’s.
A child who has an IEP and is age-eligible for VPK can also choose Specialized Instructional Services Providers (VPK-SIS) instead of a traditional VPK Program. SIS can provide specific therapy including speech therapy, physical or occupational therapy, ABA services, and more from a certified or licensed professional.
Benefits of early education and the VPK programParticipation in a Pre-K program can help prepare a child for success in elementary school and beyond. Research has shown that children who participate in high-quality early childhood education programs develop better language skills, score higher in school-readiness tests and have better social skills and fewer behavioral problems once they enter school.
For additional information on Polk County’s VPK programs, call the Early Learning Coalition office at (863) 577-2450 and their helpful staff can answer any questions and walk you through the process.
For more information on VPK in Polk County: Early Learning Coalition websiteFor information on VPK from the State of Florida:Office of Early Learning websiteChildcare Guide
Check out our Childcare Guide for Lakeland + Polk County for other childcare topics including preschools, daycare, VPK, after school care, school holiday camps, and more.
SEE MORE CHILDCARE RESOURCES
Comments on the material Salary up to 150 thousand: the growth of defense orders forces factories to raise salaries for workers, November 2022 | 74.ru
All newsDo yours look like that? 7 most harmful cartoons — children after them become uncontrollable and destroy everything in their path
Develop business in any incomprehensible situation: Moscow will host a forum of food industry leaders “Palm Branch”
The authorities responded to the indignation of freezing residents of cottages near Chelyabinsk
“Now they are dissatisfied with the restrictions, but when the corpses go, they will be dissatisfied with the corpses. ” Experts on the new outbreak of covid in China
Eight years later, films will be shown again at the Pobeda cinema
Swine flu has arrived in the Chelyabinsk region
“He can get away with anything.” What do the neighbors of Grigory Leps think about the scandalous fight of the singer
A man in camouflage fired at a group of policemen in a city on the border of the Rostov region and the LPR
Security forces showed the mansion and car of the detained head of the Chelyabinsk road management committee
The court recognized the conspiracy of the road management committee with entrepreneurs during landscaping prospekt Lenina
The traffic police told the circumstances of the accident that blocked traffic on the "Meridian"
The police have twice confused with a real criminal and beat a 14-year-old schoolboy. How did it happen?
Is a second wave of mobilization possible? The Kremlin answers
Accordion buses from Moscow were removed from the line several times a day in Chelyabinsk
Traffic along the Meridian towards CMP was blocked by an accident
The IC published a photo of searches in the office of the head of the Chelyabinsk road management committee
“Temperature 39 °C for the third day”: the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections has sharply increased in the Southern Urals, the epidemiological threshold has been exceeded by 70%
“Morally razed to the ground”. The cry of the soul of a mother who fought for a reprieve for her son and lost the court
Excess concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were recorded in the air in Chelyabinsk
ARVI or covid, swine flu or ordinary: how to understand by the symptoms what I got
Detained in Chelyabinsk Head of the Road Facilities Committee Rinat Kuchitarov
Up to 70% discount: Crimean hotels have already opened bookings for the summer for those who want to have a very cheap vacation
“Ugly picture in the very center”: Chelyabinsk was shrouded in thick smog
Two men died in a morning accident at ChTZ
“30–40 thousand is a real consumer minimum”: economists on poverty and the poor in Russia in 2023
Why sit at home: top 5 places where Chelyabinsk residents will celebrate New Year offers
“You need to look in the management company”: what is known about the case of the detained deputy head of the Chelyabinsk department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Communal, alcohol, train tickets: 6 major price increases in 2023 in blockade mode on firewood
Schools in Chelyabinsk canceled lessons due to frost
“Shall we all die?”: in the Chelyabinsk region, three emergency centers were announced to be liquidated at once
Chronicle of gas explosions all over the country. Briefly explain what happened during the day
Putin drove his Mercedes across the restored Crimean bridge: news around the special operation for December 5
Leps' fight with a bar visitor turned into a criminal case. Who is to blame and what does backgammon worth 10 thousand dollars have to do with it
Messi or Ronaldo - who is cooler? Here is a video after which you can easily decide, even if you don’t like football at all
“Give birth, then come back”: a Chelyabinsk woman pregnant with her third child was denied the demobilization of her husband
Putin signed the law on the living wage for 2023. What does it affect?
