Prenatal vitamin requirements

Nutrition During Pregnancy | ACOG

FAQs

Frequently Asked Questions

• Eating well is one of the best things you can do during pregnancy. Good nutrition helps you handle the extra demands on your body as your pregnancy progresses. The goal is to balance getting enough nutrients to support the growth of your fetus and maintaining a healthy weight.

• The popular saying is that pregnant women “eat for two,” but now we know that it’s dangerous to eat twice your usual amount of food during pregnancy. Instead of “eating for two,” think of it as eating twice as healthy.

  If you are pregnant with one fetus, you need an extra 340 calories per day starting in the second trimester (and a bit more in the third trimester). That's roughly the calorie count of a glass of skim milk and half a sandwich. Women carrying twins should consume about 600 extra calories a day, and women carrying triplets should take in 900 extra calories a day.

• Vitamins and minerals play important roles in all of your body functions. Eating healthy foods and taking a prenatal vitamin every day should supply all the vitamins and minerals you need during pregnancy.

• Take only one serving of your prenatal supplement each day. Read the bottle to see how many pills make up one daily serving. If your obstetrician–gynecologist (ob-gyn) thinks you need an extra amount of a vitamin or mineral, your ob-gyn may recommend it as a separate supplement.

• No, do not take more than the recommended amount of your prenatal vitamin per day. Some multivitamin ingredients, such as vitamin A, can cause birth defects at higher doses.

• During pregnancy you need folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, choline, omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and vitamin C. See the below table for recommended amounts.

  Key Vitamins and Minerals During Pregnancy

  Nutrient (Daily Recommended Amount)	Why You and Your Fetus Need It	Best Sources
  Calcium (1,300 milligrams for ages 14 to 18; 1,000 milligrams for ages 19 to 50)	Builds strong bones and teeth	Milk, cheese, yogurt, sardines, dark green leafy vegetables
  Iron (27 milligrams)	Helps red blood cells deliver oxygen to your fetus	Lean red meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, iron-fortified cereals, prune juice
  Iodine (220 micrograms)	Essential for healthy brain development	Iodized table salt, dairy products, seafood, meat, some breads, eggs
  Choline (450 milligrams)	Important for development of your fetus’s brain and spinal cord	Milk, beef liver, eggs, peanuts, soy products
  Vitamin A (750 micrograms for ages 14 to 18; 770 micrograms for ages 19 to 50)	Forms healthy skin and eyesight Helps with bone growth	Carrots, green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes
  Vitamin C (80 milligrams for ages 14 to 18; 85 milligrams for ages 19 to 50)	Promotes healthy gums, teeth, and bones	Citrus fruit, broccoli, tomatoes, strawberries
  Vitamin D (600 international units)	Builds your fetus’s bones and teeth Helps promote healthy eyesight and skin	Sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish such as salmon and sardines
  Vitamin B6 (1. 9 milligrams)	Helps form red blood cells Helps body use protein, fat, and carbohydrates	Beef, liver, pork, ham, whole-grain cereals, bananas
  Vitamin B12 (2.6 micrograms)	Maintains nervous system Helps form red blood cells	Meat, fish, poultry, milk (vegetarians should take a supplement)
  Folic acid (600 micrograms)	Helps prevent birth defects of the brain and spine Supports the general growth and development of the fetus and placenta	Fortified cereal, enriched bread and pasta, peanuts, dark green leafy vegetables, orange juice, beans. Also, take a daily prenatal vitamin with 400 micrograms of folic acid.

• Folic acid, also known as folate, is a B vitamin that is important for pregnant women. Folic acid may help prevent major birth defects of the fetus’s brain and spine called neural tube defects (NTDs).

• When you are pregnant you need 600 micrograms of folic acid each day. Because it’s hard to get this much folic acid from food alone, you should take a daily prenatal vitamin with at least 400 micrograms starting at least 1 month before pregnancy and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

  Women who have had a child with an NTD should take 4 milligrams (mg) of folic acid each day as a separate supplement at least 3 months before pregnancy and for the first 3 months of pregnancy. You and your ob-gyn or other obstetric care provider can discuss whether you need to supplement with more than 400 micrograms daily.

