iodide-ions

0.04-0.06 mg/l

fluoride ions

0.6–1 mg/l

potassium

2–20 mg/l

calcium

Important!

Not every bottled water has the right to be called children's water. To do this, the label must necessarily indicate - "for baby food." According to the experts of the quality monitoring system "Roskontrol" [2] , the phrases "for children" or "from the first days of life" often found on bottles of water are just a marketing ploy that does not impose on the manufacturer the obligation to follow the requirements of the legislation for the mineral composition and security. And, of course, the presence of children's drawings is also not a confirmation that the contents of the bottle meet the quality standards for children's drinking water.

Perhaps it is precisely because of the high regulatory requirements that manufacturers are afraid to put the cherished words “for baby food” on the labels, thereby relieving themselves of responsibility. According to research by the non-profit organization Roskontrol conducted in 2016, out of 11 samples of bottled water from popular brands, which is positioned by manufacturers as children's, only three were tested: this is only 27% of the total number of tested samples. In the rest, an unbalanced salt composition was revealed, as well as a significant excess in the number of microorganisms that actively multiply at a temperature of 37°C, the content of chloroform, and even traces of mercury were found, although in small quantities [3] .

Important!

Heavy metals, which, unfortunately, can be found in many foods, tend to accumulate in the body. Accordingly, the norms are developed taking into account the total risk, which may have a delayed effect.

Although a lot of time has passed since the testing by Roskontrol specialists, we were unable to find information on how exactly these shortcomings were corrected by manufacturers and whether they were corrected at all. In connection with such complaints about the quality of children's bottled water, many experts recommend giving children water purified in household filters intended for children, without the use of cartridges containing silver ions, which can disrupt the child's intestinal microflora and lead to the development of dysbiosis. Moreover, the use of household filters allows not only to purify water from microorganisms, excess salts, but also to enrich it with microelements necessary for the child, such as fluorine and magnesium.

Norm of water consumption for a child

How much water does a child need to drink? The consumption rate will depend on age, weight, mobility, physical condition and even weather conditions.

From birth to one year old

Babies up to four to six months old, as a rule, get all the nutrients, including water, from their mother's milk. During this period, doctors do not recommend drinking water for babies. First of all, because it is at this time that the intestinal microflora is formed and any intervention can affect the process. Moreover, water fills the stomach and creates a false feeling of fullness - because of this, the baby may not eat up.

The composition of mother's milk is perfectly adjusted to the needs of the child. And if the baby is hot, he is more often applied to the breast and as a result receives a lot of foremilk, which is 88-90% water. It is important that the mother herself consumes the required amount of water and does not feel thirsty!

However, doctors allow giving babies from three months a little water on a spoon - but only in hot weather, when the child sweats or when his mouth dries up. In no case is it necessary to force, it is important to offer: if the baby wants, he will drink. This should be done between feedings. Water can also be given when the child has the following problems:

• constipation;
• diarrhea or vomiting;
• hiccups;
• fever.

But this should also be done carefully, without persistence.

But if the child is formula-fed or mixed-fed, then water has to be used for formula preparation and additionally given between feedings from the first day. But remember, the baby can drink no more than 100-200 ml per day.

In general, babies under one year old need 50 ml of water per kilogram of body weight, but remember that approximately 75% of their water comes from milk and food. Therefore, in order to calculate how much of this life-giving fluid is needed to maintain water balance, it follows from the daily requirement indicator (50 ml, multiplied by the weight of the child) subtract the amount of water received with food (the volume of milk drunk in ml, multiplied by 0.75).

One to three years old

When solid foods are introduced into the baby's diet, the need for water increases. At the same time, children begin to actively move, so the intensity of fluid loss increases. You can calculate the daily water requirement in the same way: a child needs 50 ml of water per kilogram of weight. In this case, we are talking about pure non-carbonated water: juice, compote, tea and other similar drinks are not taken into account.

Here are some signs that a child is not getting enough water:

• dry lips;
• dry and/or pale skin;
• diaper not wet after six to eight hours of sleep;
• the child shows anxiety, cries more often, but without tears;
• urine is dark or has a strong odor;
• the child is drinking water greedily.

Three to seven years

The older the child, the more water he drinks. By school age, this volume will already reach 1.2–1.7 liters of water per day. At the same time, from the age of four, the nervous and skeletal system begins to actively form in the baby. Therefore, it is important that the water contains the required amount of fluorine and magnesium

During this period it is important to teach the child to drink regularly. Care should be taken to ensure that water is always available. You can take handy bottles with you for walks.