Five tragedies in a day. Why gas explodes all over Russia, people die and what to do about it anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense systems
November turned out to be extremely difficult for Ukraine in terms of massive Russian missile attacks on our energy system. After one of them, on November 15, fragments of a rocket (or rockets) fell on Polish territory, killing two people in the village of Przewoduv.
Shortly thereafter, Berlin proposed to strengthen the eastern border of Poland with Patriot anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM). The Poles, on the other hand, considered it more logical to transfer the data of the system to Ukraine. To which Germany responded with an actual refusal - they say, the air defense system data should remain within the NATO system.
NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg once again spoke in a similar vein on November 29. Alliance members have already delivered generators and spare parts to help Ukraine rebuild its shattered energy infrastructure, he said. But American Patriot missiles will remain on NATO territory.
Lieutenant General, former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (2006-2010) Igor Romanenko told " Telegraph " about the missile games of the West and the specifics of deliveries of anti-missile and air defense systems to Ukraine.
Games with Patriots
"The incident in Poland, which led to the death of two citizens, left many questions. In fact, at first there were supposedly the remains of two missiles, then the assessment changed. As an air defense specialist, I think that, rather in total, there were exactly two missiles. One was the Russian Kh-101, the second was Ukrainian, with which they tried to shoot it down. Their remnants, it seems, flew into Poland. They left a crater. It does not look like the consequences of a purely air defense missile being blown up. But here the matter seems to be in political moments. And many relevant statements point to this, "general Romanenko notes.
- Category
-
- Politics
- Publication date
"Unlikely": Biden spoke with Duda and commented on the missile explosions in Poland
According to him, the incident in Poland, as well as the fall of a rocket in Moldova at the end of October, make it clear that there are no guarantees that this will not happen to other countries, including NATO member states.
"We had to react somehow. In this sense, the rather harsh reaction, with criticism of the Russian Federation, from the German Chancellor Scholz is interesting. Over the past six months, he has undergone a major transformation in his assessment of the Russian-Ukrainian war. He now directly calls Russia an aggressor , moreover, responsible for everything that happens, including the fall of a rocket (missiles) on the territory of Poland," the expert notes.
- Category
-
- Politics
- Publication date
"Russia will not win the war": Scholz spoke clearly about supporting Ukraine
And Germany, recalls Igor Romanenko, is the richest country in the EU. And we saw a quite adequate reaction from her side, including a proposal to transfer the Patriot air defense system to Poland.
"By the way, the Patriot PAC-3 is the latest modification of the air defense system, a powerful missile defense system. The PAC-1 and PAC-2 variants are also good, but they worked ineffectively even against targets in Iraq. Therefore, the Americans made a new one that has the ability to work out on the same Iskanders, possibly Tochka-U," the expert explains. "The Poles, despite the complexity of the situation with the missile incident on their territory, behaved extremely alliedly towards Ukraine. They offered to transfer the Patriot to our territory. Such The deployment would unequivocally increase the effectiveness of the anti-missile and air defense of the Republic of Poland, and this was stated by the Polish Minister of Defense and the Prime Minister.
But the situation, the general notes, has developed into a political or military-political one.
"Germany referred to NATO - they say that the Alliance should make the appropriate decision. In turn, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg reminded everyone that the Alliance (as a bloc of states) does not supply (when necessary, they define it that way) with weapons to this or that country , including Ukraine. They say that this or that NATO state does it at its own discretion. Thus, it returned the ball to the side of Germany, "explains Igor Romanenko.