• Iron is used by your body to make the extra blood that you and your fetus need during pregnancy. Women who are not pregnant need 18 mg of iron per day. Pregnant women need more, 27 mg per day. This increased amount is found in most prenatal vitamins.

• In addition to taking a prenatal vitamin with iron, you should eat iron-rich foods such as beans, lentils, enriched breakfast cereals, beef, turkey, liver, and shrimp. You should also eat foods that help your body absorb iron, including oranges, grapefruit, strawberries, broccoli, and peppers.

  Your blood should be tested during pregnancy to check for anemia. If you have anemia, your ob-gyn may recommend extra iron supplements.

• Calcium is a mineral that builds your fetus’s bones and teeth. Women who are age 18 or younger need 1,300 mg of calcium per day. Women who are 19 or older need 1,000 mg per day.

  Milk and other dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, are the best sources of calcium. If you have trouble digesting milk products, you can get calcium from other sources, such as broccoli, fortified foods (cereals, breads, and juices), almonds and sesame seeds, sardines or anchovies with the bones, and dark green leafy vegetables. You can also get calcium from calcium supplements.

• Vitamin D works with calcium to help the fetus’s bones and teeth develop. Vitamin D is also essential for healthy skin and eyesight. All women, pregnant or not, need 600 international units of vitamin D a day.

  Good sources of vitamin D include fortified milk and breakfast cereal, fatty fish (salmon and mackerel), fish liver oils, and egg yolks.

• Many people do not get enough vitamin D. If your ob-gyn thinks you may have low levels of vitamin D, a test can be done to check the level in your blood. If it is below normal, you may need to take a vitamin D supplement.

• Choline plays a role in your fetus’s brain development. It may also help prevent some common birth defects. Experts recommend that pregnant women get 450 mg of choline each day.

  Choline can be found in chicken, beef, eggs, milk, soy products, and peanuts. Although the body produces some choline on its own, it doesn’t make enough to meet all your needs while you are pregnant. It’s important to get choline from your diet because it is not found in most prenatal vitamins.

• Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of fat found naturally in many kinds of fish. Omega-3s may be important for brain development before and after birth.

  Flaxseed (ground or as oil) is also a good source of omega-3s. Other sources of omega-3s include broccoli, cantaloupe, kidney beans, spinach, cauliflower, and walnuts.

• Eat at least two servings of fish or shellfish per week before getting pregnant, while pregnant, and while breastfeeding. A serving of fish is 8 to 12 ounces (oz).

• Some types of fish have higher levels of mercury than others. Mercury is a metal that has been linked to birth defects. Do not eat bigeye tuna, king mackerel, marlin, orange roughy, shark, swordfish, or tilefish. Limit white (albacore) tuna to only 6 oz a week. Also check advisories about fish caught in local waters.

• B vitamins, including B1, B2, B6, B9, and B12, are key nutrients during pregnancy. These vitamins

  Your prenatal vitamin should have the right amount of B vitamins that you need each day. Eating foods high in B vitamins is a good idea too, including liver, pork, chicken, bananas, beans, and whole-grain cereals and breads.

• Vitamin C is important for a healthy immune system. It also helps build strong bones and muscles. During pregnancy, you should get at least 85 mg of vitamin C each day if you are older than 19, and 80 mg if you are younger than 19.

  You can get the right amount of vitamin C in your daily prenatal vitamin, and also from citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, broccoli, and tomatoes.

• Drink throughout the day, not just when you are thirsty. Aim for 8 to 12 cups of water a day during pregnancy.

• There are many tools that can help you plan healthy meals. One useful tool is the MyPlate food-planning guide from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The MyPlate website, www.myplate.gov, can help you learn how to make healthy food choices at every meal.

  The MyPlate website offers a MyPlate Plan, which shows how much to eat based on how many calories you need each day. The MyPlate Plan is personalized based on your

  The MyPlate Plan can help you learn about choosing foods from each food group to get the vitamins and minerals you need during pregnancy. The MyPlate Plan can also help you limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats.