Important!

For children with heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, the drinking regimen must be prescribed by a doctor.

Seven years and older

At this age, the norm of water consumption is 1.7–2.5 liters of water per day. When calculating the individual value, it is worth considering the energy of your child. If he plays sports and is generally physically active, then the amount of fluid you drink should be increased. Also keep in mind that the composition of water for children aged 12 and over should be as close as possible to the composition of water for adults. And remember that during periods of illness or in hot weather, the need for fluid increases.

Prednisolone - how to inject

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The child had Quincke's edema many years ago. Thank God the ambulance was on time. but they told me to carry a box with an ampoule of prednisolone everywhere with me on trips.
We practically did not go anywhere far. But now we are going to. I forgot how and what to do - can you tell me how to act in case of such edema if the ambulance does not have time? should it be bred or not? I forgot how to give injections - I did it many, many years ago when I was caring for my grandmother. I really want to play it safe and play it safe, because both on the train and on the plane, maybe even someone can be helped in an acute situation, if that!

In fact, for rapid angioedema, not only prednisone is needed, but also an injection of epinephrine, which will help the heart. Epinephrine is considered a first aid, and prednisolone is an auxiliary decongestant. We have epinephrine in injections Epi Pan or Ovi-Kyu

The doctor told us to just inject in the ass, the whole ampoule, there seems to be one ml. And you need to buy European production (then there was still Indian, it seems)

there was no such thing, an ambulance injects prednisolone and suprastin

prednisolone is calculated strictly by weight. look at the instructions for the drug.

In order to quickly relieve an allergic reaction such as anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema, it is really necessary to use EpiPan. Look in your pharmacies - usually it has a shelf life of a year, you can prick with such a pen even through clothes and it is very easy to do.

Yes, Epi Pen is not registered in Russia, and epinephrine in syringes must be stored in the refrigerator, unlike Epi Pen, i.e. you can't take it with you.

During anaphylactic shock with edema, my daughter had a very strong heartbeat, after adrenaline, her pulse and respiration improved, and the trembling disappeared. Only then she was injected with prednisolone and an antihistamine.

Our pediatrician told us after swelling that we need to have prednisolone in ampoules at home. We also bought syringes. And the antihistamine is not needed, she said that it helps very slowly.

There is adrenaline that is stored without cold

Why prednisolone and not dexamethasone? Vanya's edema was removed with dex, and then they "insured" with prednisal, it seemed to me that it works faster?

+1 in intensive care, all the adrenaline is not in the refrigerator.

This is one group of drugs for the same.

Well, great. The fact that in Russia adrenaline, which must be stored in the refrigerator, I read on the Rus Med Server forum.

Dexamethasone is 10 times stronger than prednisolone and 40-50 times stronger than hydrocortisone. But here it is believed that prednisolone is the drug of choice for children, dexamethasone is for adults who do not help prednisolone.

But in general, in anaphylactic shock, the effectiveness of glucocorticosteroids is in doubt (I can give links in English) and the shock is relieved by adrenaline and h2 antihistamines, bronchodilators. And the hormone is injected just in case, to the heap. BUT since epinephrine is not even registered in Russia, then nothing can be done anyway. Unless there really are epinephrine syringes that can be stored at normal temperature.

Epinephrine is adrenaline

Of course it is adrenaline. Only in autoinjectors does it pass under the name epinephrine. In Russia, not a single auto-injector with adrenaline is registered, respectively, nothing with the name epinephrine is registered. In order not to list all brands of autoinjectors, for simplicity, I use the name epinephrine. In Russia, there are kind of disposable syringes that are already filled with adrenaline, but they write that they need to be stored in the refrigerator, they have no adult-child dosage difference, and they are not auto-injectors.

Several doctors have already told me that anaphylactic shock = a person died if it did not happen within the walls of a hospital with intensive care, I don’t know, it happened to me just in the hospital, I don’t know that they injected and dripped, but I lay in intensive care probably for a week

You puzzled me, I always inject dex for children - Vanka and Svyatoslav, and the ambulance also injects him, then they already drip prednisolone, Svyatoslav always for 10 days, Vanka was simply poured into/in without droppers.

Before, I used to take Relanium with me, but as I understand it, this is not the same thing at all, Svyatoslav, I heard about adrenaline many times, but always with the caveat - do not inject yourself! but it would be nice to have with you, call an ambulance and what would they prick.