- Category
-
- Blogs/opinions
- Publication date
Polish games with Patriot air defense systems: why the system is unlikely to get to Ukraine
But this is not the "pocket" for solving this problem, the expert believes. The ball, in his opinion, should be on the US field, since the Patriot is an American weapon that is controlled by US representatives. This, he notes, is about high technologies (though not so new).
There is a goal, but there is no proper support to achieve it
Igor Romanenko emphasizes that the situation with Patriot is not the first case when the weapons we urgently need are not supplied to Ukraine for one reason or another. So, Spain at first was going to supply German Leopard tanks to Ukraine, and then refused to do so, allegedly because the weapons were in a deplorable state. The same Poland intended to transfer MiG-29 aircraft to us in the spring, but the supplies, as it became known, were blocked by the American side.
"It is clear that the West is afraid of the use of tactical nuclear weapons by Russians. And the Russian Federation, realizing this, periodically scares such use. But we have massive missile strikes by Russians on Ukrainian critical infrastructure. Targeted, cynical strikes. And according to world and European legislation, they are similar the actions of the Russian Federation are the actions of a country that promotes terrorism, and in fact, a terrorist country," the general notes. "We see ambiguity in the behavior of the Americans. On the one hand, they help us more than others, having more opportunities for this. On the other hand, if we are to defend democracy and its values (which Ukraine now represents), then we must do it with all our might. Which is clearly not being done. The United States has not even recognized Russia as a sponsor of terrorism, even though congressmen have raised the issue. The White House has taken such a step did not dare, believing that this would finally close the possibilities for negotiations. regret."
- Category
-
- USA news
- Publication date
The White House explained why Biden refused to recognize Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism
Meanwhile, Ukraine remains under the threat of new massive missile attacks from the Russian Federation. And such opportunities, Igor Romanenko assures, the aggressor has.
"They have decreased, especially with regard to high-precision, modern weapons. But they have not been exhausted," the general notes. "In part, the Russians are building up these capabilities through their military-industrial complex, import substitution. More precisely, through thefts wherever possible, around the world. Plus - the use of their apologists, both explicit, like Iran, North Korea, and hidden, who help in one way or another. So the Russians still produce missiles and other types of weapons subject to sanctions. But their total number is decreasing, because the cost of more than an update.
- Category
-
- Publications
- Publication date
Sanctions did not work - where did the Russians get the missiles and how do they produce them in isolation
At the same time, continues Igor Romanenko, it should be reminded more often that US Secretary of Defense Austin formulated the strategic task regarding the Russian Federation back in the spring, at the first meeting in the Rammstein format. Namely, to weaken the Russian Federation to the level that it could not, at least for some time, wage wars like the one it unleashed against Ukraine.
"But the political leadership of the United States, it seems, is not going to the end in the implementation of this task. Therefore, we see separate teams in the general Biden team. And while some are in favor of helping Ukraine so that it does not lose, others (the same Austin, Blinken) advocate more active support to achieve the above strategic goal, a goal that requires appropriate weapons and logistics. This does not exist yet. may refuse previously set guidelines. But, alas, there is no proper support," the general states.
Therefore, he explains, our defense forces have certain difficulties in organizing counteroffensive actions.
"There are delays in the north of the Lugansk region. Problems in the Kherson direction could be solved much more actively. All this requires serious forces and means. We are preparing forces, but we need funds - modern, efficient, of better quality and quantity than we have. Therefore, there are statements by the same Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Danilov that we need not so much generators to eliminate the consequences of Russian strikes as missiles 800 km or more in order to make such strikes impossible.0233 MGM-140 ATACMS is an American operational-tactical missile system manufactured by Lockheed Martin with a short-range ballistic missile. - Ed. ) at 300 km. But not only,” emphasizes Igor Romanenko.
He recalls that back in September, Generals Zaluzhny (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine) and Zabrodsky (as a representative of Parliament) wrote a relevant article where they clearly explained a number of points. In particular, that the potential of the Russian group is still higher than the military potential of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and one of the main advantages of the enemy is to use the capabilities of the “far hand” (to strike from afar without the risk of getting a “response”).