• • Grains

  • Fruits

  • Vegetables

  • Protein foods

  • Dairy foods

• Bread, pasta, oatmeal, cereal, and tortillas are all grains. Whole grains are those that haven’t been processed and include the whole grain kernel. Oats, barley, quinoa, brown rice, and bulgur are all whole grains, as are products made with those grains. Look for the words “whole grain” on the product label. When you plan meals, make half of your grain servings whole grains.

• You can eat fresh, canned, frozen, or dried fruit. Juice that is 100 percent fruit juice counts in the fruit category, but it is best to eat mostly whole fruit instead of juice. Make half your plate fruit and vegetables during mealtimes.

• You can eat raw, canned, frozen, or dried vegetables or drink 100 percent vegetable juice. Use dark leafy greens to make salads. Make half your plate fruit and vegetables during mealtimes.

• Meat, poultry, seafood, beans and peas, eggs, processed soy products, nuts, and seeds all contain protein. Eat a variety of protein each day.

• Milk and milk products, such as cheese, yogurt, and ice cream, make up the dairy group. Make sure any dairy foods you eat are pasteurized. Choose fat-free or low-fat (1 percent) varieties.

• Oils and fats are another part of healthy eating. Although they are not a food group, they do give you important nutrients. During pregnancy, the fats that you eat provide energy and help build the placenta and many fetal organs.

• Oils in food come mainly from plant sources, such as olive oil, nut oils, and grapeseed oil. They can also be found in certain foods, such as some fish, avocados, nuts, and olives.

  Most of the fats and oils in your diet should come from plant sources. Limit solid fats, such as those from animal sources. Solid fats can also be found in processed foods.

• Weight gain depends on your health and your body mass index (BMI) before you were pregnant. If you were underweight before pregnancy, you should gain more weight than a woman who had a normal weight before pregnancy. If you were overweight or obese before pregnancy, you should gain less weight. The amount of weight gain differs by trimester:

  • During your first 12 weeks of pregnancy—the first trimester—you might gain only 1 to 5 pounds or none at all.

  • If you were a healthy weight before pregnancy, you should gain a half-pound to 1 pound per week in your second and third trimesters.

  See the below table for recommended weight gain during pregnancy.

  Weight Gain During Pregnancy

  Body Mass Index (BMI) Before Pregnancy	Rate of Weight Gain in the Second and Third Trimesters* (Pounds Per Week)	Recommended Total Weight Gain With a Single Fetus (in Pounds)	Recommended Total Weight Gain With Twins (in Pounds)
  Less than 18. 5 (underweight)	1.0 to 1.3	28 to 40	Not known
  18.5 to 24.9 (normal weight)	0.8 to 1.0	25 to 35	37 to 54
  25. 0 to 29.9 (overweight)	0.5 to 0.7	15 to 25	31 to 50
  30.0 and above (obese)	0.4 to 0.6	11 to 20	25 to 42

  *Assumes a first-trimester weight gain between 1. 1 and 4.4 pounds

  Source: Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2009. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

• During the first trimester with one fetus, usually no extra calories are needed. In the second trimester, you will need an extra 340 calories per day, and in the third trimester, about 450 extra calories a day. To get the extra calories during the day, have healthy snacks on hand, such as nuts, yogurt, and fresh fruit.

• Excess weight during pregnancy is associated with several pregnancy and childbirth complications, including

  • high blood pressure

  • preeclampsia

  • preterm birth

  • gestational diabetes

  Obesity during pregnancy also increases the risk of:

  • a larger than normal fetus (macrosomia)

  • birth injury

  • cesarean birth

  • birth defects, especially NTDs

• You and your ob-gyn should work together to develop a nutrition and exercise plan. If you are gaining less than what the guidelines suggest, and if your fetus is growing well, gaining less than the recommended guidelines can have benefits. If your fetus is not growing well, changes may need to be made to your diet and exercise plan.

• MyPlate
  Healthy eating resources from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  www.myplate.gov

  • Healthy Eating on a Budget: https://www.myplate.gov/eat-healthy/healthy-eating-budget

  • Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: https://www.myplate.gov/life-stages/pregnancy-and-breastfeeding

  • MyPlate Plan: https://www.myplate.gov/myplate-plan

  Food Sources of Select Nutrients
  Examples of foods that are good sources of important nutrients.
  www.dietaryguidelines.gov/resources/2020-2025-dietary-guidelines-online-materials/food-sources-select-nutrients

• Anemia: Abnormally low levels of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Most cases are caused by iron deficiency (lack of iron).