In Russian, read Komarovsky what to do in case of shock:

http://spravka.komarovskiy.net/lechenie-anafilakticheskix-reakcij.html

He always writes that if every Russian first aid kit had adrenaline many lives would have been saved. After all, adrenaline is not only for anaphylactic shocks, but all kinds of accidents, many critical conditions.

We were prescribed Epipen (adrenaline). Always with you. Prednisolone tablets (when hives are severe or slight swelling) and Zyrtec (for mild cases).
Epipen was told to inject if there are two signs. For example, hives and vomiting. Or hives and difficulty breathing. With difficulty breathing, it is generally better to inject immediately.
There was a case when a child vomited after buns with poppy seeds. Then the urticaria went. I call an ambulance, I ask whether to inject epipen or not? And they don't know. They told me to wait. Thankfully it arrived quickly. I tell the doctor, they say there is an epipen, will we inject? Refused, prednisolone pricked. The allergist then scolded us. She said that it was necessary to immediately inject, and then call an ambulance.

Sadly, EpiPens have saved more than one life.

Nightmare Our kids with severe allergies always have these EpiPens with them and know how to inject themselves with it.

Adrenaline injects during cardiac arrest (not shock is given, as shown in all series, namely adrenaline), but for this you need to know what kind of heart rate a person has. Because if it is ventricular tachycardia or atrial febrile (looks exactly like cardiac arrest), then you need an electric shock, and with adrenaline you will immediately send a person to the next world.

We were also scolded for not getting injected right away, even though we had epipen with us. I was expecting some swelling or difficulty breathing, but there were hives on my stomach and vomiting. We went to the hospital and literally in the hospital, literally in minutes, a very strong edema, tachycardia and the inability to breathe and swallow began. those. another 5 minutes of delay and it would have happened on the road, I could not have brought the child. It's good that we did it, a lesson for us.

It seems that in America they are now going to allow children to inject adrenaline without a prescription if they suspect shock. This happened after the boy was bitten by a wasp at the game, the nurse was there and she had a lot of epipen from other people's children, but there was no epipen on the boy and there was no permission from the doctor to inject him with epipen. They couldn't save, but they could. Here, it seems, they will be allowed to inject adrenaline even if there is no prescription for it, school nurses will have extra injections. They say that the consequences of the injection are not so many, but it can save a life.

I think that in a situation with the risks of anaphylactic shock, it is not just that all children are given epipenes and from the age of 7 they are taught to inject themselves with it. Those. The benefits probably outweigh the risks in this case.

But I don't know about other situations, although in case of accidents I know people sometimes use epipenes while waiting for an ambulance. BUT, naevrnoe, situations for the use of adrenaline should be described.

There should not be any descriptions of other situations where adrenaline is used, because professionals connect a monitor to the victim and watch the heart rate - it depends on what to do in a particular situation. It is IMPOSSIBLE to determine by eye adrenaline, electric shock, cardioversion (I don’t know how in Russian), atropine or an artificial rhythm, for this you need to check your heart rate.

I don't know what you're arguing about. we are talking about anaphylactic shock in the absence of professionals with monitors. In the West, an injection of adrenaline is given to everyone who has the risk of anaphylactic shock, and even 2 syringes at once, because. one dose may not be enough before the professionals arrive with monitors.

In other situations, these are not my complaints about the fact that there should be adrenaline in every first-aid kit, but Dr. Komarovsky.

Many cases have been described of people dying of shock in the dentist's office. those did not have adrenaline, for example, and just in life there are hikes, long trips, summer cottages, villages, quick allergic reactions to bites or food. And there is a description of the symptoms that require the use of adrenaline BEFORE the professionals arrive. Apparently, this is done not to harm people, but to benefit. Thank God, they don't scare me with details about different rhythms, because, apparently, the benefits exceed the risks.

I'm arguing about this:

"Adrenaline is not only for anaphylactic shocks, but all kinds of accidents, many critical conditions."

I wrote where else adrenaline is used and why it cannot be used just by eye.

Thank you
Just in case, I'll torment a doctor from our research institute, suddenly something appeared True, children, mmm, more for myself.

I repeat, as I said above, this is Komarovsky's action "adrenaline is in every car first-aid kit"

If you really really need it, you can order from Ukraine or Europe.

http://one-apteka.com.ua/allmeds/heart/kupit-epipen-0.3mg.html

http://s-pharma.net/epipen.html

We always have someone driving, I just need to understand if I need it and if so, how to use it :?) We give out to everyone who has a tendency to edema in the face and throat.

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