  Birth Defects: Physical problems that are present at birth.

  Body Mass Index: A number calculated from height and weight. BMI is used to determine whether a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

  Calories: Units of heat used to express the fuel or energy value of food.

  Cesarean Birth: Birth of a fetus from the uterus through an incision (cut) made in the woman’s abdomen.

  Complications: Diseases or conditions that happen as a result of another disease or condition. An example is pneumonia that occurs as a result of the flu. A complication also can occur as a result of a condition, such as pregnancy. An example of a pregnancy complication is preterm labor.

  Fetus: The stage of human development beyond 8 completed weeks after fertilization.

  Folic Acid: A vitamin that reduces the risk of certain birth defects when taken before and during pregnancy.

  Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes that starts during pregnancy.

  High Blood Pressure: Blood pressure above the normal level. Also called hypertension.

  Macrosomia: A condition in which a fetus grows more than expected, often weighing more than 8 pounds and 13 ounces (4,000 grams).

  Neural Tube Defects: Birth defects that result from a problem in development of the brain, spinal cord, or their coverings.

  Obstetrician–Gynecologist (Ob-Gyn): A doctor with special training and education in women’s health.

  Oxygen: An element that we breathe in to sustain life.

  Placenta: An organ that provides nutrients to and takes waste away from the fetus.

  Preeclampsia: A disorder that can occur during pregnancy or after childbirth in which there is high blood pressure and other signs of organ injury. These signs include an abnormal amount of protein in the urine, a low number of platelets, abnormal kidney or liver function, pain over the upper abdomen, fluid in the lungs, or a severe headache or changes in vision.

  Preterm: Less than 37 weeks of pregnancy.

  Trimester: A 3-month time in pregnancy. It can be first, second, or third.

Don't have an ob-gyn? Search for doctors near you.

FAQ001
Last updated: March 2022
Last reviewed: December 2021

Topics:

Pregnancy During Pregnancy Health and Safety During Pregnancy Nutrition and Exercise

Copyright 2022 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. All rights reserved. Read copyright and permissions information.

This information is designed as an educational aid for the public. It offers current information and opinions related to women's health. It is not intended as a statement of the standard of care. It does not explain all of the proper treatments or methods of care. It is not a substitute for the advice of a physician. Read ACOG’s complete disclaimer.

Pregnancy and prenatal vitamins

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

In this Article

• What Are Prenatal Vitamins?
• What to Look for in Prenatal Vitamins
• Folic Acid, Calcium, Iodine, and Iron
• What About Other Nutrients?
• When to Start Taking Prenatal Vitamins
• Prenatal Vitamin Side Effects

What Are Prenatal Vitamins?

Prenatal vitamins are supplements made for pregnant women to give their bodies the vitamins and minerals needed for a healthy pregnancy. Your doctor may suggest that you take them when you begin to plan for pregnancy, as well as while you’re pregnant.

Eating a healthy diet is always a wise idea -- especially during pregnancy. It's also a good idea to take a prenatal vitamin to help cover any nutritional gaps in your diet.

What to Look for in Prenatal Vitamins

Prenatal vitamins help ensure that you get the nutrients you need for a healthy pregnancy.

Look for prenatal vitamins that have:

• 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid
• 400 IU of vitamin D
• 200 to 300 milligrams (mg) of calcium
• 70 mg of vitamin C
• 3 mg of thiamine
• 2 mg of riboflavin
• 20 mg of niacin
• 6 mcg of vitamin B12
• 10 mg of vitamin E
• 15 mg of zinc
• 17 mg of iron
• 150 micrograms of iodine

In some cases, your doctor will give you a prescription for a certain type of prenatal vitamin.

Folic Acid, Calcium, Iodine, and Iron

Folic acid

If getting pregnant is a possibility for you, you should take folic acid. It can prevent birth defects that affect the baby’s brain and spinal cord. Neural tube defects develop early in pregnancy, before many women know they’re pregnant; half of all pregnancies are unplanned. This is why doctors recommend that any woman who could get pregnant take 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid daily, starting before conception and continuing for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

If you’ve had a baby with a neural tube defect you should talk with your health care provider about folic acid. Studies have shown that taking a larger dose (up to 4,000 micrograms) at least one month before and during the first trimester may help if you’ve had a baby with this defect. But talk to your doctor about what’s right for you.

Foods that have folic acid include:

• Green leafy vegetables
• Nuts
• Beans
• Citrus fruits
• Many other foods fortified with folic acid

Even though you can get folic acid from food, it's a good idea to take a supplement as a backup.

Calcium

Calcium is also important for a pregnant woman. It can help prevent you from losing your bone density as the baby uses calcium for its own bone growth.

Iodine

Iodine is critical for a woman’s healthy thyroid function during pregnancy. Iodine deficiency can cause:

• Miscarriage
• Stillbirth
• Stunted physical growth
• Severe mental disability
• Deafness

Iron

Iron helps your body make more blood red cells. These blood cells carry oxygen to the baby that it needs to develop.

What About Other Nutrients?

There are other nutrients that may improve the health of your pregnancy. Your doctor can help you decide if you need to take supplements that include:

Omega-3 fatty acids: These fats, which include DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), come only from food sources such as fatty fish and nuts. Studies show omega-3s can lower your risk of preterm birth and of having a baby with low birth weight. If you don’t eat much food that’s rich in omega-3s, ask your health care provider if a supplement is right for you.

Choline: Although your body can make some choline on its own, you get most of it from food. Rich sources include beef, pork, chicken, fish, and eggs. Many pregnant women don’t get enough choline, which the baby needs for healthy brain growth.

When to Start Taking Prenatal Vitamins

The best time to start taking prenatal vitamins is before conception. Folic acid is especially important. You should begin taking a folic acid supplement at least 1 month before you try to get pregnant to prevent birth defects.

Some doctors recommend that all women who could have a baby take prenatal vitamins, even if they don’t plan a pregnancy.

Prenatal Vitamin Side Effects

Some prenatal vitamins can cause nausea in an already nauseated pregnant woman. If that happens to you, talk to your health care provider. They may be able to prescribe a different kind of prenatal vitamin that you don’t have to swallow whole. Options include:

• Chewables
• Liquids
  

The iron in prenatal vitamins may also make you constipated. If you’re constipated it can help to:

• Eat a high-fiber diet
• Drink lots of water
• Exercise if your doctor says it’s safe for you
• Take a stool softener with your doctor’s OK

Health & Pregnancy Guide

1. Getting Pregnant
2. First Trimester
3. Second Trimester
4. Third Trimester
5. Labor and Delivery
6. Pregnancy Complications
7. All Guide Topics

What are the most important prenatal vitamins to take?

March 05, 2021

What are the most important prenatal vitamins to take?

Posted at 5:11 AM in Pregnancy, Women's Health to Andrew Thorne

At One Community Health in Sacramento, our highly trained team provides each mom-to-be with personalized care throughout the journey to motherhood. This includes prenatal to postpartum care. An important component of prenatal care is the intake of quality prenatal vitamins. The nutrition of the developing child is entirely dependent on the nutritional status of his/her mother. So what are the best prenatal vitamins? And why are they important? nine0003

The Benefits of Prenatal Vitamins

Inadequate prenatal nutrition can have serious negative consequences for your baby's development, not only in the womb, but also in the long term. Studies have shown that prenatal vitamins help:

• Increase fertility
• Prevent stunting
• Prevent skeletal malformations
• Prevent congenital anomalies
• Reduce the severity of morning sickness
• Reduce the risk of preterm birth

Be aware that while prenatal vitamins can fill nutritional gaps that may exist in your diet, it is still important to eat a well-balanced, nutrient-dense diet throughout pregnancy.

When should I take prenatal vitamins?

Ideally, you should start taking prenatal vitamins. before conception. It's never too early to start caring for your child. The baby's neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord, forms during the first month of pregnancy—often before many women even know they're pregnant. Research shows that a large percentage of women aged 18 to 35 are nutritionally deficient. Therefore, many health professionals recommend that all women of reproductive age take prenatal vitamins regularly. nine0003

At One Community Health, we recommend daily prenatal vitamins from conception through pregnancy. You may also be advised to continue taking prenatal vitamins after giving birth to help with postpartum recovery.

Taking them at the same time every day, you don't forget to take them every day. It may also be helpful to set a daily alarm. If you feel sick in the morning and feel less sick in the evenings, this might be the perfect time to take them - just be sure to take them with food as they can make you feel nauseous on an empty stomach. nine0003

What are the best prenatal vitamins?

There are a few important things to consider when choosing prenatal vitamins:

1. Third Party Certification

Third Party Certification means that a product has been independently verified as safe by an unbiased organization. Look for an independent seal of approval from one of these third party certifiers:

• NSF (National Science Foundation)
USP
• BSCG (Billed Substances Control Group)
• GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice)
• consumer laboratory

2.600 mcg folic acid

Folate prevents neural tube defects, which are serious abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. As we said earlier, the neural tube develops in the first month of pregnancy, so defects can form even before you know you're pregnant. nine0003

3. 150 micrograms of iodine

Iodine is vital for the proper development of the fetal brain and thyroid, especially if you are on a predominantly plant-based diet.

4. 18 to 27 mg of iron

A supplement with 18 mg of iron is recommended if you may or are trying to become pregnant. After conception, it is recommended to take 27 mg of iron daily. Iron is needed because:

• Your blood volume increases by 50% during pregnancy. Iron is needed to produce enough blood for both you and your baby. nine0016
• It helps transport oxygen and vital nutrients for you and baby.
• It forms the building blocks of baby's blood cells.
• This reduces the chances of iron deficiency anemia, which can lead to preterm birth and/or low birth weight.

5. 600 IU (or 15 micrograms) of vitamin D and 200 to 300 milligrams (mg) of calcium

Vitamin D is essential for the body to absorb calcium. Vitamin D and calcium are essential for healthy bones and proper skeletal formation. Research also shows that adequate levels of vitamin D in the body can help prevent preeclampsia. nine0003

6. 220 to 300 mg DHA

DHA is an essential fatty acid, which means our bodies cannot make it – it must come from our diet or supplements. Very few women get enough DHA in their diet. This essential fatty acid is particularly important for neonatal cognitive and visual development. Most women take a separate DHA supplement along with their prenatal vitamin because most do not contain enough of this essential fatty acid. nine0003

7. Other nutrients to look out for:

• 70 mg vitamin C
• 3 mg thiamine
• 2 mg riboflavin
• 20 mg niacin
• 6 µg vitamin B12
• 10 mg vitamin E
• 15 mg zinc
• 150 mcg iodine

Don't overdo it!

Too much of a good thing can be bad - be sure to take your prenatal vitamins exactly as your doctor instructed. Avoid taking extra prenatal vitamins or multivitamins in addition to your prenatal vitamins. High doses of certain vitamins can be toxic to your child. For example, excess vitamin A taken during pregnancy has the potential to cause birth defects. nine0003

Sacramento OB/GYN

At One Community Health, we understand that choosing the right prenatal vitamin can be overwhelming. Call us today to set up an appointment with one of our compassionate physicians. We will recommend the best prenatal vitamins for you based on your individual needs, regardless of your ability to pay.

Images used under creative commons license – commercial use (3/4/2021) by Laercio Cavalcanti on Hide

Vitamins and pregnancy - articles from the specialists of the clinic "Mother and Child"

Kurbatskaya Olga Nikolaevna

Obstetrician-gynecologist

Lapino-1 Clinical Hospital "Mother and Child"

One of the most common questions that pregnant women ask their doctor is what vitamins should I take during pregnancy? Let's say right away whether expectant mothers need to drink pharmaceutical vitamins or not - there is no unequivocal answer to this question. Some doctors believe that the necessary nutrients should be obtained from natural products. Others are in favor of taking pharmaceutical multivitamins. It can only be said unequivocally that vitamins and microelements must necessarily enter the body of a pregnant woman. We will tell you which of them are most important for the expectant mother. nine0036